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Bionematicides as an alternative to methyl bromide fumigation

B. B. Westerdahl

B. B. Westerdahl

Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of CaliforniaCalifornia, US State
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Westerdahl, B. B.
, 
J. Hasey

J. Hasey

University of California Cooperative ExtensionCalifornia, US State
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Hasey, J.
, 
J. Grant

J. Grant

University of California Cooperative ExtensionCalifornia, US State
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Grant, J.
 and 
L. W. Beem

L. W. Beem

Beem ConsultingCalifornia, US State
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Beem, L. W.
  
Apr 12, 2021
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Published Online: Apr 12, 2021
Page range: 1 - 10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.21307/jofnem-2021-044
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© 2021 B. B. Westerdahl et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Effect of treatments on densities of nematodes per 1,000 cm3 soil in Sutter County Trial_

Sample ______Paradox_____ ___________Own-rooted____
Date Treatment Lesion Ring Lesion Ring
October 2003 UC 3,030 0 4,380 10
DT 3,200 0 5,740 100
NQ 3,820 0 4,410 0
April 2004 UC 1,440 40 2,560 110
DT 1,330 540 2,020 3,270 0.004
NQ 1,320 300 1,870 0
October 2004 UC 1,130 20 1,230 450
DT 2,250 30 2,470 3,830 0.002
NQ 1,210 420 1,580 0
April 2005 UC 870 40 610 300
DT 1,410 0 580 2,480 0.040
NQ 2,290 260 1,350 10
October 2005 UC 1,470 10 1,890 1,380
DT 2,060 30 2,580 2,340
NQ 2,850 540 4,970 0.006 30
April 2006 UC 1,380 1,610 1,640 590
DT 2,650 980 1,300 2,560
NQ 1,310 2,020 1,680 830
October 2006 UC 470 280 740 470
DT 320 1,340 0.050 a 960 290
NQ 620 1,030 2,080 660

Tree rating ranging from 0 (dead) to 5 (most vigorous) for Sutter County trial a _

Year Treatment ___Paradox____ _Ownroot___
2005 UC 3.6 3.0
DT 3.8 3.6
NQ 4.4 0.02 b 3.8 0.04
2006 UC 3.9 3.5
DT 4.6 0.04 4.2
NQ 4.6 4.1

Trunk cross-sectional area for Sutter County trial_

Trunk cross-sectional area (cm)
Year Treatment Combined Paradox Own-rooted
2002 UC 354 221 488
DT 352 279 425
NQ 386 324 0.0396 448
2003 UC 422 292 552
DT 396 363 0.0396 428 0.0003
NQ 483 0.0064 a 449 0.0001 516
2004 UC 448 324 572
DT 468 400 0.0302 535
NQ 526 0.0009 509 0.0001 542
2005 UC 460 354 567
DT 476 425 0.0420 526
NQ 535 0.0012 542 0.0001 528
2006 UC 503 386 620
DT 555 0.0428 487 0.0044 623
NQ 605 0.0001 613 0.0001 597
2007 UC 533 421 647
DT 571 525 0.0037 619
NQ 648 0.0001 677 0.0001 620

Effects on lesion nematode per gram of roots in San Joaquin County trial_

Treatment Date sampled
(L/ha) April 2005 October 2005 April 2006
UC 8 9 0
DT 56 142 9 2
DT 28 121 18 4
DT 14 203 0.02 a 109 4
DT 56 + NQ 37.4 11 12 5
DT 56 + NQ 23.4 18 15 2
DT 28 + NQ 37.4 8 81 1
DT 28 + NQ 23.4 45 4 0
DT 14 + NQ 37.4 36 74 1
DT 14 + NQ 23.4 1 22 2
NQ 56 45 94 13
NQ 37.4 130 0.05 13 16
NQ 23.4 165 25 5
NQ 12 11 229 0.01 1

Effect of treatments on densities of lesion nematodes per 1,000 cm3 soil in San Joaquin County trial_

Treatment Date sampled
(L/ha) April 2005 October 2005 April 2006
UC 2,783 4,208 2,950
DT 56 6,708 4,167 2,375
DT 28 4,825 8,075 6,075
DT 14 4,458 4,883 3,875
DT 56 + NQ 37.4 4,233 7,417 1,967
DT 56 + NQ 23.4 3,708 6,625 2,350
DT 28 + NQ 37.4 8,733 4,583 1,525
DT 28 + NQ 23.4 3,492 5,325 1,575 0.0500
DT 14 + NQ 37.4 5,625 8,050 2,200
DT 14 + NQ 23.4 8,405 2,333 0.0005 a 3,150
NQ 56 4,667 4,850 4,475
NQ 37.4 2,817 6,600 2,650
NQ 23.4 3,875 5,433 1,633
NQ 12 2,517 3,175 1,583

Yield data for Sutter County trial_

Yield (kg/tree)
Year Treatment Combined Paradox Own-rooted
2002 UC 23.4 26.3 20.5
DT 24.0 25.2 22.8
NQ 28.8 32.4 25.0
2003 UC 32.0 37.4 26.5
DT 36.9 40.8 32.9
NQ 42.1 0.0027 a 47.0 0.0338 37.1 0.0383
2004 UC 22.8 25.45 20.2
DT 27.1 31.1 23.0
NQ 26.5 33.1 20.0
2005 UC 33.0 33.8 32.2
DT 39.3 43.4 0.0325 35.3
NQ 38.3 49.2 0.0008 27.4
2006 UC 33.0 37.7 28.3
DT 42.3 0.0068 49.1 0.0114 35.5
NQ 42.6 0.0041 51.2 0.0031 33.9
2007 UC 27.0 31.2 22.8
DT 39.4 0.0004 37.4 41.4 0.0005
NQ 35.8 0.0080 41.1 0.0279 30.6
Yield difference (kg/tree) between UC in 2002, and UC, DT, and NQ in 2007
UC 3.6 4.9 2.3
DT 16.0 0.0001 11.1 0.0142 20.9 0.0001
NQ 12.5 0.0003 14.9 0.0013 10.1 0.0494

Circumference of trees in San Joaquin County trial_

Treatment Initial trunk Percent increase from initial circumference
(L/ha) Circumference (cm) October 2005 April 2006 October 2006
UC 68.3 7.1 7.2 10.6
DT 56 66.5 7.0 7.7 10.6
DT 28 61.4 7.2 8.0 10.9
DT 14 67.1 5.3 5.7 7.9
DT 56 + NQ 37.4 71.2 8.4 8.9 11.7
DT 56 + NQ 23.4 69.7 9.2 9.9 12.8
DT 28 + NQ 37.4 61.5 11.4 0.0269 a 12.9 0.0052 16.3 0.0091
DT 28 + NQ 23.4 68.2 8.5 9.5 12.8
DT 14 + NQ 37.4 69.0 7.3 8.1 11.1
DT 14 + NQ 23.4 71.7 7.1 5.9 10.0
NQ 56 70.9 12.1 0.0105 12.8 0.0062 15.8 0.0176
NQ 37.4 64.0 7.6 8.6 11.3
NQ 23.4 72.3 6.9 7.7 10.4
NQ 12 61.6 7.2 8.1 10.8

Effect of treatments on densities of nematodes per 1,000 cm3 soil in San Joaquin County trial_

Treatment Ring nematode
(L/ha) April 2005 October 2005 April 2006
UC 975 317 1,575
DT 56 1,133 7,300 2,150
DT 28 1,500 950 525
DT 14 83 1,117 900
DT 56 + NQ 37.4 583 450 2,000
DT 56 + NQ 23.4 3,283 2,500 350 0.03
DT 28 + NQ 37.4 83 300 0 0.003
DT 28 + NQ 23.4 900 1,650 1,600
DT 14 + NQ 37.4 575 1,183 825
DT 14 + NQ 23.4 63 0 0.01 a 0 0.003
NQ 56 0 0 0.01 200 0.003
NQ 37.4 150 800 1,275
NQ 23.4 750 4,883 475 0.03
NQ 12 2,900 950 1,575
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