This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Still AT. Philosophy of osteopathy. South Carolina: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform; 2015. 146 p.Search in Google Scholar
Findley T, Chaudhry H, Stecco A, Roman M. Fascia research – a narrative review. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2012;16:67–75; DOI:10.1016/j. jbmt.2011.09.004.Search in Google Scholar
Stecco C, Schleip R. A fascia and the fascial system. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2016;20:139–140; DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.11.012.Search in Google Scholar
Allen WE. Terminologia anatomica: international anatomical terminology and Terminologia Histologica: International Terms for Human Cytology and Histology. J Anat. 2009;215:221–221; DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.1093_1.x.Search in Google Scholar
Hall WH. The new royal encyclopedia; or, complete modern universal dictionary of arts and sciences on a new and improved plan containing a digest and display of the whole theory and practice of the liberal and mechanical arts comprising a general repository of ancient and modern literature. vol. 1. London: C. Cooke; 1788.Search in Google Scholar
Benjamin M. The fascia of the limbs and back – a review. J Anat. 2009;214:1–18; DOI:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01011.x.Search in Google Scholar
Schleip R, Wilke J, Schreiner S, Wetterslev M, Klingler W. Needle biopsy--derived myofascial tissue samples are sufficient for quantification of myofibroblast density. Clin Anat. 2018;31:368–372; DOI:10.1002/ca.23040.Search in Google Scholar
Bordoni B, Mahabadi N, Varacallo M. Anatomy, fascia [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): ŚtatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Feb 20]. 19 p. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493232/.Search in Google Scholar
Fede C, Pirri C, Fan C, Petrelli L, Guidolin D, De Caro R, Śtecco C. A closer look at the cellular and molecular components of the deep/muscular fasciae. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:1411; DOI:10.3390/ijms22031411.Search in Google Scholar
Bordoni B, Escher AR, Tobbi F, Pianese L, Ciardo A, Yamahata J, Hernandez Ś, Śanchez O. Fascial nomenclature: update 2022. Cureus. 2022;14:e25904; DOI:10.7759/cureus.25904.Search in Google Scholar
Purslow PP. Muscle fascia and force transmission. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2010;14:411–417; DOI:10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.01.005.Search in Google Scholar
Bobak-Powroźnik K, Jaworek J. Zjawisko tensegracji w układzie ruchu. Śztuka Leczenia. 2021;36:37–42; DOI:10.34938/4s7s-nx08.Search in Google Scholar
Guimberteau J-C, Armstrong C. Architektura żywej powięzi człowieka. Pozakomórkowa matryca i komórki przedstawione przez endoskopię. Warsaw: S3 Publishing; 2016. 204 p.Search in Google Scholar
Damasio AR. Varieties and significance of the alexias. Arch Neurol. 1977;34:325–326; DOI:10.1001/archneur.1977.00500180019003.Search in Google Scholar
Lesondak D. Powięź bez tajemnic: czym jest i jakie jest jej znaczenie. Łódź: Galaktyka; 2018. 160 p.Search in Google Scholar
Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in inflammatory disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:6008; DOI:10.3390/ijms20236008.Search in Google Scholar
Kodama Y, Masuda Ś, Ohmori T, Kanamaru A, Tanaka M, Śakaguchi T, Nakagawa M. Response to mechanical properties and physiological challenges of fascia: diagnosis and rehabilitative therapeutic intervention for myofascial system disorders. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023;10:474; DOI:10.3390/bioengineering10040474.Search in Google Scholar
Bordoni B, Zanier E. Understanding fibroblasts in order to comprehend the osteopathic treatment of the fascia. Evid Based Complement Alter-nat Med. 2015;2015:860934; DOI:10.1155/2015/860934.Search in Google Scholar
Takehara K. Growth regulation of skin fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci. 2000;24 Suppl 1:S70-77; DOI:10.1016/s0923-1811(00)00144-4.Search in Google Scholar
Śchleip R, Findley TW, Chaitow L, Huijing PA. Fascia: the tensional network of the human body. The science and clinical applications in manual and movement therapy. 1st ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2012; DOI:10.1016/C2009-0-39594-X.Search in Google Scholar
Desmoulière A, Tuchweber B, editors. Tissue repair and fibrosis. The role of the myofibroblast. vol. 93 [Internet]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 1999 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. 224 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58456-5.Search in Google Scholar
Cretoiu D, Xu J, Xiao J, Cretoiu SM. Telocytes and their extracellular vesicles-evidence and hypotheses. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:1322; DOI:10.3390/ijms17081322.Search in Google Scholar
Chen Z, John Wherry E. T cell responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:529–536; DOI:10.1038/s41577-020-0402-6.Search in Google Scholar
Kabashima K, Nakashima C, Nonomura Y, Otsuka A, Cardamone C, Parente R, De Feo G, Triggiani M. Biomarkers for evaluation of mast cell and basophil activation. Immunol Rev. 2018;282:114–120; DOI:10.1111/imr.12639.Search in Google Scholar
Pavlou Ś, Wang L, Xu H, Chen M. Higher phagocytic activity of thioglycol-late-elicited peritoneal macrophages is related to metabolic status of the cells. J Inflamm (Lond). 2017;14:4; DOI:10.1186/s12950-017-0151-x.Search in Google Scholar
Oh Ś, Ahn H, Park H, Lee J-I, Park KY, Hwang D, Lee Ś, Śon KH, Byun K. The attenuating effects of pyridoxamine on adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation differ by adipocyte location. J Nutr Biochem. 2019;72:108173; DOI:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.04.001.Search in Google Scholar
Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;97:4–27; DOI:10.1016/j. addr.2015.11.001.Search in Google Scholar
Bosman FT, Stamenkovic I. Functional structure and composition of the extracellular matrix. J Pathol. 2003;200:423–428; DOI:10.1002/path.1437.Search in Google Scholar
Yue B. Biology of the Extracellular Matrix: An Overview. J Glaucoma. 2014:S20–S23; DOI:10.1097/IJG.0000000000000108.Search in Google Scholar
Frantz C, Śtewart KM, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2010;123:4195–4200; DOI:10.1242/jcs.023820.Search in Google Scholar
Daley WP, Peters ŚB, Larsen M. Extracellular matrix dynamics in development and regenerative medicine. J Cell Sci. 2008;121:255–264; DOI:10.1242/jcs.006064.Search in Google Scholar
Rozario T, DeŚimone DW. The extracellular matrix in development and morphogenesis: a dynamic view. Dev Biol. 2010;341:126–140; DOI:10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.10.026.Search in Google Scholar
Walma DAC, Yamada KM. The extracellular matrix in development. Development. 2020;147:dev175596; DOI:10.1242/dev.175596.Search in Google Scholar
Lu P, Takai K, Weaver VM, Werb Z. Extracellular matrix degradation and remodeling in development and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3:a005058; DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a005058.Search in Google Scholar
Alberts B. Molecular biology of the cell. 6th ed. New York: Garland Ścience; 2014. 608 p.Search in Google Scholar
Kadler K. Extracellular matrix 1: fibril-forming collagens. Protein Profile. 1995;2:491–619.Search in Google Scholar
Ricard-Blum S. The collagen family. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011;3:a004978; DOI:10.1101/cshperspect.a004978.Search in Google Scholar
Mayne R, Burgeson RE, editors. Structure and function of collagen types [Internet]. Orlando: Academic Press, Inc; 1987 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. 317 p. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/110.1016/B978-0-12-481280-2.X5001-6.Search in Google Scholar
Casanova AB, Trindade EN, Trindade MRM. Collagen in the transversalis fascia of patients with indirect inguinal hernia: a case-control study. Am J Surg. 2009;198:1–5; DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.07.021.Search in Google Scholar
Brickley-Parsons D, Glimcher MJ, Smith RJ, Albin R, Adams JP. Biochemical changes in the collagen of the palmar fascia in patients with Dupuytren’s disease. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:787–797.Search in Google Scholar
McCombe D, Brown T, Slavin J, Morrison WA. The histochemical structure of the deep fascia and its structural response to surgery. J Hand Surg Br. 2001;26:89–97; DOI:10.1054/jhsb.2000.0546.Search in Google Scholar
Wise SG, Weiss AS. Tropoelastin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2009;41:494–497; DOI:10.1016/j.biocel.2008.03.017.Search in Google Scholar
Rodrigues CJ, Yoo JH, Rodrigues Junior AJ. Elastin (ELN) gene point mutation in patients with inguinal hernia. Genet Mol Biol. 2006;29:45–46; DOI:10.1590/S1415-47572006000100009.Search in Google Scholar
Klutke J, Ji Q, Campeau J, Śtarcher B, Felix JC, Śtanczyk FZ, Klutke C. Decreased endopelvic fascia elastin content in uterine prolapse. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:111–115; DOI:10.1080/00016340701819247.Search in Google Scholar
Gandhi NŚ, Mancera RL. The structure of glycosaminoglycans and their interactions with proteins. Chem Biol Drug Des. 2008;72:455–482; DOI:10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00741.x.Search in Google Scholar
Iozzo RV, Murdoch AD. Proteoglycans of the extracellular environment: clues from the gene and protein side offer novel perspectives in molecular diversity and function. FASEB J. 1996;10:598–614; DOI:10.1096/fasebj.10.5.8621059.Search in Google Scholar
Holmes DF, Lu Y, Śtarborg T, Kadler KE. Collagen fibril assembly and function. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2018;130:107–142; DOI:10.1016/bs.ctdb.2018.02.004.Search in Google Scholar
Doyle AD, Nazari ŚŚ, Yamada KM. Cell-extracellular matrix dynamics. Phys Biol. 2022;19:10.1088/1478-3975/ac4390; DOI:10.1088/1478-3975/ac4390.Search in Google Scholar
Clause KC, Barker TH. Extracellular matrix signaling in morphogenesis and repair. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2013;24:830–833; DOI:10.1016/j. copbio.2013.04.011.Search in Google Scholar
Bandzerewicz A, Gadomska-Gajadhur A. Into the tissues: extracellular matrix and its artificial substitutes: cell signalling mechanisms. Cells. 2022;11:914; DOI:10.3390/cells11050914.Search in Google Scholar
Litwiniuk M, Krejner A, Śpeyrer MŚ, Gauto AR, Grzela T. Hyaluronic acid in inflammation and tissue regeneration. Wounds. 2016;28:78–88.Search in Google Scholar
Abatangelo G, Vindigni V, Avruscio G, Pandis L, Brun P. Hyaluronic acid: redefining its role. Cells. 2020;9:1743; DOI:10.3390/cells9071743.Search in Google Scholar
Theocharis AD, Manou D, Karamanos NK. The extracellular matrix as a multitasking player in disease. FEBS J. 2019;286:2830–2869; DOI:10.1111/febs.14818.Search in Google Scholar
Misra S, Hascall VC, Markwald RR, Ghatak S. Interactions between hyaluronan and its receptors (CD44, RHAMM) regulate the activities of inflammation and cancer. Front Immunol. 2015;6:201; DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00201.Search in Google Scholar
Banerji S, Ni J, Wang SX, Clasper S, Su J, Tammi R, Jones M, Jackson DG. LYVE-1, a new homologue of the CD44 glycoprotein, is a lymph-specific receptor for hyaluronan. J Cell Biol. 1999;144:789–801; DOI:10.1083/jcb.144.4.789.Search in Google Scholar
Alioto RJ, Rosier RN, Burton RI, Puzas JE. Comparative effects of growth factors on fibroblasts of Dupuytren’s tissue and normal palmar fascia. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19:442–452; DOI:10.1016/0363-5023(94)90059-0.Search in Google Scholar
Fede C, Albertin G, Petrelli L, Śfriso MM, Biz C, De Caro R, Śtecco C. Hormone receptor expression in human fascial tissue. Eur J Histochem. 2016;60:2710; DOI:10.4081/ejh.2016.2710.Search in Google Scholar
Fede C, Albertin G, Petrelli L, Śfriso MM, Biz C, De Caro R, Śtecco C. Expression of the endocannabinoid receptors in human fascial tissue. Eur J Histochem. 2016;60:2643; DOI:10.4081/ejh.2016.2643.Search in Google Scholar
Nagarkatti P, Pandey R, Rieder ŚA, Hegde VL, Nagarkatti M. Cannabinoids as novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Future Med Chem. 2009;1:1333–1349; DOI:10.4155/fmc.09.93.Search in Google Scholar
Gatt A, Agarwal Ś, Zito PM. Anatomy, fascia layers [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): ŚtatPearls Publishing; 2023 [cited 2023 Feb 21]. 10 p. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526038/.Search in Google Scholar
Adstrum Ś, Hedley G, Śchleip R, Śtecco C, Yucesoy CA. Defining the fascial system. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2017;21:173–177; DOI:10.1016/j. jbmt.2016.11.003.Search in Google Scholar
Kumka M, Bonar J. Fascia: a morphological description and classification system based on a literature review. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2012;56:179–191.Search in Google Scholar
Ś erban O, Bădărî nză M, Fodor D. The relevance of ultrasound examination of the foot and ankle in patients with rheumatoid arthritis – a review of the literature. Med Ultrason. 2019;21:175–182; DOI:10.11152/mu-1967.Search in Google Scholar
Cojocaru M, Cojocaru IM, Silosi I, Vrabie CD, Tanasescu R. Extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis. Maedica (Bucur). 2010;5:286–291.Search in Google Scholar
Cubick EE, Quezada VY, Śchumer AD, Davis CM. Śustained release myofascial release as treatment for a patient with complications of rheumatoid arthritis and collagenous colitis: a case report. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2011;4:1–9; DOI:10.3822/ijtmb.v4i3.112.Search in Google Scholar
Corey ŚM, Vizzard MA, Bouffard NA, Badger GJ, Langevin HM. Śtretching of the back improves gait, mechanical sensitivity and connective tissue inflammation in a rodent model. PLoŚ One. 2012;7:e29831; DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0029831.Search in Google Scholar
Otter ŚJ, Lucas K, Śpringett K, Moore A, Davies K, Cheek L, Young A, Walker-Bone K. Foot pain in rheumatoid arthritis prevalence, risk factors and management: an epidemiological study. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29:255–271; DOI:10.1007/s10067-009-1312-y.Search in Google Scholar
MSD Manual Professional Version [Internet]. Rahway: MSD. c2014-2023. Plantar Fasciosis; 2021 [cited 2023 Feb 20]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/foot-and-ankle-disorders/plantar-fasciosis?query=Plantar%20Fasciosis#/.Search in Google Scholar
Śchilder A, Hoheisel U, Magerl W, Benrath J, Klein T, Treede R-D. Śensory findings after stimulation of the thoracolumbar fascia with hypertonic saline suggest its contribution to low back pain. Pain. 2014;155:222–231; DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2013.09.025.Search in Google Scholar
Deising Ś, Weinkauf B, Blunk J, Obreja O, Śchmelz M, Rukwied R. NGF-evoked sensitization of muscle fascia nociceptors in humans. Pain. 2012;153:1673–1679; DOI:10.1016/j.pain.2012.04.033.Search in Google Scholar
Langevin HM, Fox JR, Koptiuch C, Badger GJ, Greenan-Naumann AC, Bouffard NA, Konofagou EE, Lee W-N, Triano JJ, Henry ŚM. Reduced thoracolumbar fascia shear strain in human chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2011;12:203; DOI:10.1186/1471-2474-12-203.Search in Google Scholar
Stecco A, Stern R, Fantoni I, De Caro R, Stecco C. Fascial disorders: implications for treatment. PM R. 2016;8:161–168; DOI:10.1016/j. pmrj.2015.06.006.Search in Google Scholar
Marotel M, Cluzan R, Ghabboun Ś, Pascot M, Alliot F, Lasry JL. Transaxial computer tomography of lower extremity lymphedema. Lymphology. 1998;31:180–185.Search in Google Scholar
Hauck G, Castenholz A. Contribution of prelymphatic structures to lymph drainage. Z Lymphol. 1992;16:6–9.Search in Google Scholar
Beissner F, Deichmann R, Henke C, Bär K-J. Acupuncture – deep pain with an autonomic dimension? Neuroimage. 2012;60:653–660; DOI:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.045.Search in Google Scholar
Li Q-Q, Śhi G-X, Xu Q, Wang J, Liu C-Z, Wang L-P. Acupuncture effect and central autonomic regulation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:267959; DOI:10.1155/2013/267959.Search in Google Scholar
de Matos NMP, Pach D, Xing JJ, Barth J, Beyer LE, Śhi X, Kern A, Lukic N, Ettlin DA, Brügger M, Witt CM. Evaluating the effects of acupuncture using a dental pain model in healthy subjects – a randomized, cross-over trial. J Pain. 2020;21:440–454; DOI:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.08.013.Search in Google Scholar
Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Cipolla MJ. Mechanical signaling through connective tissue: a mechanism for the therapeutic effect of acupuncture. FASEB J. 2001;15:2275–2282; DOI:10.1096/fj.01-0015hyp.Search in Google Scholar
Simons DG. Myofascial pain and dysfunction: the trigger point manual. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams&Wilki; 2018. 968 p.Search in Google Scholar
Donnelly JM. The extracellular matrix and ground regulation: basis for a holistic biological medicine. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books; 2007. 232 p.Search in Google Scholar
Bai Y, Wang J, Wu J-P, Dai J-X, Śha O, Tai Wai Yew D, Yuan L, Liang Q-N. Review of evidence suggesting that the fascia network could be the anatomical basis for acupoints and meridians in the human body. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2011;2011:260510; DOI:10.1155/2011/260510.Search in Google Scholar
