This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Athanassious, C. G., Kavallieratos, N. G., and Karanastasi, E.. 2010. Mortality of four stored product pests in stored wheat when exposed to doses of three entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 103 3: 977–984.AthanassiousC. G.KavallieratosN. G.KaranastasiE.2010Mortality of four stored product pests in stored wheat when exposed to doses of three entomopathogenic nematodes103397798410.1603/EC09202Search in Google Scholar
Barbercheck, M. E., and Duncan, L. D. W.. 2004. Abiotic factors. in Gaugler, R., and Bilgrami, A. (Eds), Nematode behaviour, CABI Publishing, Wallingford: 309–343.BarbercheckM. E.DuncanL. D. W.2004Abiotic factorsinGauglerR.BilgramiA.(Eds)CABI PublishingWallingford30934310.1079/9780851998183.0309Search in Google Scholar
Barbercheck, M. E., Wang, J., and Hirsh, I. S.. 1995. Host plant effects on entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66: 169–177.BarbercheckM. E.WangJ.HirshI. S.1995Host plant effects on entomopathogenic nematodes6616917710.1006/jipa.1995.1080Search in Google Scholar
Bazman, I., Ozer, N., and Hazir, S.. 2008. Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Nematology 10 5: 735–742.BazmanI.OzerN.HazirS.2008Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)10573574210.1163/156854108785787307Search in Google Scholar
Bilgrami, A. L., Kondo, K., and Yoshiga, T.. 2001. Host searching and attraction behavior of Steinernema glaseri using Galleria mellonella as its host. International. Journal of Nematology 11 2: 168–176.BilgramiA. L.KondoK.YoshigaT.2001Host searching and attraction behavior of Steinernema glaseri using Galleria mellonella as its host. International112168176Search in Google Scholar
Campbell, F. J., and Gaugler, R.. 1993. Nictation behaviour and its ecological implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). Behaviour 126 Nos 3/4: 155–169.CampbellF. J.GauglerR.1993Nictation behaviour and its ecological implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae)126Nos3/415516910.1163/156853993X00092Search in Google Scholar
Campos-Herrera, R., Gomez-Ros, J. M., Escuerb, M., Cuadra, L., Barrios, L., and Gutierrez, C.. 2008. Diversity, occurrence and life characteristics of natural entomopathogenic nematode populations from La Rioja (North Spain) under different agricultural management and their relationships with soil factors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 1474–1484.Campos-HerreraR.Gomez-RosJ. M.EscuerbM.CuadraL.BarriosL.GutierrezC.2008Diversity, occurrence and life characteristics of natural entomopathogenic nematode populations from La Rioja (North Spain) under different agricultural management and their relationships with soil factors401474148410.1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.002Search in Google Scholar
Çimen, H., Lee, M. -M., Hatting, J. L., Hazir, S., and Stock, S. P.. 2014. Steinernema tophus sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa. Zootaxa 3821 3: 337–353.ÇimenH.LeeM. -M.HattingJ. L.HazirS.StockS. P.2014Steinernema tophus sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa3821333735310.11646/zootaxa.3821.3.324989748Search in Google Scholar
De Carvalho Barbosa Negrisoli, C. R., Negrisoli Júnior, A. S., Bernardi, D., and Garcia, M. S.. 2013. Activity of eight strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against five stored product pests. Experimental Parasitology 134 3: 384–388.De Carvalho Barbosa NegrisoliC. R.Negrisoli JúniorA. S.BernardiD.GarciaM. S.2013Activity of eight strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against five stored product pests134338438810.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.00823567251Search in Google Scholar
Divya, K., and Sankar, M.. 2009. Entomopathogenic nematodes in pest management. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2 7: 53–60.DivyaK.SankarM.2009Entomopathogenic nematodes in pest management27536010.17485/ijst/2009/v2i7.12Search in Google Scholar
Divya, K., Sankar, M., Marulasiddesha, K. N., Sambashiv, R., and Krupanidhi, K.. 2011. Formulation technology of entomopathogenic nematode for the control of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Bioscience. Discovery 2 2: 174–180.DivyaK.SankarM.MarulasiddeshaK. N.SambashivR.KrupanidhiK.2011Formulation technology of entomopathogenic nematode for the control of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Bioscience22174180Search in Google Scholar
Fallon, D. J., Solter, L. F., Keena, M., McManus, M., Cate, J. R., and Hanks, L. M.. 2004. Susceptibility of Asian long horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Biological Control 30: 430–438.FallonD. J.SolterL. F.KeenaM.McManusM.CateJ. R.HanksL. M.2004Susceptibility of Asian long horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes3043043810.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.002Search in Google Scholar
Garcia-del-Pino, F., Alabern, X., and Morton, A.. 2013. Efficacy of soil treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes against the larvae, pupae and adults of Tuta absoluta and their interaction with the insecticides used against this insect. BioControl 58: 723–7321.Garcia-del-PinoF.AlabernX.MortonA.2013Efficacy of soil treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes against the larvae, pupae and adults of Tuta absoluta and their interaction with the insecticides used against this insect58723732110.1007/s10526-013-9525-zSearch in Google Scholar
Grewal, P. S., Lewis, E. E., Gaugler, R., and Campbell, J. F.. 1994. Host finding behaviour as a predictor of foraging strategy in entomopathogenic nematodes. Parasitology 108: 207–215.GrewalP. S.LewisE. E.GauglerR.CampbellJ. F.1994Host finding behaviour as a predictor of foraging strategy in entomopathogenic nematodes10820721510.1017/S003118200006830XSearch in Google Scholar
Grewal, P.S., Selvan, S., and Gaugler, R.. 1994. Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology 19 4: 245–253.GrewalP.S.SelvanS.GauglerR.1994Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction19424525310.1016/0306-4565(94)90047-7Search in Google Scholar
Gungor, D. S., Keskin, N., and Hazir, S.. 2006. Ecological characterization of Steinernema anatoliense. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 39–44.GungorD. S.KeskinN.HazirS.2006Ecological characterization of Steinernema anatoliense92394410.1016/j.jip.2006.01.008Search in Google Scholar
Hatting, J., Stock, S. P., and Hazir, S.. 2009. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in South Africa. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 102: 120–128.HattingJ.StockS. P.HazirS.2009Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in South Africa10212012810.1016/j.jip.2009.07.003Search in Google Scholar
Hazir, S., Kaya, H. K., Stock, S. P., and Kestin, N.. 2003. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests. Turkish Journal of Biology 27: 181–202.HazirS.KayaH. K.StockS. P.KestinN.2003Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests27181202Search in Google Scholar
Hazir, S., Stock, S. P., Kaya, H. K., Koppenhöfer, A. M., and Keskin, N.. 2001. Developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77: 243–250.HazirS.StockS. P.KayaH. K.KoppenhöferA. M.KeskinN.2001Developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae)7724325010.1006/jipa.2001.5029Search in Google Scholar
Jabbour, R., and Barbercheck, M. E.. 2008. Soil and habitat complexity effects on movement of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae) in maize. Biological Control 47 2: 235–243.JabbourR.BarbercheckM. E.2008Soil and habitat complexity effects on movement of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae) in maize47223524310.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.07.006Search in Google Scholar
Jagdale, G. B., and Gordon, R.. 1998. Effect of propagation temperatures on temperature tolerances of entomopathogenic nematodes. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21: 177–183.JagdaleG. B.GordonR.1998Effect of propagation temperatures on temperature tolerances of entomopathogenic nematodes21177183Search in Google Scholar
Kaya, H. K., and Stock, S. P.. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. in Lacey, L. (Ed.), Manual of techniques in insect pathology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA: 281–324.KayaH. K.StockS. P.1997Techniques in insect nematologyinLaceyL.(Ed.),Academic PressSan Diego, CA28132410.1016/B978-012432555-5/50016-6Search in Google Scholar
Koppenhöfer, A. M., and Fuzy, E. M.. 2003. Ecological characterization of Steinernema scarabaei, a scarab-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from New Jersey. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 139–148.KoppenhöferA. M.FuzyE. M.2003Ecological characterization of Steinernema scarabaei, a scarab-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from New Jersey8313914810.1016/S0022-2011(03)00056-9Search in Google Scholar
Koppenhöfer, A. M. K., and Kaya, H.. 1999. Ecological characterization of Steinernema rarum. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 72: 120–128.KoppenhöferA. M. K.KayaH.1999Ecological characterization of Steinernema rarum7212012810.1006/jipa.1998.48229878298Search in Google Scholar
Kung, S. P., Gaugler, R., and Kaya, H. K.. 1991. Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57: 242–249.KungS. P.GauglerR.KayaH. K.1991Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence57242249Search in Google Scholar
Lewis, E. E.. 2002. Behavioral ecology. in Gaugler, R. (Ed.), Entomopathogenic nematology, CABI Publishing, New York, NY: 205–224.LewisE. E.2002Behavioral ecologyinGauglerR.(Ed.),CABI PublishingNew York, NY20522410.1079/9780851995670.0205Search in Google Scholar
Lacey, L. A., and Georgis, R.. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production. Journal of Nematology 44 2: 218–225.LaceyL. A.GeorgisR.2012Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production442218225Search in Google Scholar
Lunau, S., Stoessel, S., Schmidt-Peisker, J. A., and Ehlers, R. -U.. 1993. Establishment of monoxenic inocula for scaling up in vitro cultures of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. Nematology 39: 385–399.LunauS.StoesselS.Schmidt-PeiskerJ. A.EhlersR. -U.1993Establishment of monoxenic inocula for scaling up in vitro cultures of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp3938539910.1163/187529293X00330Search in Google Scholar
Malan, A. P., Knoetze, R., and Moore, S. D.. 2011. Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes from citrus orchards in South Africa and their biocontrol potential against false codling moth. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 108: 115–125.MalanA. P.KnoetzeR.MooreS. D.2011Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes from citrus orchards in South Africa and their biocontrol potential against false codling moth10811512510.1016/j.jip.2011.07.00621839086Search in Google Scholar
Mauleon, H., Briand, S., Laumond, C., and Bonifassi, E.. 1993. Utilisation d’enzymes digestives pour l'étude du parasitisme des Steinernematidae et Heterorhabditidae envers les larves d’insectes. Fundamentals of Applied Nematology 16: 185–186.MauleonH.BriandS.LaumondC.BonifassiE.1993Utilisation d’enzymes digestives pour l'étude du parasitisme des Steinernematidae et Heterorhabditidae envers les larves d’insectes16185186Search in Google Scholar
Mejia-Torres, M. C., and Saenz, A.. 2013. Ecological characterisation of the Colombian entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708. Brazilian Journal of Biology 73 2: 239–243.Mejia-TorresM. C.SaenzA.2013Ecological characterisation of the Colombian entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. SL070873223924310.1590/S1519-6984201300020000323917550Search in Google Scholar
Mohamed, M. A., and Coppel, H. C.. 1983. Mass rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for small-scale laboratory studies. The Great Lakes Entomologist 16 4: 389–392.MohamedM. A.CoppelH. C.1983Mass rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for small-scale laboratory studies164389392Search in Google Scholar
Morton, A., and Garcia-del-Pino, F.. 2009. Ecological characterization of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated in stone fruit orchard soils of Mediterranean areas. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 102: 203–213.MortonA.Garcia-del-PinoF.2009Ecological characterization of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated in stone fruit orchard soils of Mediterranean areas10220321310.1016/j.jip.2009.08.00219679134Search in Google Scholar
Nguyen, K. B., and Smart, G. C. Jr. 1992. Life cycle of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart, 1990. Journal of Nematology 24: 160–169.NguyenK. B.SmartG. C.Jr1992Life cycle of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart, 199024160169Search in Google Scholar
Püntener, W.. 1981. Manual for field trials in plant protection, 2nd ed., Ciba-Geigy Limited, Switzerland.PüntenerW.19812nd ed.Ciba-Geigy LimitedSwitzerlandSearch in Google Scholar
Ramakuwela, T., Hatting, J., Laing, M. D., Hazir, S., and Thiebaut, N.. 2016. In vitro solid state production of Steinernema innovationi with cost analysis. Biocontrol Science and Technology 26 6: 792–808.RamakuwelaT.HattingJ.LaingM. D.HazirS.ThiebautN.2016In vitro solid state production of Steinernema innovationi with cost analysis26679280810.1080/09583157.2016.1159284Search in Google Scholar
Ramalingam, K. R., Sivaramakrishna, S., and Hazir, S.. 2011. Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India. BioControl 56: 789–798.RamalingamK. R.SivaramakrishnaS.HazirS.2011Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India5678979810.1007/s10526-011-9345-ySearch in Google Scholar
Ricci, M., Glazer, I., Campbell, J. F., and Gaugler, R.. 1996. Comparison of bioassays to measure virulence of different entomopathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6 2: 235–246.RicciM.GlazerI.CampbellJ. F.GauglerR.1996Comparison of bioassays to measure virulence of different entomopathogenic nematodes6223524610.1080/09583159650039421Search in Google Scholar
Salma, J., and Shahina, F.. 2012. Mass production of eight Pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae). Pakistan Journal of Nematology 30 1: 1–20.SalmaJ.ShahinaF.2012Mass production of eight Pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae)301120Search in Google Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS/STAT user’s guide (Version 9, 2) 2, SAS Institute., Cary, NC.SAS Institute Inc19992SAS Institute.Cary, NCSearch in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., and Gaugler, R.. 2002. Production technology for entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 28: 137–146.Shapiro-IlanD. I.GauglerR.2002Production technology for entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts2813714610.1038/sj.jim.700023012074087Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Mbata, G. N., Nguyen, K. B., Peat, S. M., Blackburn, D., and Adams, B. J.. 2009. Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control 51: 377–387.Shapiro-IlanD. I.MbataG. N.NguyenK. B.PeatS. M.BlackburnD.AdamsB. J.2009Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria5137738710.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.07.009Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Han, R., and Dolinski, C.. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematode production and application technology. Journal of Nematology 44: 206–217.Shapiro-IlanD. I.HanR.DolinskiC.2012Entomopathogenic nematode production and application technology44206217Search in Google Scholar
Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Blackburn, D., Duncan, L., Fahiem, E., El-Borai, F. E., Koppenhöfer, H., Tailliez, P., and Adams, B. J.. 2014. Characterization of Biocontrol traits in Heterorhabditis floridensis: a species with broad temperature tolerance. Journal of Nematology 46 4: 336–345.Shapiro-IlanD. I.BlackburnD.DuncanL.FahiemE.El-BoraiF. E.KoppenhöferH.TailliezP.AdamsB. J.2014Characterization of Biocontrol traits in Heterorhabditis floridensis: a species with broad temperature tolerance464336345Search in Google Scholar
Sharma, P. M., Sharma, A. N., and Hussaini, S. S.. 2011. Entomopathogenic nematodes, a potential microbial biopesticide: mass production and commercialisation status – a mini review. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 44 9: 855–870.SharmaP. M.SharmaA. N.HussainiS. S.2011Entomopathogenic nematodes, a potential microbial biopesticide: mass production and commercialisation status – a mini review44985587010.1080/03235400903345315Search in Google Scholar
Snedecor, G. W., and Cochran, W. G.. 1980. Statistical methods, 7th ed., Iowa State University Press, Iowa.SnedecorG. W.CochranW. G.19807th ed.Iowa State University PressIowaSearch in Google Scholar
Spiridonov, S. E., Reid, A. P., Podrucka, K., Subbotin, S. A., and Moens, M.. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features. Nematology 6 4: 547–566.SpiridonovS. E.ReidA. P.PodruckaK.SubbotinS. A.MoensM.2004Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features6454756610.1163/1568541042665304Search in Google Scholar
SYSTAT Software Inc. 2002. TableCurve 2D (5.01) [Automated curve fitting and equation discovery for Windows], SYSTAT Software, Chicago, IL.SYSTAT Software Inc2002SYSTAT SoftwareChicago, ILSearch in Google Scholar
Tarasco, E., Oreste, M., Li, X., and Liu, Q.. 2015. Infectivity of mediterranean native entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from natural habitats in relation to temperature. Journal of Zoology 98: 109–114.TarascoE.OresteM.LiX.LiuQ.2015Infectivity of mediterranean native entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from natural habitats in relation to temperature98109114Search in Google Scholar
Theunis, W.. 1998. Susceptibility of the taro beetle, Papuana uninodis, to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Pest Management 44: 139–143.TheunisW.1998Susceptibility of the taro beetle, Papuana uninodis, to entomopathogenic nematodes4413914310.1080/096708798228239Search in Google Scholar
Ulug, D., Hazir, C., and Hazir, S.. 2015. A new and simple technique for the isolation of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology 39: 365–367.UlugD.HazirC.HazirS.2015A new and simple technique for the isolation of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae)3936536710.3906/zoo-1404-63Search in Google Scholar
Wilson, M. J., Ehlers, R.-U., and Glazer, I.. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategies – is Steinernema carpocapsae really an ambush forager?. Nematology 14: 389–394.WilsonM. J.EhlersR.-U.GlazerI.2012Entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategies – is Steinernema carpocapsae really an ambush forager?1438939410.1163/156854111X617428Search in Google Scholar