Open Access

Biological characterization of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema innovationi: a South African isolate


Cite

Athanassious, C. G., Kavallieratos, N. G., and Karanastasi, E.. 2010. Mortality of four stored product pests in stored wheat when exposed to doses of three entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 103 3: 977–984. Athanassious C. G. Kavallieratos N. G. Karanastasi E. 2010 Mortality of four stored product pests in stored wheat when exposed to doses of three entomopathogenic nematodes Journal of Economic Entomology 103 3 977 984 10.1603/EC09202 Search in Google Scholar

Barbercheck, M. E., and Duncan, L. D. W.. 2004. Abiotic factors. in Gaugler, R., and Bilgrami, A. (Eds), Nematode behaviour, CABI Publishing, Wallingford: 309–343. Barbercheck M. E. Duncan L. D. W. 2004 Abiotic factors in Gaugler R. Bilgrami A. (Eds) Nematode behaviour CABI Publishing Wallingford 309 343 10.1079/9780851998183.0309 Search in Google Scholar

Barbercheck, M. E., Wang, J., and Hirsh, I. S.. 1995. Host plant effects on entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66: 169–177. Barbercheck M. E. Wang J. Hirsh I. S. 1995 Host plant effects on entomopathogenic nematodes Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66 169 177 10.1006/jipa.1995.1080 Search in Google Scholar

Bazman, I., Ozer, N., and Hazir, S.. 2008. Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Nematology 10 5: 735–742. Bazman I. Ozer N. Hazir S. 2008 Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Nematology 10 5 735 742 10.1163/156854108785787307 Search in Google Scholar

Bilgrami, A. L., Kondo, K., and Yoshiga, T.. 2001. Host searching and attraction behavior of Steinernema glaseri using Galleria mellonella as its host. International. Journal of Nematology 11 2: 168–176. Bilgrami A. L. Kondo K. Yoshiga T. 2001 Host searching and attraction behavior of Steinernema glaseri using Galleria mellonella as its host. International Journal of Nematology 11 2 168 176 Search in Google Scholar

Campbell, F. J., and Gaugler, R.. 1993. Nictation behaviour and its ecological implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). Behaviour 126 Nos 3/4: 155–169. Campbell F. J. Gaugler R. 1993 Nictation behaviour and its ecological implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) Behaviour 126 Nos 3/4 155 169 10.1163/156853993X00092 Search in Google Scholar

Campos-Herrera, R., Gomez-Ros, J. M., Escuerb, M., Cuadra, L., Barrios, L., and Gutierrez, C.. 2008. Diversity, occurrence and life characteristics of natural entomopathogenic nematode populations from La Rioja (North Spain) under different agricultural management and their relationships with soil factors. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40: 1474–1484. Campos-Herrera R. Gomez-Ros J. M. Escuerb M. Cuadra L. Barrios L. Gutierrez C. 2008 Diversity, occurrence and life characteristics of natural entomopathogenic nematode populations from La Rioja (North Spain) under different agricultural management and their relationships with soil factors Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40 1474 1484 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.01.002 Search in Google Scholar

Çimen, H., Lee, M. -M., Hatting, J. L., Hazir, S., and Stock, S. P.. 2014. Steinernema tophus sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa. Zootaxa 3821 3: 337–353. Çimen H. Lee M. -M. Hatting J. L. Hazir S. Stock S. P. 2014 Steinernema tophus sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa Zootaxa 3821 3 337 353 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.3.324989748 Search in Google Scholar

De Carvalho Barbosa Negrisoli, C. R., Negrisoli Júnior, A. S., Bernardi, D., and Garcia, M. S.. 2013. Activity of eight strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against five stored product pests. Experimental Parasitology 134 3: 384–388. De Carvalho Barbosa Negrisoli C. R. Negrisoli Júnior A. S. Bernardi D. Garcia M. S. 2013 Activity of eight strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against five stored product pests Experimental Parasitology 134 3 384 388 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.03.00823567251 Search in Google Scholar

Divya, K., and Sankar, M.. 2009. Entomopathogenic nematodes in pest management. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2 7: 53–60. Divya K. Sankar M. 2009 Entomopathogenic nematodes in pest management Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2 7 53 60 10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i7.12 Search in Google Scholar

Divya, K., Sankar, M., Marulasiddesha, K. N., Sambashiv, R., and Krupanidhi, K.. 2011. Formulation technology of entomopathogenic nematode for the control of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Bioscience. Discovery 2 2: 174–180. Divya K. Sankar M. Marulasiddesha K. N. Sambashiv R. Krupanidhi K. 2011 Formulation technology of entomopathogenic nematode for the control of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Bioscience Discovery 2 2 174 180 Search in Google Scholar

Fallon, D. J., Solter, L. F., Keena, M., McManus, M., Cate, J. R., and Hanks, L. M.. 2004. Susceptibility of Asian long horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Biological Control 30: 430–438. Fallon D. J. Solter L. F. Keena M. McManus M. Cate J. R. Hanks L. M. 2004 Susceptibility of Asian long horned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes Biological Control 30 430 438 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.002 Search in Google Scholar

Garcia-del-Pino, F., Alabern, X., and Morton, A.. 2013. Efficacy of soil treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes against the larvae, pupae and adults of Tuta absoluta and their interaction with the insecticides used against this insect. BioControl 58: 723–7321. Garcia-del-Pino F. Alabern X. Morton A. 2013 Efficacy of soil treatments of entomopathogenic nematodes against the larvae, pupae and adults of Tuta absoluta and their interaction with the insecticides used against this insect BioControl 58 723 7321 10.1007/s10526-013-9525-z Search in Google Scholar

Grewal, P. S., Lewis, E. E., Gaugler, R., and Campbell, J. F.. 1994. Host finding behaviour as a predictor of foraging strategy in entomopathogenic nematodes. Parasitology 108: 207–215. Grewal P. S. Lewis E. E. Gaugler R. Campbell J. F. 1994 Host finding behaviour as a predictor of foraging strategy in entomopathogenic nematodes Parasitology 108 207 215 10.1017/S003118200006830X Search in Google Scholar

Grewal, P.S., Selvan, S., and Gaugler, R.. 1994. Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction. Journal of Thermal Biology 19 4: 245–253. Grewal P.S. Selvan S. Gaugler R. 1994 Thermal adaptation of entomopathogenic nematodes: niche breadth for infection, establishment, and reproduction Journal of Thermal Biology 19 4 245 253 10.1016/0306-4565(94)90047-7 Search in Google Scholar

Gungor, D. S., Keskin, N., and Hazir, S.. 2006. Ecological characterization of Steinernema anatoliense. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 39–44. Gungor D. S. Keskin N. Hazir S. 2006 Ecological characterization of Steinernema anatoliense Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92 39 44 10.1016/j.jip.2006.01.008 Search in Google Scholar

Hatting, J., Stock, S. P., and Hazir, S.. 2009. Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in South Africa. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 102: 120–128. Hatting J. Stock S. P. Hazir S. 2009 Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in South Africa Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 102 120 128 10.1016/j.jip.2009.07.003 Search in Google Scholar

Hazir, S., Kaya, H. K., Stock, S. P., and Kestin, N.. 2003. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests. Turkish Journal of Biology 27: 181–202. Hazir S. Kaya H. K. Stock S. P. Kestin N. 2003 Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for biological control of soil pests Turkish Journal of Biology 27 181 202 Search in Google Scholar

Hazir, S., Stock, S. P., Kaya, H. K., Koppenhöfer, A. M., and Keskin, N.. 2001. Developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77: 243–250. Hazir S. Stock S. P. Kaya H. K. Koppenhöfer A. M. Keskin N. 2001 Developmental temperature effects on five geographic isolates of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 77 243 250 10.1006/jipa.2001.5029 Search in Google Scholar

Jabbour, R., and Barbercheck, M. E.. 2008. Soil and habitat complexity effects on movement of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae) in maize. Biological Control 47 2: 235–243. Jabbour R. Barbercheck M. E. 2008 Soil and habitat complexity effects on movement of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae) in maize Biological Control 47 2 235 243 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2008.07.006 Search in Google Scholar

Jagdale, G. B., and Gordon, R.. 1998. Effect of propagation temperatures on temperature tolerances of entomopathogenic nematodes. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21: 177–183. Jagdale G. B. Gordon R. 1998 Effect of propagation temperatures on temperature tolerances of entomopathogenic nematodes Fundamental and Applied Nematology 21 177 183 Search in Google Scholar

Kaya, H. K., and Stock, S. P.. 1997. Techniques in insect nematology. in Lacey, L. (Ed.), Manual of techniques in insect pathology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA: 281–324. Kaya H. K. Stock S. P. 1997 Techniques in insect nematology in Lacey L. (Ed.), Manual of techniques in insect pathology Academic Press San Diego, CA 281 324 10.1016/B978-012432555-5/50016-6 Search in Google Scholar

Koppenhöfer, A. M., and Fuzy, E. M.. 2003. Ecological characterization of Steinernema scarabaei, a scarab-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from New Jersey. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 139–148. Koppenhöfer A. M. Fuzy E. M. 2003 Ecological characterization of Steinernema scarabaei, a scarab-adapted entomopathogenic nematode from New Jersey Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83 139 148 10.1016/S0022-2011(03)00056-9 Search in Google Scholar

Koppenhöfer, A. M. K., and Kaya, H.. 1999. Ecological characterization of Steinernema rarum. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 72: 120–128. Koppenhöfer A. M. K. Kaya H. 1999 Ecological characterization of Steinernema rarum Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 72 120 128 10.1006/jipa.1998.48229878298 Search in Google Scholar

Kung, S. P., Gaugler, R., and Kaya, H. K.. 1991. Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57: 242–249. Kung S. P. Gaugler R. Kaya H. K. 1991 Effects of soil temperature, moisture, and relative humidity on entomopathogenic nematode persistence Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 57 242 249 Search in Google Scholar

Lewis, E. E.. 2002. Behavioral ecology. in Gaugler, R. (Ed.), Entomopathogenic nematology, CABI Publishing, New York, NY: 205–224. Lewis E. E. 2002 Behavioral ecology in Gaugler R. (Ed.), Entomopathogenic nematology CABI Publishing New York, NY 205 224 10.1079/9780851995670.0205 Search in Google Scholar

Lacey, L. A., and Georgis, R.. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production. Journal of Nematology 44 2: 218–225. Lacey L. A. Georgis R. 2012 Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production Journal of Nematology 44 2 218 225 Search in Google Scholar

Lunau, S., Stoessel, S., Schmidt-Peisker, J. A., and Ehlers, R. -U.. 1993. Establishment of monoxenic inocula for scaling up in vitro cultures of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp. Nematology 39: 385–399. Lunau S. Stoessel S. Schmidt-Peisker J. A. Ehlers R. -U. 1993 Establishment of monoxenic inocula for scaling up in vitro cultures of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis spp Nematology 39 385 399 10.1163/187529293X00330 Search in Google Scholar

Malan, A. P., Knoetze, R., and Moore, S. D.. 2011. Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes from citrus orchards in South Africa and their biocontrol potential against false codling moth. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 108: 115–125. Malan A. P. Knoetze R. Moore S. D. 2011 Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes from citrus orchards in South Africa and their biocontrol potential against false codling moth Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 108 115 125 10.1016/j.jip.2011.07.00621839086 Search in Google Scholar

Mauleon, H., Briand, S., Laumond, C., and Bonifassi, E.. 1993. Utilisation d’enzymes digestives pour l'étude du parasitisme des Steinernematidae et Heterorhabditidae envers les larves d’insectes. Fundamentals of Applied Nematology 16: 185–186. Mauleon H. Briand S. Laumond C. Bonifassi E. 1993 Utilisation d’enzymes digestives pour l'étude du parasitisme des Steinernematidae et Heterorhabditidae envers les larves d’insectes Fundamentals of Applied Nematology 16 185 186 Search in Google Scholar

Mejia-Torres, M. C., and Saenz, A.. 2013. Ecological characterisation of the Colombian entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708. Brazilian Journal of Biology 73 2: 239–243. Mejia-Torres M. C. Saenz A. 2013 Ecological characterisation of the Colombian entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. SL0708 Brazilian Journal of Biology 73 2 239 243 10.1590/S1519-6984201300020000323917550 Search in Google Scholar

Mohamed, M. A., and Coppel, H. C.. 1983. Mass rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for small-scale laboratory studies. The Great Lakes Entomologist 16 4: 389–392. Mohamed M. A. Coppel H. C. 1983 Mass rearing of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for small-scale laboratory studies The Great Lakes Entomologist 16 4 389 392 Search in Google Scholar

Morton, A., and Garcia-del-Pino, F.. 2009. Ecological characterization of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated in stone fruit orchard soils of Mediterranean areas. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 102: 203–213. Morton A. Garcia-del-Pino F. 2009 Ecological characterization of entomopathogenic nematodes isolated in stone fruit orchard soils of Mediterranean areas Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 102 203 213 10.1016/j.jip.2009.08.00219679134 Search in Google Scholar

Nguyen, K. B., and Smart, G. C. Jr. 1992. Life cycle of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart, 1990. Journal of Nematology 24: 160–169. Nguyen K. B. Smart G. C. Jr 1992 Life cycle of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart, 1990 Journal of Nematology 24 160 169 Search in Google Scholar

Püntener, W.. 1981. Manual for field trials in plant protection, 2nd ed., Ciba-Geigy Limited, Switzerland. Püntener W. 1981 Manual for field trials in plant protection 2nd ed. Ciba-Geigy Limited Switzerland Search in Google Scholar

Ramakuwela, T., Hatting, J., Laing, M. D., Hazir, S., and Thiebaut, N.. 2016. In vitro solid state production of Steinernema innovationi with cost analysis. Biocontrol Science and Technology 26 6: 792–808. Ramakuwela T. Hatting J. Laing M. D. Hazir S. Thiebaut N. 2016 In vitro solid state production of Steinernema innovationi with cost analysis Biocontrol Science and Technology 26 6 792 808 10.1080/09583157.2016.1159284 Search in Google Scholar

Ramalingam, K. R., Sivaramakrishna, S., and Hazir, S.. 2011. Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India. BioControl 56: 789–798. Ramalingam K. R. Sivaramakrishna S. Hazir S. 2011 Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India BioControl 56 789 798 10.1007/s10526-011-9345-y Search in Google Scholar

Ricci, M., Glazer, I., Campbell, J. F., and Gaugler, R.. 1996. Comparison of bioassays to measure virulence of different entomopathogenic nematodes. Biocontrol Science and Technology 6 2: 235–246. Ricci M. Glazer I. Campbell J. F. Gaugler R. 1996 Comparison of bioassays to measure virulence of different entomopathogenic nematodes Biocontrol Science and Technology 6 2 235 246 10.1080/09583159650039421 Search in Google Scholar

Salma, J., and Shahina, F.. 2012. Mass production of eight Pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae). Pakistan Journal of Nematology 30 1: 1–20. Salma J. Shahina F. 2012 Mass production of eight Pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) Pakistan Journal of Nematology 30 1 1 20 Search in Google Scholar

SAS Institute Inc. 1999. SAS/STAT user’s guide (Version 9, 2) 2, SAS Institute., Cary, NC. SAS Institute Inc 1999 SAS/STAT user’s guide (Version 9, 2) 2 SAS Institute. Cary, NC Search in Google Scholar

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., and Gaugler, R.. 2002. Production technology for entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 28: 137–146. Shapiro-Ilan D. I. Gaugler R. 2002 Production technology for entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 28 137 146 10.1038/sj.jim.700023012074087 Search in Google Scholar

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Mbata, G. N., Nguyen, K. B., Peat, S. M., Blackburn, D., and Adams, B. J.. 2009. Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control 51: 377–387. Shapiro-Ilan D. I. Mbata G. N. Nguyen K. B. Peat S. M. Blackburn D. Adams B. J. 2009 Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria Biological Control 51 377 387 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.07.009 Search in Google Scholar

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Han, R., and Dolinski, C.. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematode production and application technology. Journal of Nematology 44: 206–217. Shapiro-Ilan D. I. Han R. Dolinski C. 2012 Entomopathogenic nematode production and application technology Journal of Nematology 44 206 217 Search in Google Scholar

Shapiro-Ilan, D. I., Blackburn, D., Duncan, L., Fahiem, E., El-Borai, F. E., Koppenhöfer, H., Tailliez, P., and Adams, B. J.. 2014. Characterization of Biocontrol traits in Heterorhabditis floridensis: a species with broad temperature tolerance. Journal of Nematology 46 4: 336–345. Shapiro-Ilan D. I. Blackburn D. Duncan L. Fahiem E. El-Borai F. E. Koppenhöfer H. Tailliez P. Adams B. J. 2014 Characterization of Biocontrol traits in Heterorhabditis floridensis: a species with broad temperature tolerance Journal of Nematology 46 4 336 345 Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, P. M., Sharma, A. N., and Hussaini, S. S.. 2011. Entomopathogenic nematodes, a potential microbial biopesticide: mass production and commercialisation status – a mini review. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 44 9: 855–870. Sharma P. M. Sharma A. N. Hussaini S. S. 2011 Entomopathogenic nematodes, a potential microbial biopesticide: mass production and commercialisation status – a mini review Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 44 9 855 870 10.1080/03235400903345315 Search in Google Scholar

Snedecor, G. W., and Cochran, W. G.. 1980. Statistical methods, 7th ed., Iowa State University Press, Iowa. Snedecor G. W. Cochran W. G. 1980 Statistical methods 7th ed. Iowa State University Press Iowa Search in Google Scholar

Spiridonov, S. E., Reid, A. P., Podrucka, K., Subbotin, S. A., and Moens, M.. 2004. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features. Nematology 6 4: 547–566. Spiridonov S. E. Reid A. P. Podrucka K. Subbotin S. A. Moens M. 2004 Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Steinernema (Nematoda: Rhabditida) as inferred from analyses of sequences of the ITS1-5.8 S-ITS2 region of rDNA and morphological features Nematology 6 4 547 566 10.1163/1568541042665304 Search in Google Scholar

SYSTAT Software Inc. 2002. TableCurve 2D (5.01) [Automated curve fitting and equation discovery for Windows], SYSTAT Software, Chicago, IL. SYSTAT Software Inc 2002 TableCurve 2D (5.01) [Automated curve fitting and equation discovery for Windows] SYSTAT Software Chicago, IL Search in Google Scholar

Tarasco, E., Oreste, M., Li, X., and Liu, Q.. 2015. Infectivity of mediterranean native entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from natural habitats in relation to temperature. Journal of Zoology 98: 109–114. Tarasco E. Oreste M. Li X. Liu Q. 2015 Infectivity of mediterranean native entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) from natural habitats in relation to temperature Journal of Zoology 98 109 114 Search in Google Scholar

Theunis, W.. 1998. Susceptibility of the taro beetle, Papuana uninodis, to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Pest Management 44: 139–143. Theunis W. 1998 Susceptibility of the taro beetle, Papuana uninodis, to entomopathogenic nematodes Journal of Pest Management 44 139 143 10.1080/096708798228239 Search in Google Scholar

Ulug, D., Hazir, C., and Hazir, S.. 2015. A new and simple technique for the isolation of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology 39: 365–367. Ulug D. Hazir C. Hazir S. 2015 A new and simple technique for the isolation of symbiotic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) Turkish Journal of Zoology 39 365 367 10.3906/zoo-1404-63 Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, M. J., Ehlers, R.-U., and Glazer, I.. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategies – is Steinernema carpocapsae really an ambush forager?. Nematology 14: 389–394. Wilson M. J. Ehlers R.-U. Glazer I. 2012 Entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategies – is Steinernema carpocapsae really an ambush forager? Nematology 14 389 394 10.1163/156854111X617428 Search in Google Scholar

eISSN:
2640-396X
Language:
English
Publication timeframe:
Volume Open
Journal Subjects:
Life Sciences, other