“Make the Separation Physical”: (De)legitimizing Black Separatism in Sutton E. Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio

Ammons, Elizabeth. “Stowe’s Dream of the Mother-Savior: Uncle Tom's Cabin and American Women Writers Before the 1920s.” New Essays on Uncle Tom's Cabin, edited by Eric J. Sundquist, Cambridge UP, 1986, pp. 155-195. Search in Google Scholar

Baker, Houston A, Jr. Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance. U of Chicago P, 1989. Search in Google Scholar

Beckham, Jack M., II. “Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio.” Explicator, vol. 63, no. 2, 2005, pp. 85-87. Search in Google Scholar

Bone, Robert A. The Negro Novel in America. Yale UP, 1958. Search in Google Scholar

Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham. Wordsworth Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Wordsworth, 2001. Search in Google Scholar

Briggs, Gabriel A. “Imperium in Imperio: Sutton E. Griggs and the New Negro of the South.” Southern Quarterly, vol. 45, no. 3, 2008, pp. 153-76. Search in Google Scholar

Carby, Hazel. Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist. OUP, 1987. Search in Google Scholar

Coleman, Finnie D. Sutton E. Griggs and the Struggle Against White Supremacy. U of Tennessee P, 2007. Search in Google Scholar

Dixon, Thomas. The Leopard’s Spots: A Romance of the White Man’s Burden: 1865-1900. Doubleday, 1902. Search in Google Scholar

Dubey, Madhu. “Contemporary African American Fiction and the Politics of Postmodernism: A Forum on Fiction.” Novel, vol. 35, no. 2, 2002, p. 151. ProQuest, https://doi.org/10.2307/1346181. Accessed 15 May 2024. Search in Google Scholar

Elder, Arlene A. The “Hindered Hand”: Cultural Implications of Early African-American Fiction. Greenwood, 1978. Search in Google Scholar

Fleming, Robert E. “Sutton E. Griggs: Militant Black Novelist.” Phylon, vol. 34, no. 1, Mar. 1973, pp. 73-77. Search in Google Scholar

Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877. Harper and Row, 1988. Search in Google Scholar

Frazier, E. Franklin. Black Bourgeoisie: The Rise of a New Middle Class. Free Press, 1965. Search in Google Scholar

Freire, Paulo. “A Talk by Paulo Freire.” 1971. Studies in Adult Education, vol. 2, 1972, pp. 10-17. Search in Google Scholar

Fultz, Michael. “‘The Morning Cometh’: African-American Periodicals, Education, and the Black Middle Class, 1900–1930.” Print Culture in a Diverse America, edited by James P. Danky and Wayne A. Wiegand, U of Illinois P, 1998. Search in Google Scholar

Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. “The Trope of a New Negro and the Reconstruction of the Image of the Black.” Representations, no. 16, 1988, pp. 129-55. Search in Google Scholar

Gayle, Addison, Jr. The Way of the New World: The Black Novel in America. Doubleday, 1975. Search in Google Scholar

Gillman, Susan. Blood Talk: American Race Melodrama and the Culture of the Occult. U of Chicago P, 2003. Search in Google Scholar

Gilroy, Paul. Against Race: Imagining Political Culture beyond the Colour Line. Harvard UP, 2000. Search in Google Scholar

Gloster, Hugh M. Introduction. Imperium in Imperio, by Sutton E. Griggs, Arno Press, 1969. Search in Google Scholar

Griggs, Sutton E. Imperium in Imperio. 1899. Modern Library Classics, 2003. Search in Google Scholar

---. The Hindered Hand; or, The Reign of the Repressionist. 1905. Mnemosyne, 1969. Search in Google Scholar

---. Unfettered: A Novel. 1902. AMS, 1971. Search in Google Scholar

Hebard, Andrew. “Race Conservation and Imperial Sovereignty in Sutton Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio.” The Arizona Quarterly, vol. 71, no. 3, 2015, pp. 59-83. ProQuest, https://doi.org/10.1353/arq.2015.0019. Accessed 15 May 2023. Search in Google Scholar

Hooper, M. C. “‘Racial Greatness’ Reconsidered: Race Theory, Masking, and Pragmatism in Sutton Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio.” College Literature, vol. 51, no. 1, 2024, pp. 54-83. ProQuest, https://doi.org/10.1353/lit.2024.a917864. Accessed 1 May 2024. Search in Google Scholar

Hutton, Mary B. “The Rhetorical Strategies of Ida B. Wells in the Anti-Lynch Movement.” In Search of Justice: The Indiana Tradition in Speech Communication, edited by Richard Jay Jensen and John C. Hammerback, Rodopi, 1987, pp. 89-116. Search in Google Scholar

Karafilis, Maria. “Oratory, Embodiment, and US Citizenship in Sutton E. Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio.” African American Review, vol. 40, no. 1, 2006, pp. 125-43. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40027036. Accessed 15 May 2024. Search in Google Scholar

Locke, Alain, editor. The New Negro. 1925. Atheneum, 1986. Search in Google Scholar

Moses, Wilson Jeremiah. “Literary Garveyism: The Novels of Reverend Sutton E. Griggs.” Phylon, vol. 40, no. 3, Fall 1979, pp. 203-16. Search in Google Scholar

Newby, Idus A. Jim Crow’s Defense: Anti-Negro Thought in America, 1900–1930. Louisiana State UP, 1965. Search in Google Scholar

Nowatzki, Robert. “‘Sublime Patriots’: Black Masculinity in Three African-American Novels.” Journal of Men’s Studies, vol. 8, no. 1, 1999, pp. 59-72. Search in Google Scholar

Odum, Howard W. Social and Mental Traits of the Negro. Columbia UP, 1910. Search in Google Scholar

Park, Jai Young. “Sutton E. Griggs’ Social Theory: Collective Efficiency and Cooperation.” 2004, Arizona State U, PhD dissertation. Search in Google Scholar

Pease, Donald E. “Whitman, the Mexican War and the Underside of the American Renaissance.” Clinton Institute for American Studies Research Seminar, University College Dublin, 21 Oct. 2004. Search in Google Scholar

Redding, J. Saunders. A Scholar’s Conscience: Selected Writings of J. Saunders Redding, 1942–1977. Edited by Faith Berry, U of Kentucky P, 1992. Search in Google Scholar

Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate. “The Permanence of Race Characteristics.” 1890. The Development of Segregationist Thought, edited by I. A. Newby, Dorsey Press, 1968, pp. 61-72. Search in Google Scholar

Stember, Charles Herbert. Sexual Racism: The Emotional Barrier to an Integrated Society. Elsevier, 1965. Search in Google Scholar

Sundquist, Eric J. To Wake the Nations: Race in the Making of American Literature. Harvard UP, 1993. Search in Google Scholar

Sy, Lloyd Alimboyao. “Bloody Edification: The Violence of Education in Sutton Griggs’s Imperium in Imperio.” J19 The Journal of Nineteenth-Century Americanists, vol. 11, no. 2, 2023, pp. 279-300. ProQuest, https://doi.org/10.1353/jnc.2023.a921882. Accessed 15 May 2024. Search in Google Scholar

Turner, Darwin T. “The Negro Novel in America: In Rebuttal.” CLA Journal, vol. 10, 1966, pp. 122-34. Search in Google Scholar

Van Evrie, John H. White Supremacy and Negro Subordination; or, Negroes a Subordinate Race, and (So-Called) Slavery Its Normal Condition. 2nd ed., Van Evrie, Horton, 1868. Search in Google Scholar

Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877–1913. Louisiana State UP, 1971. Search in Google Scholar