Understanding the genetics and neurology: an overview of adult neurogenetics

Neurogenetics investigates the genetic basis of neurological disorders. It encompasses conditions ranging from neurodegenerative diseases with predominantly polygenic risk genes, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, to monogenic diseases and repeated expansion disorders within movement and neuromuscular disorders, such as Friedreich ataxia and muscular dystrophies. Significant advances in recent years that have revolutionized our understanding of disease mechanisms and paved the way for personalized medicine approaches are due to the field of neurogenetics, with its intricate relationship both with clinical and genetic research. Therefore, all neurologists, even in resource-limited settings, are aware of the critical genetic basis; standard molecular diagnostic techniques such as next-generation sequencing, whole exome, and whole genome sequencing; and possible therapeutic modalities of their field. This review will also touch on elements of the neurogenetic clinic in tertiary care, ethical considerations, and insight into ongoing research that would help improve patient care and enhance clinical outcomes.