Along with dates and citrus, which represent the main fruit tree commodities produced and exported in Tunisia, apples have an important place in the fruit sector. Pome and stone fruit trees can be infected by plant parasitic nematodes which are a serious problem influencing the growth and production of trees in all major fruit producing area (Askary et al., 2012). The root-lesion nematodes,
Within the genus
The purpose of this study is to identity morphologically and by molecular tools the population of plant parasitic nematode (
Nematode surveys were conducted during 2013-14 in three different sites (stoolbeds, nurseries, and orchards) located in central Tunisia (Kairouan, Zaghouan, Kasserine, Jendouba, and Monastir). Samples were collected with a shovel from the upper 50 cm of soil and roots of four to five holes. Nematodes were extracted from 500 g of soil and from 1 g of roots by a modified sugar centrifugal-flotation method (De Grisse, 1969). Single females of root-lesion nematodes were transferred to carrot discs at 25°C (Castillo et al., 1995). After incubation of carrot cultures for up 8 wk, the carrot discs were cut into pieces in petri dishes containing sterile water. Then, the petri plates were incubated for 24 hr and collected by sterile Pasteur pipettes. Finally, purified nematodes extracted from carrot discs were used for further morphological and molecular analysis.
Nematodes were preliminarily identified by morphological features. For that, five females and five males of each population of
The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of
DNA was extracted from several specimens from each sample. Each nematodes specimen was transferred to an Eppendorf tube containing 30 µL 10× PCR buffer (100 mMTris-HCl, pH 9.0 at 25°C, 500 mMKCl, 15 mM MgCl2), 10 µL Proteinase K (1 mg/mL), 50 µL distilled water. Specimens were crushed for 3 min with an ultrasonic homogenizer. The tubes were incubated at 68°C for 2 hr, then at 100°C for 15 min and stored at −20°C.
The forward 18S-F (5′-TTGGATAACTGTGGTTTAACTAG-3′) and the reverse 18S-R (5′-ATTTCACCTCTCACGCAACA-3′) primers and the forward D2a (5′-ACAAGTACCGTGAGGGAAAGTTG-3′) and the reverse D3b (5′-TCGGAAGGAACCAGCTACTA-3′) were used for amplification and sequencing of the partial 18S r RNA genes and the D2-D3 expansion segments of the 28S r RNA, respectively. The amplification condition were: 95°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of 30 sec at 95°C, 45 sec at 60°C and 2 min at 72°C, with final extension of 10 min at 72°C. All PCR reactions were performed in 25 µl volumes including 3 µl DNA, 2.5 µl 10× PCR buffer, 1.25 µl of 2.5 mM dNTPs, 0.4 µl from each primers and 0.25 µl Titanium Taq.
The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis (110 V, 45 min) in 2.0% agarose gels in TAE buffer with 2.5 µl DNA Ladder. The gels were stained with Ethidium bromide, visualized, and photographed under UV-light (Bio-rad DX, USA). All reactions were repeated twice for clear and stable banding patterns. The presence or absence of DNA fragments was scored as 1 or 0, respectively, in the binary matrix. Simple matching coefficients (SM) (Digby and Kempton, 1987).
The 18S and 28S fragments were sequenced in-house with an ABI Prism 377 sequencer (Perkin Elmer) in both directions and unambiguous consensus sequences obtained. The sequences were deposited into the GenBank database. DNA sequences were aligned by Clustal W (
Morphological identification showed the presence of
Morphometrics of
Stoolbed | |||
Locality | MM106 Chiha | ||
Characters | Females | Males | |
n | 5 | 5 | |
L | 444.4 ± 29.36 (415.71–485.86) | 419.83 ± 32.43 (395.01–475.2) | |
Stylet length (µm) | 14.29± 0.16 (14.17–14.55) | 14.85 ± 0.21 (14.56–15.1) | |
Spicules (µm) | 16.88± 0.26 (16.58–17.2) | ||
Gubernaculum (µm) | 4.8± 0.39 (4.2–5.25) | ||
V or T | 81.22± 0.73 (80.55–82.39) | 34.02± 1.17 (32.11–35.2) | |
a | 26.73 ± 1.32 (24.59–28.1) | 28.99 ± 2.76 (25.2–31.4) | |
b | 7.62 ± 0.55 (6.87–8.16) | 6.72 ± 0.66 (5.88–7.5) | |
b′ | 4.92 ± 0.9 (3.76–5.66) | 4.85 ± 0.27 (4.55–5.22) | |
c | 19.11 ± 0.44 (18.57–19.5) | 20.75 ± 0.55 (19.88–21.3) | |
c′ | 2.29 ± 0.22 (2.01–2.58) | 2.14 ± 0.1 (2.01–2.28) | |
Nursery females | |||
Locality | Lorca Chiha | Meski SMCCSPS | |
Characters | Females | Females | |
n | 5 | 5 | |
L | 556.71 ± 33.21 (521.32–607.49) | 512.48 ± 51.46 (450.11–578.12) | |
Stylet length (µm) | 15. 45± 0.31 (15.17–15.93) | 14. 44± 0.6 (13.69–15.19) | |
Spicules (µm) | |||
Gubernaculum (µm) | |||
V or T | 78.77± 1.31 (76.95–80.55) | 79.14 ± 1.74 (76.58–81.3) | |
a | 28.8 ± 4.12 (25.93–35.73) | 28.88 ± 3.72 (25.72–35.33) | |
b | 7.82 ± 1.33 (6.1–9.56) | 7.97 ± 0.84 (7.12–9.18) | |
b′ | 5.26 ± 0.11 (5.16–5.41) | 4.27 ± 0.27 (3.88–4.55) | |
c | 20.22 ± 1.91 (18.17–22.7) | 21.79 ± 2.81 (18.68–25.5) | |
c′ | 2.44 ± 0.27 (2.08–2.78) | 2.33 ± 0.33 (2.04–2.91) | |
Nursery males | |||
Locality | Lorca Chiha | Anna Manzel Nour | Meski SMCCSPS |
Characters | Males | Males | Males |
n | 5 | 5 | 5 |
L | 483.75 ± 10.58 (468.63–492.7) | 478.62 ± 30.09 (431.65–503.93) | 485.52 ± 34.38(451.12–540.76) |
Stylet length (µm) | 14.81 ± 0.49 (14.41–15.66) | 14.46 ± 0.75 (13.49–15.26) | 14.31 ± 0.28 (14.01–14.66) |
Spicules (µm) | 17.07± 1.35 (15.47–19.14) | 19.16± 0.61 (18.25–19.65) | 18.15 ± 0.58 (17.37–19) |
Gubernaculum (µm) | 4.92± 0.34 (4.46–5.31) | 5.26± 0.27 (4.95–5.66) | 5.07 ± 0.43 (4.56–5.72) |
V or T | 35.38± 2.75 (32–38.17) | 37.56± 2.55 (33.72–40.6) | 36.42 ± 2.76 (34.05–40.54) |
a | 28.85 ± 1.45 (26.5–30.3) | 29.37 ± 2.33 (25.87–32.15) | 27.01 ± 1.37 (25.36–28.91) |
b | 8.24 ± 1.21 (7.23–10.22) | 9.11 ± 0.38 (8.66–9.67) | 9.2 ± 1.01 (8.14–10.5) |
b′ | 5.31 ± 0.1 (5.2–5.43) | 4.29 ± 0.45 (3.77–4.95) | 4.85 ± 0.53 (4.47–5.75) |
c | 19.89 ± 1.48 (17.86–21.62) | 20.95 ± 1.46 (18.7–22.47) | 20.16 ± 1.83 (18.85–23.37) |
c′ | 2.29 ± 0.18 (2.09–2.51) | 2.06 ± 0.08 (2–2.21) | 2.26 ± 0.21 (1.92–2.45) |
Orchads | |||
Locality | Lorca Chiha | Anna Manzel Nour | Meski SMCCSPS |
Characters | Males | Males | Males |
n | 5 | 5 | 5 |
L | 483.75 ± 10.58 (468.63–492.7) | 478.62 ± 30.09 (431.65–503.93) | 485.52 ± 34.38(451.12–540.76) |
Stylet length (µm) | 14.81 ± 0.49 (14.41–15.66) | 14.46 ± 0.75 (13.49–15.26) | 14.31 ± 0.28 (14.01–14.66) |
Spicules (µm) | 17.07± 1.35 (15.47–19.14) | 19.16± 0.61 (18.25–19.65) | 18.15 ± 0.58 (17.37–19) |
Gubernaculum (µm) | 4.92± 0.34 (4.46–5.31) | 5.26± 0.27 (4.95–5.66) | 5.07 ± 0.43 (4.56–5.72) |
V or T | 35.38± 2.75 (32–38.17) | 37.56± 2.55 (33.72–40.6) | 36.42 ± 2.76 (34.05–40.54) |
a | 28.85 ± 1.45 (26.5–30.3) | 29.37 ± 2.33 (25.87–32.15) | 27.01 ± 1.37 (25.36–28.91) |
b | 8.24 ± 1.21 (7.23–10.22) | 9.11 ± 0.38 (8.66–9.67) | 9.2 ± 1.01 (8.14–10.5) |
b′ | 5.31 ± 0.1 (5.2–5.43) | 4.29 ± 0.45 (3.77–4.95) | 4.85 ± 0.53 (4.47–5.75) |
c | 19.89 ± 1.48 (17.86–21.62) | 20.95 ± 1.46 (18.7–22.47) | 20.16 ± 1.83 (18.85–23.37) |
c′ | 2.29 ± 0.18 (2.09–2.51) | 2.06 ± 0.08 (2–2.21) | 2.26 ± 0.21 (1.92–2.45) |
All measurements in μm and in the format: mean±SD (range).
Abbreviations are defined in Siddiqi (2000).
The qualitative morphological characteristics of the
Phylogenetic relationships within
Morphometric informations and phylogenetic analysis clarified the unambiguous species identification and complemented to reveal the first report of
Photo micrographs of
SEM micrograph of
SEM micrograph of
Phylogenetic relationships between
Phylogenetic relationships between