Adolescent Friendship Formation and Mental Health: A Stochastic Actor-Based Model of Help-Seeking Behavior
and | Aug 01, 2019
About this article
Article Category: research-article
Published Online: Aug 01, 2019
Page range: 50 - 69
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/joss-2019-006
Keywords
© 2019 Marlon P. Mundt et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1:
Figure 2:
Wave I Psychological Counseling Use by Individual Characteristics (N=2,264)
| Individual Characteristic at Wave I | n per category | Psychological counseling use within category in past year at Wave I (% of n) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Subjects | 2,264 | 8.7 | ||
| Gender | Male | 1,159 | 6.9 | |
| Female | 1,105 | 10.6 | ||
| Age | 12-13 years | 153 | 5.9 | |
| 14-15 years | 647 | 10.2 | ||
| 16-17 years | 1,339 | 8.4 | ||
| 18-19 years | 125 | 7.3 | ||
| Race | Non-Hispanic white | 1,144 | 11.3 | |
| Black | 368 | 7.4 | ||
| White Hispanic | 418 | 5.7 | ||
| Other | 334 | 5.4 | ||
| Modified CES-D depression score | 0-23 | 2,096 | 7.7 | |
| 24 or more | 168 | 21 | ||
| Self-rated physical health | Excellent | 580 | 7.8 | |
| Very good | 897 | 7.4 | ||
| Good | 604 | 10.8 | ||
| Fair/Poor | 183 | 11.5 | ||
| Frequency of alcohol consumption, past 12 months | None | 1,138 | 5.3 | |
| 1-2 times | 410 | 11.2 | ||
| 3-12 times | 316 | 11.1 | ||
| More than monthly, less than weekly | 185 | 14.1 | ||
| Weekly or more often | 215 | 14 | ||
| Bike/skate/car/boat racing frequency | Never | 1,028 | 8.4 | |
| Once or twice | 536 | 8.3 | ||
| Once a month or less | 158 | 9.1 | ||
| Two or three times a month | 148 | 13.3 | ||
| Weekly or more often | 394 | 8.4 | ||
| Mother’s education | Less than high school | 464 | 8.8 | |
| High school graduate | 1,019 | 8.4 | ||
| Some college | 287 | 9.8 | ||
| Graduated college | 494 | 8.5 | ||
| Friendship nominations received | 0-1 | 491 | 8.3 | |
| 2-3 | 668 | 9 | ||
| 5-6 | 601 | 8.5 | ||
| 7+ | 504 | 8.4 | ||
| Friendship nominations sent | 0-1 | 496 | 7.4 | |
| 2-4 | 669 | 8 | ||
| 5-6 | 482 | 12.1 | ||
| 7+ | 617 | 7.4 | ||
| 3-step friendship reach | 0-14 | 583 | 7.4 | |
| 15-42 | 559 | 6.9 | ||
| 43-76 | 559 | 9.1 | ||
| 77+ | 563 | 11 | ||
| Local friendship density | 0-0.20 | 563 | 10.1 | |
| 0.21-0.29 | 546 | 9.9 | ||
| 0.30-0.39 | 590 | 7.3 | ||
| 0.40-1.00 | 565 | 7.3 | ||
Descriptive Statistics of Add Health Sample, Wave I, 1995 (N=2,264)
| Male (%) | 51.2 |
| Age, mean (sd) (years) | 15.8 (1.3) |
| Age, range (years) | 12-18 |
| Grade Level (%) | |
| 7th grade | 6.7 |
| 8th grade | 6.8 |
| 9th grade | 16.2 |
| 10th grade | 35.8 |
| 11th grade | 34.5 |
| Race (%) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 50.5 |
| Black | 16.3 |
| White Hispanic | 18.5 |
| Other | 14.8 |
| Depression (modified CES-D score), mean (sd) | 11.9 (7.5) |
| Self-rated physical health (%) | |
| Excellent | 25.7 |
| Very good | 39.6 |
| Good | 26.7 |
| Fair | 7.7 |
| Poor | 0.5 |
| Frequency of alcohol consumption, past 12 months (%) | |
| None | 49.6 |
| 1-2 times | 18.3 |
| 3-12 times | 14.2 |
| More than monthly, less than weekly | 8.3 |
| Weekly or more often | 9.6 |
| Add Health Picture Vocabulary Test, mean (sd) | 99.1 (13.2) |
| Bike/skate/car/boat racing frequency (%) | |
| Never | 45.4 |
| Once or twice | 23.7 |
| Once a month or less | 7 |
| Two or three times a month | 6.5 |
| Weekly or more often | 17.4 |
| Mother’s education (%) | |
| Less than high school | 20.5 |
| High school graduate | 45 |
| Some college | 12.6 |
| Graduated college | 21.8 |
Parameter Estimates for Actor-Based Model of Friendship Network and Psychological Counselinga
| Psychological counseling effect on nominations sent | 0.50 | 0.14 | 3.57 |
| Psychological counseling effect on nominations received | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.62 |
| Psychological counseling similarity | 0.32 | 0.15 | 2.13 |
| Outdegree | −3.14 | 0.34 | −9.24 |
| Reciprocity | 2.44 | 0.2 | 12.19 |
| Transitive triplets | 0.84 | 0.09 | 9.33 |
| 3-cycles | −0.46 | 0.15 | −3.07 |
| Age similarity | 1.19 | 0.42 | 2.83 |
| Same gender | 0.34 | 0.04 | 8.52 |
| Same race/ethnicity | 0.39 | 0.13 | 2.98 |
| AHPVT similarity | 0.65 | 0.1 | 6.46 |
| Alcohol use similarity | 0.66 | 0.08 | 8.24 |
| Depression effect on nominations sent | −0.21 | 0.09 | −2.31 |
| Depression effect on nominations received | −0.08 | 0.04 | −2.21 |
| Depression similarity | 0.14 | 0.13 | 1.07 |
| Tendency (linear) | −3.35 | 0.42 | −7.96 |
| Friendship nominations received | 0.13 | 0.07 | 1.83 |
| Friendship nominations sent | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.21 |
| Psychological counseling use by friends | 0.02 | 0.1 | 0.18 |
| Local density | −0.11 | 0.36 | −0.31 |
| 3-step reach | 0 | 0.08 | −0.04 |
| Age | −0.1 | 0.19 | −0.53 |
| Gender (male) | −0.88 | 0.24 | −3.61 |
| Race (white) | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.41 |
| Depression | 1.34 | 0.45 | 2.94 |
| Alcohol use | 0.37 | 0.13 | 2.85 |
| Sensation seeking | 0.18 | 0.09 | 2.02 |
| Self-rated physical health | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
| Mother’s education | 0.05 | 0.18 | 0.29 |