This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Aballay, A., and Ausubel, F. M. 2001. Programmed cell death mediated by ced-3 and ced-4 protects Caenorhabditis elegans from Salmonella typhimurium-mediated killing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98:2735–2739.AballayA., and AusubelF. M.2001. Programmed cell death mediated by ced-3 and ced-4 protects Caenorhabditis elegans from Salmonella typhimurium-mediated killing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences98:2735–2739.10.1073/pnas.041613098Search in Google Scholar
Aballay, A., and Ausubel, F. M. 2002. Caenorhabditis elegans as a host for the study of host–pathogen interactions. Current Opinion in Microbiology 5:97–101.AballayA., and AusubelF. M.2002. Caenorhabditis elegans as a host for the study of host–pathogen interactions. Current Opinion in Microbiology5:97–101.10.1016/S1369-5274(02)00293-XSearch in Google Scholar
Aballay, A., Yorgey, P., and Ausubel, F. M. 2000. Salmonella typhimurium proliferates and establishes a persistent infection in the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology 10:1539–1542.AballayA.YorgeyP., and AusubelF. M.2000. Salmonella typhimurium proliferates and establishes a persistent infection in the intestine of Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology10:1539–1542.10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00830-7Search in Google Scholar
Abolins, S. R., Pocock, M. J., Hafalla, J. C., Riley, E. M., and Viney, M. E. 2011. Measures of immune function of wild mice, Mus musculus. Molecular Ecology 20:881–892.AbolinsS. R.PocockM. J.HafallaJ. C.RileyE. M., and VineyM. E.2011. Measures of immune function of wild mice, Mus musculus. Molecular Ecology20:881–892.10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04910.x21073587Search in Google Scholar
Alegado, R. A., Campbell, M. C., Chen, W. C., Slutz, S. S., and Tan, M.-W. 2003. Characterization of mediators of microbial virulence and innate immunity using the Caenorhabditis elegans host–pathogen model. Cellular Microbiology 5:435–444.AlegadoR. A.CampbellM. C.ChenW. C.SlutzS. S., and TanM.-W.2003. Characterization of mediators of microbial virulence and innate immunity using the Caenorhabditis elegans host–pathogen model. Cellular Microbiology5:435–444.10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00287.x12814434Search in Google Scholar
Alexander, H. M., and Antonovics, J. 1995. Spread of anther-smut disease (Ustilago violacea) and character correlations in a genetically variable experimental population of Silene alba. Journal of Ecology 83:783–794.AlexanderH. M., and AntonovicsJ.1995. Spread of anther-smut disease (Ustilago violacea) and character correlations in a genetically variable experimental population of Silene alba. Journal of Ecology83:783–794.10.2307/2261415Search in Google Scholar
Amrit, F. R., Boehnisch, C. M., and May, R. C. 2010. Phenotypic co-variance of longevity, immunity and stress resistance in the caenorhabditis nematodes. PLoS One 5:e9978.AmritF. R.BoehnischC. M., and MayR. C.2010. Phenotypic co-variance of longevity, immunity and stress resistance in the caenorhabditis nematodes. PLoS One5:e9978.10.1371/journal.pone.0009978284851920369008Search in Google Scholar
Anderson, J. L., Morran, L. T., and Phillips, P. C. 2010. Outcrossing and the maintenance of males within C. elegans populations. Journal of Heredity 101:S62–S74.AndersonJ. L.MorranL. T., and PhillipsP. C.2010. Outcrossing and the maintenance of males within C. elegans populations. Journal of Heredity101:S62–S74.10.1093/jhered/esq003285989020212008Search in Google Scholar
Andrew, P. A., and Nicholas, W. L. 1976. Effect of bacteria on dispersal of Caenorhabditis elegans (Rhabditidae). Nematologica 22:451–461.AndrewP. A., and NicholasW. L.1976. Effect of bacteria on dispersal of Caenorhabditis elegans (Rhabditidae). Nematologica22:451–461.10.1163/187529276X00454Search in Google Scholar
Antonovics, J., Boots, M., Abbate, J., Baker, C., McFrederick, Q., and Panjeti, V. 2011. Biology and evolution of sexual transmission. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1230:12–24.AntonovicsJ.BootsM.AbbateJ.BakerC.McFrederickQ., and PanjetiV.2011. Biology and evolution of sexual transmission. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences1230:12–24.10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06127.x21824163Search in Google Scholar
Antoshechkin, I., and Sternberg, P. W. 2007. The versatile worm: Genetic and genomic resources for Caenorhabditis elegans research. Nature Reviews Genetics 8:518–532.AntoshechkinI., and SternbergP. W.2007. The versatile worm: Genetic and genomic resources for Caenorhabditis elegans research. Nature Reviews Genetics8:518–532.10.1038/nrg210517549065Search in Google Scholar
Bakowski, M. A., Desjardins, C. A., Smelkinson, M. G., Dunbar, T. L., Lopez-Moyado, I. F., Rifkin, S. A., Cuomo, C. A., and Troemel, E. R. 2014a. Ubiquitin-mediated response to microsporidia and virus infection in C. elegans. PLoS Pathogens 10:e1004200.BakowskiM. A.DesjardinsC. A.SmelkinsonM. G.DunbarT. L.Lopez-MoyadoI. F.RifkinS. A.CuomoC. A., and TroemelE. R.2014a. Ubiquitin-mediated response to microsporidia and virus infection in C. elegans. PLoS Pathogens10:e1004200.10.1371/journal.ppat.1004200406395724945527Search in Google Scholar
Bakowski, M. A., Priest, M., Young, S., Cuomo, C. A., and Troemel, E. R. 2014b. Genome sequence of the microsporidian species Nematocida sp1 strain ERTm6 (ATCC PRA-372). Genome Announcements 2.BakowskiM. A.PriestM.YoungS.CuomoC. A., and TroemelE. R.2014b. Genome sequence of the microsporidian species Nematocida sp1 strain ERTm6 (ATCC PRA-372). Genome Announcements2.10.1128/genomeA.00905-14417226925237020Search in Google Scholar
Balla, K. M., Andersen, E. C., Kruglyak, L., and Troemel, E. R. 2015. A wild C. elegans strain has enhanced epithelial immunity to a natural microsporidian parasite. PLoS Pathogens 11:e1004583.BallaK. M.AndersenE. C.KruglyakL., and TroemelE. R.2015. A wild C. elegans strain has enhanced epithelial immunity to a natural microsporidian parasite. PLoS Pathogens11:e1004583.10.1371/journal.ppat.1004583433455425680197Search in Google Scholar
Balla, K. M., Luallen, R. J., Bakowski, M. A., and Troemel, E. R. 2016. Cell-to-cell spread of microsporidia causes Caenorhabditis elegans organs to form syncytia. Nature Microbiology 1:16144.BallaK. M.LuallenR. J.BakowskiM. A., and TroemelE. R.2016. Cell-to-cell spread of microsporidia causes Caenorhabditis elegans organs to form syncytia. Nature Microbiology1:16144.10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.144509436227782144Search in Google Scholar
Balla, K. M., and Troemel, E. R. 2013. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for intracellular pathogen infection. Cellular Microbiology 15:1313–1322.BallaK. M., and TroemelE. R.2013. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for intracellular pathogen infection. Cellular Microbiology15:1313–1322.10.1111/cmi.12152389460123617769Search in Google Scholar
Barrière, A., and Félix, M.-A. 2005. High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations. Current Biology 15:1176–1184.BarrièreA., and FélixM.-A.2005. High local genetic diversity and low outcrossing rate in Caenorhabditis elegans natural populations. Current Biology15:1176–1184.10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.02216005289Search in Google Scholar
Barrière, A., and Félix, M.-A. 2006. Isolation of C. elegans and related nematodes, in WormBook, The C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBook. http://www.wormbook.org.BarrièreA., and FélixM.-A.2006. Isolation of C. elegans and related nematodes, inWormBook, The C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBook. http://www.wormbook.org.10.1895/wormbook.1.115.1478100118050443Search in Google Scholar
Barrière, A., and Félix, M.-A. 2007. Temporal dynamics and linkage disequilibrium in natural Caenorhabditis elegans populations. Genetics 176:999–1011.BarrièreA., and FélixM.-A.2007. Temporal dynamics and linkage disequilibrium in natural Caenorhabditis elegans populations. Genetics176:999–1011.10.1534/genetics.106.067223189462517409084Search in Google Scholar
Beilstein, M. A., Nagalingum, N. S., Clements, M. D., Manchester, S. R., and Mathews, S. 2010. Dated molecular phylogenies indicate a Miocene origin for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107:18724–18728.BeilsteinM. A.NagalingumN. S.ClementsM. D.ManchesterS. R., and MathewsS.2010. Dated molecular phylogenies indicate a Miocene origin for Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences107:18724–18728.10.1073/pnas.0909766107297300920921408Search in Google Scholar
Bell, G. 1982. The masterpiece of nature: The evolution and genetics of sexuality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.BellG.1982. The masterpiece of nature: The evolution and genetics of sexuality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Search in Google Scholar
Berg, M., Stenuit, B., Ho, J., Wang, A., Parke, C., Knight, M., Alvarez-Cohen, L., and Shapira, M. 2016. Assembly of the Caenorhabditis elegans gut microbiota from diverse soil microbial environments. ISME Journal 10:1998–2009.BergM.StenuitB.HoJ.WangA.ParkeC.KnightM.Alvarez-CohenL., and ShapiraM.2016. Assembly of the Caenorhabditis elegans gut microbiota from diverse soil microbial environments. ISME Journal10:1998–2009.10.1038/ismej.2015.253502915026800234Search in Google Scholar
Bernardet, J.-F., Hugo, C., and Bruun, B. 2006. The genera Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia. Pp. 638–676 in M. Dworkin, S. Falkow, E. Rosenberg, K.-H. Schleifer, and E. Stackebrandt, eds. The prokaryotes: Volume 7: Proteobacteria: Delta, epsilon subclass. New York: Springer.BernardetJ.-F.HugoC., and BruunB.2006. The genera Chryseobacterium and Elizabethkingia. Pp. 638–676inM.DworkinS.FalkowE.RosenbergK.-H.Schleifer, and E.Stackebrandt, eds. The prokaryotes: Volume 7: Proteobacteria: Delta, epsilon subclass. New York: Springer.10.1007/0-387-30747-8_25Search in Google Scholar
Beura, L. K., Hamilton, S. E., Bi, K., Schenkel, J. M., Odumade, O. A., Casey, K. A., Thompson, E. A., Fraser, K. A., Rosato, P. C., Filali-Mouhim, A., Sekaly, R. P., Jenkins, M. K., Vezys, V., Haining, W. N., Jameson, S. C., and Masopust, D. 2016. Normalizing the environment recapitulates adult human immune traits in laboratory mice. Nature 532:512–516.BeuraL. K.HamiltonS. E.BiK.SchenkelJ. M.OdumadeO. A.CaseyK. A.ThompsonE. A.FraserK. A.RosatoP. C.Filali-MouhimA.SekalyR. P.JenkinsM. K.VezysV.HainingW. N.JamesonS. C., and MasopustD.2016. Normalizing the environment recapitulates adult human immune traits in laboratory mice. Nature532:512–516.10.1038/nature17655487131527096360Search in Google Scholar
Boots, M. 2008. Fight or learn to live with the consequences? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23:248–250.BootsM.2008. Fight or learn to live with the consequences?Trends in Ecology & Evolution23:248–250.10.1016/j.tree.2008.01.00618374449Search in Google Scholar
Boots, M., Hudson, P. J., and Sasaki, A. 2004. Large shifts in pathogen virulence relate to host population structure. Science 303:842–844.BootsM.HudsonP. J., and SasakiA.2004. Large shifts in pathogen virulence relate to host population structure. Science303:842–844.10.1126/science.108854214764881Search in Google Scholar
Borer, E. T., Hosseini, P. R., Seabloom, E. W., and Dobson, A. P. 2007. Pathogen-induced reversal of native dominance in a grassland community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:5473–5478.BorerE. T.HosseiniP. R.SeabloomE. W., and DobsonA. P.2007. Pathogen-induced reversal of native dominance in a grassland community. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences104:5473–5478.10.1073/pnas.0608573104183847317372211Search in Google Scholar
Botts, M. R., Cohen, L. B., Probert, C. S., Wu, F., and Troemel, E. R. 2016. Microsporidia intracellular development relies on Myc interaction network transcription factors in the host. G3 6:2707–2716.BottsM. R.CohenL. B.ProbertC. S.WuF., and TroemelE. R.2016. Microsporidia intracellular development relies on Myc interaction network transcription factors in the host. G36:2707–2716.10.1534/g3.116.029983501592927402359Search in Google Scholar
Brenner, S. 1974. The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 77:71–94.BrennerS.1974. The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics77:71–94.10.1093/genetics/77.1.7112131204366476Search in Google Scholar
Brockhurst, M. A., and Koskella, B. 2013. Experimental coevolution of species interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 28:367–375.BrockhurstM. A., and KoskellaB.2013. Experimental coevolution of species interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution28:367–375.10.1016/j.tree.2013.02.00923523051Search in Google Scholar
Cabreiro, F., and Gems, D. 2013. Worms need microbes too: Microbiota, health and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO Molecular Medicine 5:1300–1310.CabreiroF., and GemsD.2013. Worms need microbes too: Microbiota, health and aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO Molecular Medicine5:1300–1310.10.1002/emmm.201100972379948723913848Search in Google Scholar
Chasnov, J. R., and Chow, K. L. 2002. Why are there males in the hermaphroditic species Caenorhabditis elegans? Genetics 160:983–994.ChasnovJ. R., and ChowK. L.2002. Why are there males in the hermaphroditic species Caenorhabditis elegans?Genetics160:983–994.10.1093/genetics/160.3.983146200111901116Search in Google Scholar
Clark, L. C., and Hodgkin, J. 2014. Commensals, probiotics and pathogens in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Cellular Microbiology 16:27–38.ClarkL. C., and HodgkinJ.2014. Commensals, probiotics and pathogens in the Caenorhabditis elegans model. Cellular Microbiology16:27–38.10.1111/cmi.1223424168639Search in Google Scholar
Clark, L. C., and Hodgkin, J. 2015. Leucobacter musarum subsp. musarum sp. nov., subsp. nov., Leucobacter musarum subsp. japonicus subsp. nov., and Leucobacter celer subsp. astrifaciens subsp. nov., three nematopathogenic bacteria isolated from Caenorhabditis, with an emended description of Leucobacter celer. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 65:3977–3984.ClarkL. C., and HodgkinJ.2015. Leucobacter musarum subsp. musarum sp. nov., subsp. nov., Leucobacter musarum subsp. japonicus subsp. nov., and Leucobacter celer subsp. astrifaciens subsp. nov., three nematopathogenic bacteria isolated from Caenorhabditis, with an emended description of Leucobacter celer. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology65:3977–3984.10.1099/ijsem.0.000523480476826275616Search in Google Scholar
Coltman, D. W., Pilkington, J. G., Smith, J. A., and Pemberton, J. M. 1999. Parasite-mediated selection against inbred Soay sheep in a free-living, island population. Evolution 53:1259–1267.ColtmanD. W.PilkingtonJ. G.SmithJ. A., and PembertonJ. M.1999. Parasite-mediated selection against inbred Soay sheep in a free-living, island population. Evolution53:1259–1267.10.2307/2640828Search in Google Scholar
Cook, D. E., Zdraljevic, S., Roberts, J. P., and Andersen, E. C. 2017. CeNDR, the Caenorhabditis elegans natural diversity resource. Nucleic Acids Research 45:D650–D657.CookD. E.ZdraljevicS.RobertsJ. P., and AndersenE. C.2017. CeNDR, the Caenorhabditis elegans natural diversity resource. Nucleic Acids Research45:D650–D657.10.1093/nar/gkw893521061827701074Search in Google Scholar
Couillault, C., and Ewbank, J. J. 2002. Diverse bacteria are pathogens of Caenorhabditis elegans. Infection and Immunity 70:4705–4707.CouillaultC., and EwbankJ. J.2002. Diverse bacteria are pathogens of Caenorhabditis elegans. Infection and Immunity70:4705–4707.10.1128/IAI.70.8.4705-4707.200212812412117988Search in Google Scholar
Cuomo, C. A., Desjardins, C. A., Bakowski, M. A., Goldberg, J., Ma, A. T., Becnel, J. J., Didier, E. S., Fan, L., Heiman, D. I., Levin, J. Z., Young, S., Zeng, Q., and Troemel, E. R. 2012. Microsporidian genome analysis reveals evolutionary strategies for obligate intracellular growth. Genome Research 22:2478–2488.CuomoC. A.DesjardinsC. A.BakowskiM. A.GoldbergJ.MaA. T.BecnelJ. J.DidierE. S.FanL.HeimanD. I.LevinJ. Z.YoungS.ZengQ., and TroemelE. R.2012. Microsporidian genome analysis reveals evolutionary strategies for obligate intracellular growth. Genome Research22:2478–2488.10.1101/gr.142802.112351467722813931Search in Google Scholar
Cutter, A. D. 2005. Mutation and the experimental evolution of outcrossing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:27–34.CutterA. D.2005. Mutation and the experimental evolution of outcrossing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Evolutionary Biology18:27–34.10.1111/j.1420-9101.2004.00804.x15669958Search in Google Scholar
Cutter, A. D. 2006. Nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium in wild populations of the partial selfer Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 172:171–184.CutterA. D.2006. Nucleotide polymorphism and linkage disequilibrium in wild populations of the partial selfer Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics172:171–184.10.1534/genetics.105.048207145614516272415Search in Google Scholar
Cutter, A. D. 2015. Caenorhabditis evolution in the wild. BioEssays 37:983–995.CutterA. D.2015. Caenorhabditis evolution in the wild. BioEssays37:983–995.10.1002/bies.20150005326126900Search in Google Scholar
Cutter, A. D., Wasmuth, J. D., and Washington, N. L. 2008. Patterns of molecular evolution in Caenorhabditis preclude ancient origins of selfing. Genetics 178:2093–2104.CutterA. D.WasmuthJ. D., and WashingtonN. L.2008. Patterns of molecular evolution in Caenorhabditis preclude ancient origins of selfing. Genetics178:2093–2104.10.1534/genetics.107.085787Search in Google Scholar
Dangl, J. L., and Jones, J. D. G. 2001. Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature 411:826–833.DanglJ. L., and JonesJ. D. G.2001. Plant pathogens and integrated defence responses to infection. Nature411:826–833.10.1038/35081161Search in Google Scholar
Darby, C., Hsu, J. W., Ghori, N., and Falkow, S. 2002. Caenorhabditis elegans: Plague bacteria biofilm blocks food intake. Nature 417:243–244.DarbyC.HsuJ. W.GhoriN., and FalkowS.2002. Caenorhabditis elegans: Plague bacteria biofilm blocks food intake. Nature417:243–244.10.1038/417243aSearch in Google Scholar
Denver, D., Clark, K., and Raboin, M. 2011. Reproductive mode evolution in nematodes: Insights from molecular phylogenies and recently discovered species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61:584–592.DenverD.ClarkK., and RaboinM.2011. Reproductive mode evolution in nematodes: Insights from molecular phylogenies and recently discovered species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution61:584–592.10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.007Search in Google Scholar
Dirksen, P., Marsh, S. A., Braker, I., Heitland, N., Wagner, S., Nakad, R., Mader, S., Petersen, C., Kowallik, V., Rosenstiel, P., Félix, M.-A., and Schulenburg, H. 2016. The native microbiome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Gateway to a new host-microbiome model. BMC Biology 14:38.DirksenP.MarshS. A.BrakerI.HeitlandN.WagnerS.NakadR.MaderS.PetersenC.KowallikV.RosenstielP.FélixM.-A., and SchulenburgH.2016. The native microbiome of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: Gateway to a new host-microbiome model. BMC Biology14:38.10.1186/s12915-016-0258-1Search in Google Scholar
Dunbar, T. L., Yan, Z., Balla, K. M., Smelkinson, M. G., and Troemel, E. R. 2012. C. elegans detects pathogen-induced translational inhibition to activate immune signaling. Cell Host & Microbe 11:375–386.DunbarT. L.YanZ.BallaK. M.SmelkinsonM. G., and TroemelE. R.2012. C. elegans detects pathogen-induced translational inhibition to activate immune signaling. Cell Host & Microbe11:375–386.10.1016/j.chom.2012.02.008Search in Google Scholar
Ermolaeva, M. A., and Schumacher, B. 2014. Insights from the worm: the C. elegans model for innate immunity. Seminars in Immunology 26:303–309.ErmolaevaM. A., and SchumacherB.2014. Insights from the worm: the C. elegans model for innate immunity. Seminars in Immunology26:303–309.10.1016/j.smim.2014.04.005Search in Google Scholar
Esser, R., and El-Gholl, N. 1992. Harposporium, a fungus that parasitizes and kills nematodes utilizing conidia swallowed by or sticking to its prey. Florida Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Nematology Circular 200.EsserR., and El-GhollN.1992. Harposporium, a fungus that parasitizes and kills nematodes utilizing conidia swallowed by or sticking to its prey. Florida Department of Agriculture, Division of Plant Industry, Nematology Circular200.Search in Google Scholar
Estes, K. A., Szumowski, S. C., and Troemel, E. R. 2011. Non-lytic, actin-based exit of intracellular parasites from C. elegans intestinal cells. PLoS Pathogens 7:e1002227.EstesK. A.SzumowskiS. C., and TroemelE. R.2011. Non-lytic, actin-based exit of intracellular parasites from C. elegans intestinal cells. PLoS Pathogens7:e1002227.10.1371/journal.ppat.1002227Search in Google Scholar
Evans, K. S., Zhao, Y., Brady, S. C., Long, L., McGrath, P. T., and Andersen, E. C. 2017. Correlations of genotype with climate parameters suggest Caenorhabditis elegans niche adaptations. G3 7:289–298.EvansK. S.ZhaoY.BradyS. C.LongL.McGrathP. T., and AndersenE. C.2017. Correlations of genotype with climate parameters suggest Caenorhabditis elegans niche adaptations. G37:289–298.10.1534/g3.116.035162Search in Google Scholar
Ewbank, J. J. 2002. Tackling both sides of the host–pathogen equation with Caenorhabditis elegans. Microbes and Infection 4:247–256.EwbankJ. J.2002. Tackling both sides of the host–pathogen equation with Caenorhabditis elegans. Microbes and Infection4:247–256.10.1016/S1286-4579(01)01531-3Search in Google Scholar
Felix, M. A., Ashe, A., Piffaretti, J., Wu, G., Nuez, I., Belicard, T., Jiang, Y., Zhao, G., Franz, C. J., Goldstein, L. D., Sanroman, M., Miska, E. A., and Wang, D. 2011. Natural and experimental infection of Caenorhabditis nematodes by novel viruses related to nodaviruses. PLoS Biology 9:e1000586.FelixM. A.AsheA.PiffarettiJ.WuG.NuezI.BelicardT.JiangY.ZhaoG.FranzC. J.GoldsteinL. D.SanromanM.MiskaE. A., and WangD.2011. Natural and experimental infection of Caenorhabditis nematodes by novel viruses related to nodaviruses. PLoS Biology9:e1000586.10.1371/journal.pbio.1000586302676021283608Search in Google Scholar
Félix, M.-A., and Braendle, C. 2010. The natural history of Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology 20:R965–R969.FélixM.-A., and BraendleC.2010. The natural history of Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology20:R965–R969.10.1016/j.cub.2010.09.05021093785Search in Google Scholar
Félix, M.-A., Braendle, C., and Cutter, A. D. 2014. A streamlined system for species diagnosis in Caenorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with name designations for 15 distinct biological species. PLoS One 9:e94723.FélixM.-A.BraendleC., and CutterA. D.2014. A streamlined system for species diagnosis in Caenorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with name designations for 15 distinct biological species. PLoS One9:e94723.10.1371/journal.pone.0094723398424424727800Search in Google Scholar
Félix, M. A., and Duveau, F. 2012. Population dynamics and habitat sharing of natural populations of Caenorhabditis elegans and C. briggsae. BMC Biology 10:59.FélixM. A., and DuveauF.2012. Population dynamics and habitat sharing of natural populations of Caenorhabditis elegans and C. briggsae. BMC Biology10:59.10.1186/1741-7007-10-59341477222731941Search in Google Scholar
Fierst, J. L., Willis, J. H., Thomas, C. G., Wang, W., Reynolds, R. M., Ahearne, T. E., Cutter, A. D., and Phillips, P. C. 2015. Reproductive mode and the evolution of genome size and structure in Caenorhabditis nematodes. PLoS Genetics 11:e1005323.FierstJ. L.WillisJ. H.ThomasC. G.WangW.ReynoldsR. M.AhearneT. E.CutterA. D., and PhillipsP. C.2015. Reproductive mode and the evolution of genome size and structure in Caenorhabditis nematodes. PLoS Genetics11:e1005323.10.1371/journal.pgen.1005323448264226114425Search in Google Scholar
Ford, S. A., Kao, D., Williams, D., and King, K. C. 2016a. Microbe-mediated host defence drives the evolution of reduced pathogen virulence. Nature Communications 7:13430.FordS. A.KaoD.WilliamsD., and KingK. C.2016a. Microbe-mediated host defence drives the evolution of reduced pathogen virulence. Nature Communications7:13430.10.1038/ncomms13430511608027845328Search in Google Scholar
Ford, S. A., Williams, D., Paterson, S., and King, K. C. 2016b. Co-evolutionary dynamics between a defensive microbe and a pathogen driven by fluctuating selection. Molecular Ecology 26:1778–1789.FordS. A.WilliamsD.PatersonS., and KingK. C.2016b. Co-evolutionary dynamics between a defensive microbe and a pathogen driven by fluctuating selection. Molecular Ecology26:1778–1789.10.1111/mec.13906684951827862515Search in Google Scholar
Franz, C. J., Renshaw, H., Frezal, L., Jiang, Y., Félix, M.-A., and Wang, D. 2014. Orsay, Santeuil and Le Blanc viruses primarily infect intestinal cells in Caenorhabditis nematodes. Virology 448:255–264.FranzC. J.RenshawH.FrezalL.JiangY.FélixM.-A., and WangD.2014. Orsay, Santeuil and Le Blanc viruses primarily infect intestinal cells in Caenorhabditis nematodes. Virology448:255–264.10.1016/j.virol.2013.09.02424314656Search in Google Scholar
Franz, C. J., Zhao, G., Félix, M.-A., and Wang, D. 2012. Complete genome sequence of Le Blanc virus, a third Caenorhabditis nematode-infecting virus. Journal of Virology 86:11940.FranzC. J.ZhaoG.FélixM.-A., and WangD.2012. Complete genome sequence of Le Blanc virus, a third Caenorhabditis nematode-infecting virus. Journal of Virology86:11940.Search in Google Scholar
Frézal, L., and Félix, M.-A. 2015. C. elegans outside the Petri dish. eLife 4:e05849.FrézalL., and FélixM.-A.2015. C. elegans outside the Petri dish. eLife4:e05849.10.7554/eLife.05849437367525822066Search in Google Scholar
Garsin, D. A., Sifri, C. D., Mylonakis, E., Qin, X., Singh, K. V., Murray, B. E., Calderwood, S. B., and Ausubel, F. M. 2001. A simple model host for identifying gram-positive virulence factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98:10892–10897.GarsinD. A.SifriC. D.MylonakisE.QinX.SinghK. V.MurrayB. E.CalderwoodS. B., and AusubelF. M.2001. A simple model host for identifying gram-positive virulence factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences98:10892–10897.10.1073/pnas.1913786985857011535834Search in Google Scholar
Gay, N. J., and Keith, F. J. 1991. Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature 351:355–356.GayN. J., and KeithF. J.1991. Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature351:355–356.10.1038/351355b01851964Search in Google Scholar
Gibson, A. K., and Fuentes, J. A. 2015. A phylogenetic test of the Red Queen hypothesis: Outcrossing and parasitism in the nematode phylum. Evolution 69:530–540.GibsonA. K., and FuentesJ. A.2015. A phylogenetic test of the Red Queen hypothesis: Outcrossing and parasitism in the nematode phylum. Evolution69:530–540.10.1111/evo.12565532326425403727Search in Google Scholar
Gibson, A. K., Stoy, K. S., Gelarden, I. A., Penley, M. J., Lively, C. M., and Morran, L. T. 2015. The evolution of reduced antagonism—A role for host-parasite coevolution. Evolution 69:2820–2830.GibsonA. K.StoyK. S.GelardenI. A.PenleyM. J.LivelyC. M., and MorranL. T.2015. The evolution of reduced antagonism—A role for host-parasite coevolution. Evolution69:2820–2830.10.1111/evo.12785488465426420682Search in Google Scholar
Glater, E. E., Rockman, M. V., and Bargmann, C. I. 2014. Multigenic natural variation underlies Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory preference for the bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens. G3 4:265–276.GlaterE. E.RockmanM. V., and BargmannC. I.2014. Multigenic natural variation underlies Caenorhabditis elegans olfactory preference for the bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens. G34:265–276.10.1534/g3.113.008649393156124347628Search in Google Scholar
Gomez, P., and Buckling, A. 2011. Bacteria-phage antagonistic co-evolution in soil. Science 332:106–109.GomezP., and BucklingA.2011. Bacteria-phage antagonistic co-evolution in soil. Science332:106–109.10.1126/science.119876721454789Search in Google Scholar
Graustein, A., Gaspar, J., Walters, J., and Palopoli, M. 2002. Levels of DNA polymorphism vary with mating system in the nematode genus Caenorhabditis. Genetics 161:99–107.GrausteinA.GasparJ.WaltersJ., and PalopoliM.2002. Levels of DNA polymorphism vary with mating system in the nematode genus Caenorhabditis. Genetics161:99–107.10.1093/genetics/161.1.99146208312019226Search in Google Scholar
Gravato-Nobre, M. J., and Hodgkin, J. 2005. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for innate immunity to pathogens. Cellular Microbiology 7:741–751.Gravato-NobreM. J., and HodgkinJ.2005. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for innate immunity to pathogens. Cellular Microbiology7:741–751.10.1111/j.1462-5822.2005.00523.x15888078Search in Google Scholar
Gravato-Nobre, M. J., and Hodgkin, J. 2011. Microbial interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans: Lessons from a model organism. Pp. 65–90 in K. Davies and Y. Spiegel, eds. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: Progress in biological control, vol 11. Dordrecht: Springer.Gravato-NobreM. J., and HodgkinJ.2011. Microbial interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans: Lessons from a model organism. Pp. 65–90inK.Davies and Y.Spiegel, eds. Biological control of plant-parasitic nematodes: Progress in biological control, vol 11. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4020-9648-8_3Search in Google Scholar
Greene, J. S., Dobosiewicz, M., Butcher, R. A., McGrath, P. T., and Bargmann, C. I. 2016. Regulatory changes in two chemoreceptor genes contribute to a Caenorhabditis elegans QTL for foraging behavior. eLife 5:e21454.GreeneJ. S.DobosiewiczM.ButcherR. A.McGrathP. T., and BargmannC. I.2016. Regulatory changes in two chemoreceptor genes contribute to a Caenorhabditis elegans QTL for foraging behavior. eLife5:e21454.10.7554/eLife.21454512575227893361Search in Google Scholar
Griffitts, J. S., Whitacre, J. L., Stevens, D. E., and Aroian, R. V. 2001. Bt toxin resistance from loss of a putative carbohydrate-modifying enzyme. Science 293:860–864.GriffittsJ. S.WhitacreJ. L.StevensD. E., and AroianR. V.2001. Bt toxin resistance from loss of a putative carbohydrate-modifying enzyme. Science293:860–864.10.1126/science.106244111486087Search in Google Scholar
Haber, M., Schüngel, M., Putz, A., Müller, S., Hasert, B., and Schulenburg, H. 2004. Evolutionary history of Caenorhabditis elegans inferred from microsatellites: Evidence for spatial and temporal genetic differentiation and the occurrence of outbreeding. Molecular Biology and Evolution 22:160–173.HaberM.SchüngelM.PutzA.MüllerS.HasertB., and SchulenburgH.2004. Evolutionary history of Caenorhabditis elegans inferred from microsatellites: Evidence for spatial and temporal genetic differentiation and the occurrence of outbreeding. Molecular Biology and Evolution22:160–173.10.1093/molbev/msh264Search in Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. 1980. Sex versus non-sex versus parasite. Oikos 35:282–290.HamiltonW. D.1980. Sex versus non-sex versus parasite. Oikos35:282–290.10.2307/3544435Search in Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D., Axelrod, R., and Tanese, R. 1990. Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87:3566–3573.HamiltonW. D.AxelrodR., and TaneseR.1990. Sexual reproduction as an adaptation to resist parasites (a review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences87:3566–3573.10.1073/pnas.87.9.3566Search in Google Scholar
Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., and Akira, S. 2000. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408:740–745.HemmiH.TakeuchiO.KawaiT.KaishoT.SatoS.SanjoH.MatsumotoM.HoshinoK.WagnerH.TakedaK., and AkiraS.2000. A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature408:740–745.10.1038/35047123Search in Google Scholar
Hodgkin, J., Felix, M. A., Clark, L. C., Stroud, D., and Gravato-Nobre, M. J. 2013. Two Leucobacter strains exert complementary virulence on Caenorhabditis including death by worm-star formation. Current Biology 23:2157–2161.HodgkinJ.FelixM. A.ClarkL. C.StroudD., and Gravato-NobreM. J.2013. Two Leucobacter strains exert complementary virulence on Caenorhabditis including death by worm-star formation. Current Biology23:2157–2161.10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.060Search in Google Scholar
Hodgkin, J., Kuwabara, P. E., and Corneliussen, B. 2000. A novel bacterial pathogen, Microbacterium nematophilum, induces morphological change in the nematode C. elegans. Current Biology 10:1615–1618.HodgkinJ.KuwabaraP. E., and CorneliussenB.2000. A novel bacterial pathogen, Microbacterium nematophilum, induces morphological change in the nematode C. elegans. Current Biology10:1615–1618.10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00867-8Search in Google Scholar
Hoffmann, J. A., and Reichhart, J.-M. 2002. Drosophila innate immunity: An evolutionary perspective. Nature Immunology 3:121–126.HoffmannJ. A., and ReichhartJ.-M.2002. Drosophila innate immunity: An evolutionary perspective. Nature Immunology3:121–126.10.1038/ni0202-121Search in Google Scholar
Hoshino, K., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Sanjo, H., Ogawa, T., Takeda, Y., Takeda, K., and Akira, S. 1999. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. The Journal of Immunology 162:3749–3752.HoshinoK.TakeuchiO.KawaiT.SanjoH.OgawaT.TakedaY.TakedaK., and AkiraS.1999. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. The Journal of Immunology162:3749–3752.10.4049/jimmunol.162.7.3749Search in Google Scholar
Hudson, P. J., Dobson, A. P., and Newborn, D. 1998. Prevention of population cycles by parasite removal. Science 282:2256–2258.HudsonP. J.DobsonA. P., and NewbornD.1998. Prevention of population cycles by parasite removal. Science282:2256–2258.10.1126/science.282.5397.2256Search in Google Scholar
Hultmark, D. 1993. Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: A model for innate immunity. Trends in Genetics 9:178–183.HultmarkD.1993. Immune reactions in Drosophila and other insects: A model for innate immunity. Trends in Genetics9:178–183.10.1016/0168-9525(93)90165-ESearch in Google Scholar
Ikeda, T., Yasui, C., Hoshino, K., Arikawa, K., and Nishikawa, Y. 2007. Influence of lactic acid bacteria on longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans and host defense against Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73:6404–6409.IkedaT.YasuiC.HoshinoK.ArikawaK., and NishikawaY.2007. Influence of lactic acid bacteria on longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans and host defense against Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology73:6404–6409.10.1128/AEM.00704-07207504817704266Search in Google Scholar
Initiative, A. G. 2000. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408:796–815.InitiativeA. G.2000. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature408:796–815.10.1038/3504869211130711Search in Google Scholar
Jaenike, J. 1978. An hypothesis to account for the maintenance of sex within populations. Evolutionary Theory 3:191–194.JaenikeJ.1978. An hypothesis to account for the maintenance of sex within populations. Evolutionary Theory3:191–194.Search in Google Scholar
Jansson, H.-B. 1994. Adhesion of conidia of Drechmeria coniospora to Caenorhabditis elegans wild type and mutants. Journal of Nematology 26:430–435.JanssonH.-B.1994. Adhesion of conidia of Drechmeria coniospora to Caenorhabditis elegans wild type and mutants. Journal of Nematology26:430–435.Search in Google Scholar
Jansson, H.-B., Jeyaprakash, A., and Zuckerman, B. M. 1985. Differential adhesion and infection of nematodes by the endoparasitic fungus Meria coniospora (Deuteromycetes). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 49:552–555.JanssonH.-B.JeyaprakashA., and ZuckermanB. M.1985. Differential adhesion and infection of nematodes by the endoparasitic fungus Meria coniospora (Deuteromycetes). Applied and Environmental Microbiology49:552–555.10.1128/aem.49.3.552-555.198537354716346749Search in Google Scholar
Jansson, H.-B., and Nordbring-Hertz, B. 1983. The endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Meria coniospora infects nematodes specifically at the chemosensory organs. Microbiology 129:1121–1126.JanssonH.-B., and Nordbring-HertzB.1983. The endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Meria coniospora infects nematodes specifically at the chemosensory organs. Microbiology129:1121–1126.10.1099/00221287-129-4-1121Search in Google Scholar
Jansson, H.-B., von Hofsten, A., and von Mecklenburg, C. 1984. Life cycle of the endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Meria coniospora: A light and electron microscopic study. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 50:321–327.JanssonH.-B.von HofstenA., and von MecklenburgC.1984. Life cycle of the endoparasitic nematophagous fungus Meria coniospora: A light and electron microscopic study. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek50:321–327.10.1007/BF003946456543109Search in Google Scholar
Jia, K., Thomas, C., Akbar, M., Sun, Q., Adams-Huet, B., Gilpin, C., and Levine, B. 2009. Autophagy genes protect against Salmonella typhimurium infection and mediate insulin signaling-regulated pathogen resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106:14564–14569.JiaK.ThomasC.AkbarM.SunQ.Adams-HuetB.GilpinC., and LevineB.2009. Autophagy genes protect against Salmonella typhimurium infection and mediate insulin signaling-regulated pathogen resistance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences106:14564–14569.10.1073/pnas.0813319106273183919667176Search in Google Scholar
Johnson, P. T. J., Preston, D. L., Hoverman, J. T., and Richgels, K. L. D. 2013. Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence. Nature 494:230–233.JohnsonP. T. J.PrestonD. L.HovermanJ. T., and RichgelsK. L. D.2013. Biodiversity decreases disease through predictable changes in host community competence. Nature494:230–233.10.1038/nature1188323407539Search in Google Scholar
Jones, J. D. G., and Dangl, J. L. 2006. The plant immune system. Nature 444:323–329.JonesJ. D. G., and DanglJ. L.2006. The plant immune system. Nature444:323–329.10.1038/nature0528617108957Search in Google Scholar
Jousimo, J., Tack, A. J., Ovaskainen, O., Mononen, T., Susi, H., Tollenaere, C., and Laine, A.-L. 2014. Ecological and evolutionary effects of fragmentation on infectious disease dynamics. Science 344:1289–1293.JousimoJ.TackA. J.OvaskainenO.MononenT.SusiH.TollenaereC., and LaineA.-L.2014. Ecological and evolutionary effects of fragmentation on infectious disease dynamics. Science344:1289–1293.10.1126/science.125362124926021Search in Google Scholar
Jovelin, R., Ajie, B. C., and Phillips, P. C. 2003. Molecular evolution and quantitative variation for chemosensory behavior in the nematode genus Caenorhabditis. Molecular Ecology 12:1325–1337.JovelinR.AjieB. C., and PhillipsP. C.2003. Molecular evolution and quantitative variation for chemosensory behavior in the nematode genus Caenorhabditis. Molecular Ecology12:1325–1337.10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01805.x12694294Search in Google Scholar
Keebaugh, E. S., and Schlenke, T. A. 2014. Insights from natural host–parasite interactions: The Drosophila model. Developmental & Comparative Immunology 42:111–123.KeebaughE. S., and SchlenkeT. A.2014. Insights from natural host–parasite interactions: The Drosophila model. Developmental & Comparative Immunology42:111–123.10.1016/j.dci.2013.06.001380851623764256Search in Google Scholar
Kim, D. H., Feinbaum, R., Alloing, G., Emerson, F. E., Garsin, D. A., Inoue, H., Tanaka-Hino, M., Hisamoto, N., Matsumoto, K., Tan, M.-W., and Ausubel, F. M. 2002. A conserved p38 MAP kinase pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity. Science 297:623–626.KimD. H.FeinbaumR.AlloingG.EmersonF. E.GarsinD. A.InoueH.Tanaka-HinoM.HisamotoN.MatsumotoK.TanM.-W., and AusubelF. M.2002. A conserved p38 MAP kinase pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans innate immunity. Science297:623–626.10.1126/science.1073759Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Y., and Mylonakis, E. 2012. Caenorhabditis elegans immune conditioning with the probiotic cacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NCFM enhances gram-positive immune responses. Infection and Immunity 80:2500–2508.KimY., and MylonakisE.2012. Caenorhabditis elegans immune conditioning with the probiotic cacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus strain NCFM enhances gram-positive immune responses. Infection and Immunity80:2500–2508.10.1128/IAI.06350-11Search in Google Scholar
King, K. C., Brockhurst, M. A., Vasieva, O., Paterson, S., Betts, A., Ford, S. A., Frost, C. L., Horsburgh, M. J., Haldenby, S., and Hurst, G. D. 2016. Rapid evolution of microbe-mediated protection against pathogens in a worm host. ISME Journal 10:1915–1924.KingK. C.BrockhurstM. A.VasievaO.PatersonS.BettsA.FordS. A.FrostC. L.HorsburghM. J.HaldenbyS., and HurstG. D.2016. Rapid evolution of microbe-mediated protection against pathogens in a worm host. ISME Journal10:1915–1924.10.1038/ismej.2015.259Search in Google Scholar
Kiontke, K., Felix, M.-A., Ailion, M., Rockman, M., Braendle, C., Penigault, J.-B., and Fitch, D. 2011. A phylogeny and molecular barcodes for Caenorhabditis, with numerous new species from rotting fruits. BMC Evolutionary Biology 11:339.KiontkeK.FelixM.-A.AilionM.RockmanM.BraendleC.PenigaultJ.-B., and FitchD.2011. A phylogeny and molecular barcodes for Caenorhabditis, with numerous new species from rotting fruits. BMC Evolutionary Biology11:339.10.1186/1471-2148-11-339Search in Google Scholar
Kiontke, K., and Fitch, D. 2005. The phylogenetic relationships of Caenorhabditis and other rhabditids. The C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBook doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.11.1. http://www.wormbook.org.KiontkeK., and FitchD.2005. The phylogenetic relationships of Caenorhabditis and other rhabditids. The C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBookdoi/10.1895/wormbook.1.11.1. http://www.wormbook.org.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Kiontke, K., Gavin, N. P., Raynes, Y., Roehrig, C., Piano, F., and Fitch, D. H. 2004. Caenorhabditis phylogeny predicts convergence of hermaphroditism and extensive intron loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101:9003–9008.KiontkeK.GavinN. P.RaynesY.RoehrigC.PianoF., and FitchD. H.2004. Caenorhabditis phylogeny predicts convergence of hermaphroditism and extensive intron loss. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences101:9003–9008.10.1073/pnas.0403094101Search in Google Scholar
Kiontke, K., and Sudhaus, W. 2006. Ecology of Caenorhabditis species. in The C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBook doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.37.1. http://www.wormbook.org.KiontkeK., and SudhausW.2006. Ecology of Caenorhabditis species. inThe C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBookdoi/10.1895/wormbook.1.37.1. http://www.wormbook.org.Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Koskella, B., Thompson, J. N., Preston, G., and Buckling, A. 2011. Local biotic environment shapes the spatial scale of bacteriophage adaptation to bacteria. American Naturalist 177:440–451.KoskellaB.ThompsonJ. N.PrestonG., and BucklingA.2011. Local biotic environment shapes the spatial scale of bacteriophage adaptation to bacteria. American Naturalist177:440–451.10.1086/658991Search in Google Scholar
Kurz, C. L., and Ewbank, J. J. 2003. Caenorhabditis elegans: An emerging genetic model for the study of innate immunity. Nature Reviews Genetics 4:380–390.KurzC. L., and EwbankJ. J.2003. Caenorhabditis elegans: An emerging genetic model for the study of innate immunity. Nature Reviews Genetics4:380–390.10.1038/nrg1067Search in Google Scholar
Labrousse, A., Chauvet, S., Couillault, C., Léopold Kurz, C., and Ewbank, J. J. 2000. Caenorhabditis elegans is a model host for Salmonella typhimurium. Current Biology 10:1543–1545.LabrousseA.ChauvetS.CouillaultC.Léopold KurzC., and EwbankJ. J.2000. Caenorhabditis elegans is a model host for Salmonella typhimurium. Current Biology10:1543–1545.10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00833-2Search in Google Scholar
Ladle, R. J., Johnstone, R. A., and Judson, O. P. 1993. Coevolutionary dynamics of sex in a metapopulation: Escaping the Red Queen. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 253:155–160.LadleR. J.JohnstoneR. A., and JudsonO. P.1993. Coevolutionary dynamics of sex in a metapopulation: Escaping the Red Queen. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences253:155–160.10.1098/rspb.1993.0096Search in Google Scholar
Lafferty, K. D., and Kuris, A. M. 2002. Trophic strategies, animal diversity, and body size. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 17:507–513.LaffertyK. D., and KurisA. M.2002. Trophic strategies, animal diversity, and body size. Trends in Ecology & Evolution17:507–513.10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02615-0Search in Google Scholar
Lee, D., Yang, H., Kim, J., Brady, S., Zdraljevic, S., Zamanian, M., Kim, H., Paik, Y.-K, Kruglyak, L., Andersen, E. C., and Lee, J. 2017. The genetic basis of natural variation in a phoretic behavior. Nature Communications 8:273.LeeD.YangH.KimJ.BradyS.ZdraljevicS.ZamanianM.KimH.PaikY.-KKruglyakL.AndersenE. C., and LeeJ.2017. The genetic basis of natural variation in a phoretic behavior. Nature Communications8:273.10.1038/s41467-017-00386-xSearch in Google Scholar
Lefford, M. J. 1975. Transfer of adoptive immunity to tuberculosis in mice. Infection and Immunity 11:1174–1181.LeffordM. J.1975. Transfer of adoptive immunity to tuberculosis in mice. Infection and Immunity11:1174–1181.10.1128/iai.11.6.1174-1181.1975Search in Google Scholar
Lemaitre, B., Nicolas, E., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J.-M., and Hoffmann, J. A. 1996. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86:973–983.LemaitreB.NicolasE.MichautL.ReichhartJ.-M., and HoffmannJ. A.1996. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell86:973–983.10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80172-5Search in Google Scholar
Lively, C. M., de Roode, J. C., Duffy, M. A., Graham, A. L., and Koskella, B. 2014. Interesting open questions in disease ecology and evolution. American Naturalist 184:S1–S8.LivelyC. M.de RoodeJ. C.DuffyM. A.GrahamA. L., and KoskellaB.2014. Interesting open questions in disease ecology and evolution. American Naturalist184:S1–S8.10.1086/67703225061674Search in Google Scholar
Lively, C. M., and Dybdahl, M. F. 2000. Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes. Nature 405:679–681.LivelyC. M., and DybdahlM. F.2000. Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes. Nature405:679–681.10.1038/3501506910864323Search in Google Scholar
Lopes, P. C., Sucena, E., Santos, M. E., and Magalhaes, S. 2008. Rapid experimental evolution of pesticide resistance in C. elegans entails no costs and affects the mating system. PLoS One 3:e3741.LopesP. C.SucenaE.SantosM. E., and MagalhaesS.2008. Rapid experimental evolution of pesticide resistance in C. elegans entails no costs and affects the mating system. PLoS One3:e3741.10.1371/journal.pone.0003741258002719011681Search in Google Scholar
Lopez-Pascua, L., and Buckling, A. 2008. Increasing productivity accelerates host-parasite coevolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 21:853–860.Lopez-PascuaL., and BucklingA.2008. Increasing productivity accelerates host-parasite coevolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology21:853–860.10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01501.x18284514Search in Google Scholar
Lu, R., Maduro, M., Li, F., Li, H. W., Broitman-Maduro, G., Li, W. X., and Ding, S. W. 2005. Animal virus replication and RNAi-mediated antiviral silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 436:1040–1043.LuR.MaduroM.LiF.LiH. W.Broitman-MaduroG.LiW. X., and DingS. W.2005. Animal virus replication and RNAi-mediated antiviral silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature436:1040–1043.10.1038/nature03870138826016107851Search in Google Scholar
Luallen, R. J., Reinke, A. W., Tong, L., Botts, M. R., Felix, M. A., and Troemel, E. R. 2016. Discovery of a natural microsporidian pathogen with a broad tissue tropism in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathogens 12:e1005724.LuallenR. J.ReinkeA. W.TongL.BottsM. R.FelixM. A., and TroemelE. R.2016. Discovery of a natural microsporidian pathogen with a broad tissue tropism in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Pathogens12:e1005724.10.1371/journal.ppat.1005724Search in Google Scholar
Luijckx, P., Fienberg, H., Duneau, D., and Ebert, D. 2013. A matching-allele model explains host resistance to parasites. Current Biology 23:1085–1088.LuijckxP.FienbergH.DuneauD., and EbertD.2013. A matching-allele model explains host resistance to parasites. Current Biology23:1085–1088.10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.064Search in Google Scholar
Mahajan-Miklos, S., Tan, M.-W., Rahme, L. G., and Ausubel, F. M. 1999. Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence elucidated using a Pseudomonas aeruginosa–Caenorhabditis elegans pathogenesis model. Cell 96:47–56.Mahajan-MiklosS.TanM.-W.RahmeL. G., and AusubelF. M.1999. Molecular mechanisms of bacterial virulence elucidated using a Pseudomonas aeruginosa–Caenorhabditis elegans pathogenesis model. Cell96:47–56.10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80958-7Search in Google Scholar
Mallo, G. V., Kurz, C. L., Couillault, C., Pujol, N., Granjeaud, S., Kohara, Y., and Ewbank, J. J. 2002. Inducible antibacterial defense system in C. elegans. Current Biology 12:1209–1214.MalloG. V.KurzC. L.CouillaultC.PujolN.GranjeaudS.KoharaY., and EwbankJ. J.2002. Inducible antibacterial defense system in C. elegans. Current Biology12:1209–1214.10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00928-4Search in Google Scholar
Manoel, D., Carvalho, S., Phillips, P. C., and Teotónio, H. 2007. Selection against males in Caenorhabditis elegans under two mutational treatments. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274:417–424.ManoelD.CarvalhoS.PhillipsP. C., and TeotónioH.2007. Selection against males in Caenorhabditis elegans under two mutational treatments. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences274:417–424.10.1098/rspb.2006.3739170238517164206Search in Google Scholar
Marroquin, L. D., Elyassnia, D., Griffitts, J. S., Feitelson, J. S., and Aroian, R. V. 2000. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin susceptibility and isolation of resistance mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 155:1693–1699.MarroquinL. D.ElyassniaD.GriffittsJ. S.FeitelsonJ. S., and AroianR. V.2000. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin susceptibility and isolation of resistance mutants in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics155:1693–1699.10.1093/genetics/155.4.1693146121610924467Search in Google Scholar
Masri, L., Branca, A., Sheppard, A. E., Papkou, A., Laehnemann, D., Guenther, P. S., Prahl, S., Saebelfeld, M., Hollensteiner, J., Liesegang, H., Brzuszkiewicz, E., Daniel, R., Michiels, N. K., Schulte, R. D., Kurtz, J., Rosenstiel, P., Telschow, A., Bornberg-Bauer, E., and Schulenburg, H. 2015. Host-pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes. PLoS Biology 13: e1002169.MasriL.BrancaA.SheppardA. E.PapkouA.LaehnemannD.GuentherP. S.PrahlS.SaebelfeldM.HollensteinerJ.LiesegangH.BrzuszkiewiczE.DanielR.MichielsN. K.SchulteR. D.KurtzJ.RosenstielP.TelschowA.Bornberg-BauerE., and SchulenburgH.2015. Host-pathogen coevolution: The selective advantage of Bacillus thuringiensis virulence and its cry toxin genes. PLoS Biology13: e1002169.10.1371/journal.pbio.1002169445638326042786Search in Google Scholar
Masri, L., Schulte, R. D., Timmermeyer, N., Thanisch, S., Crummenerl, L. L., Jansen, G., Michiels, N. K., and Schulenburg, H. 2013. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host–parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters 16:461–468.MasriL.SchulteR. D.TimmermeyerN.ThanischS.CrummenerlL. L.JansenG.MichielsN. K., and SchulenburgH.2013. Sex differences in host defence interfere with parasite-mediated selection for outcrossing during host–parasite coevolution. Ecology Letters16:461–468.10.1111/ele.12068365560923301667Search in Google Scholar
Matzinger, P. 1994. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annual Review of Immunology 12:991–1045.MatzingerP.1994. Tolerance, danger, and the extended family. Annual Review of Immunology12:991–1045.10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.0050158011301Search in Google Scholar
Matzinger, P. 2002. The danger model: A renewed sense of self. Science 296:301–305.MatzingerP.2002. The danger model: A renewed sense of self. Science296:301–305.10.1126/science.107105911951032Search in Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. 1971. The origin and maintenance of sex. Pp. 163–175 in G. C. Williams, ed. Group selection. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.Maynard SmithJ.1971. The origin and maintenance of sex. Pp. 163–175inG. C.Williams, ed. Group selection. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.10.4324/9780203790427-19Search in Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. 1978. The evolution of sex. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Maynard SmithJ.1978. The evolution of sex. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar
McCulloch, D., and Gems, D. 2003. Evolution of male longevity bias in nematodes. Aging Cell 2:165–173.McCullochD., and GemsD.2003. Evolution of male longevity bias in nematodes. Aging Cell2:165–173.10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00047.xSearch in Google Scholar
McEwan, D. L., Kirienko, N. V., and Ausubel, F. M. 2012. Host translational inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A triggers an immune response in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Host & Microbe 11:364–374.McEwanD. L.KirienkoN. V., and AusubelF. M.2012. Host translational inhibition by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A triggers an immune response in Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell Host & Microbe11:364–374.10.1016/j.chom.2012.02.007Search in Google Scholar
Medzhitov, R. 2001. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nature Reviews Microbiology 1:135–145.MedzhitovR.2001. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Nature Reviews Microbiology1:135–145.Search in Google Scholar
Medzhitov, R., and Janeway, C. A. 1997. Innate immunity: The virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 91:295–298.MedzhitovR., and JanewayC. A.1997. Innate immunity: The virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell91:295–298.10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80412-2Search in Google Scholar
Meisel, J. D., and Kim, D. H. 2014. Behavioral avoidance of pathogenic bacteria by Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends in Immunology 35:465–470.MeiselJ. D., and KimD. H.2014. Behavioral avoidance of pathogenic bacteria by Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends in Immunology35:465–470.10.1016/j.it.2014.08.00825240986Search in Google Scholar
Miller, M. R., White, A., and Boots, M. 2006. The evolution of parasites in response to tolerance in their hosts: The good, the bad, and apparent commensalism. Evolution 60:945–956.MillerM. R.WhiteA., and BootsM.2006. The evolution of parasites in response to tolerance in their hosts: The good, the bad, and apparent commensalism. Evolution60:945–956.10.1111/j.0014-3820.2006.tb01173.xSearch in Google Scholar
Miller, M. R., White, A., Boots, M., and Koella, J. C. 2007. Host life span and the evolution of resistance characteristics. Evolution 61:2–14.MillerM. R.WhiteA.BootsM., and KoellaJ. C.2007. Host life span and the evolution of resistance characteristics. Evolution61:2–14.10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00001.x17300423Search in Google Scholar
Millet, A. C., and Ewbank, J. J. 2004. Immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Opinion in Immunology 16:4–9.MilletA. C., and EwbankJ. J.2004. Immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Opinion in Immunology16:4–9.10.1016/j.coi.2003.11.00514734103Search in Google Scholar
Montalvo-Katz, S., Huang, H., Appel, M. D., Berg, M., and Shapira, M. 2013. Association with soil bacteria enhances p38-dependent infection resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Infection and Immunity 81:514–520.Montalvo-KatzS.HuangH.AppelM. D.BergM., and ShapiraM.2013. Association with soil bacteria enhances p38-dependent infection resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Infection and Immunity81:514–520.10.1128/IAI.00653-12355382423230286Search in Google Scholar
Morran, L., Schmidt, O., Gelarden, I., Parrish, R., II, and Lively, C. M. 2011. Running with the Red Queen: Host-parasite co-evolution selects for biparental sex. Science 333:216–218.MorranL.SchmidtO.GelardenI.ParrishR.II, and LivelyC. M.2011. Running with the Red Queen: Host-parasite co-evolution selects for biparental sex. Science333:216–218.10.1126/science.1206360340216021737739Search in Google Scholar
Morran, L. T., Parmenter, M. D., and Phillips, P. C. 2009. Mutation load and rapid adaptation favor outcrossing over self-fertilization. Nature 462:350–352.MorranL. T.ParmenterM. D., and PhillipsP. C.2009. Mutation load and rapid adaptation favor outcrossing over self-fertilization. Nature462:350–352.10.1038/nature08496418313719847164Search in Google Scholar
Mortazavi, A., Schwarz, E. M., Williams, B., Schaeffer, L., Antoshechkin, I., Wold, B. J., and Sternberg, P. W. 2010. Scaffolding a Caenorhabditis nematode genome with RNA-seq. Genome Research 20:1740–1747.MortazaviA.SchwarzE. M.WilliamsB.SchaefferL.AntoshechkinI.WoldB. J., and SternbergP. W.2010. Scaffolding a Caenorhabditis nematode genome with RNA-seq. Genome Research20:1740–1747.10.1101/gr.111021.110299000020980554Search in Google Scholar
Moy, T. I., Mylonakis, E., Calderwood, S. B., and Ausubel, F. M. 2004. Cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide produced by Enterococcus faecium. Infection and Immunity 72:4512–4520.MoyT. I.MylonakisE.CalderwoodS. B., and AusubelF. M.2004. Cytotoxicity of hydrogen peroxide produced by Enterococcus faecium. Infection and Immunity72:4512–4520.10.1128/IAI.72.8.4512-4520.200447066515271910Search in Google Scholar
Mylonakis, E., Ausubel, F. M., Perfect, J. R., Heitman, J., and Calderwood, S. B. 2002. Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:15675–15680.MylonakisE.AusubelF. M.PerfectJ. R.HeitmanJ., and CalderwoodS. B.2002. Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Cryptococcus neoformans as a model of yeast pathogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences99:15675–15680.10.1073/pnas.23256859913777512438649Search in Google Scholar
North, R. J. 1974. T cell dependence of macrophage activation and mobilization during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infection and Immunity 10:66–71.NorthR. J.1974. T cell dependence of macrophage activation and mobilization during infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infection and Immunity10:66–71.10.1128/iai.10.1.66-71.19744149584210333Search in Google Scholar
O’Neill, L. A. J., Golenbock, D., and Bowie, A. G. 2013. The history of Toll-like receptors—redefining innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology 13:453–460.O’NeillL. A. J.GolenbockD., and BowieA. G.2013. The history of Toll-like receptors—redefining innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology13:453–460.10.1038/nri344623681101Search in Google Scholar
O’Quinn, A. L., Wiegand, E. M., and Jeddeloh, J. A. 2001. Burkholderia pseudomallei kills the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using an endotoxin-mediated paralysis. Cellular Microbiology 3:381–393.O’QuinnA. L.WiegandE. M., and JeddelohJ. A.2001. Burkholderia pseudomallei kills the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans using an endotoxin-mediated paralysis. Cellular Microbiology3:381–393.10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00118.x11422081Search in Google Scholar
O’Rourke, D., Baban, D., Demidova, M., Mott, R., and Hodgkin, J. 2006. Genomic clusters, putative pathogen recognition molecules, and antimicrobial genes are induced by infection of C. elegans with M. nematophilum. Genome Research 16:1005–1016.O’RourkeD.BabanD.DemidovaM.MottR., and HodgkinJ.2006. Genomic clusters, putative pathogen recognition molecules, and antimicrobial genes are induced by infection of C. elegans with M. nematophilum. Genome Research16:1005–1016.10.1101/gr.50823006152486016809667Search in Google Scholar
Penley, M. J., and Morran, L. T. 2017. Host mating system and co-evolutionary dynamics shape the evolution of parasite avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans host populations. Parasitology 1–8.PenleyM. J., and MorranL. T.2017. Host mating system and co-evolutionary dynamics shape the evolution of parasite avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans host populations. Parasitology1–8.10.1017/S003118201700080428655368Search in Google Scholar
Petersen, C., Dirksen, P., Prahl, S., Strathmann, E. A., and Schulenburg, H. 2014. The prevalence of Caenorhabditis elegans across 1.5 years in selected North German locations: The importance of substrate type, abiotic parameters, and Caenorhabditis competitors. BMC Ecology 14:4.PetersenC.DirksenP.PrahlS.StrathmannE. A., and SchulenburgH.2014. The prevalence of Caenorhabditis elegans across 1.5 years in selected North German locations: The importance of substrate type, abiotic parameters, and Caenorhabditis competitors. BMC Ecology14:4.10.1186/1472-6785-14-4391810224502455Search in Google Scholar
Petersen, C., Dirksen, P., and Schulenburg, H. 2015. Why we need more ecology for genetic models such as C. elegans. Trends in Genetics 31:120–127.PetersenC.DirksenP., and SchulenburgH.2015. Why we need more ecology for genetic models such as C. elegans. Trends in Genetics31:120–127.10.1016/j.tig.2014.12.001Search in Google Scholar
Petersen, L. M., and Tisa, L. S. 2013. Friend or foe? A review of the mechanisms that drive Serratia towards diverse lifestyles. Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59:627–640.PetersenL. M., and TisaL. S.2013. Friend or foe? A review of the mechanisms that drive Serratia towards diverse lifestyles. Canadian Journal of Microbiology59:627–640.10.1139/cjm-2013-0343Search in Google Scholar
Piquerez, S. J. M., Harvey, S. E., Beynon, J. L., and Ntoukakis, V. 2014. Improving crop disease resistance: Lessons from research on Arabidopsis and tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science 5:671.PiquerezS. J. M.HarveyS. E.BeynonJ. L., and NtoukakisV.2014. Improving crop disease resistance: Lessons from research on Arabidopsis and tomato. Frontiers in Plant Science5:671.10.3389/fpls.2014.00671Search in Google Scholar
Poulin, R. 2007. Introduction. Pp. 1–7 in Evolutionary ecology of parasites. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.PoulinR.2007. Introduction. Pp. 1–7inEvolutionary ecology of parasites. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Pradel, E., Zhang, Y., Pujol, N., Matsuyama, T., Bargmann, C. I., and Ewbank, J. J. 2007. Detection and avoidance of a natural product from the pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens by Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104:2295–2300.PradelE.ZhangY.PujolN.MatsuyamaT.BargmannC. I., and EwbankJ. J.2007. Detection and avoidance of a natural product from the pathogenic bacterium Serratia marcescens by Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences104:2295–2300.10.1073/pnas.0610281104Search in Google Scholar
Pujol, N., Link, E. M., Liu, L. X., Kurz, C. L., Alloing, G., Tan, M.-W., Ray, K. P., Solari, C., Johnson, D., and Ewbank, J. J. 2001. A reverse genetic analysis of components of the Toll signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology 11:809–821.PujolN.LinkE. M.LiuL. X.KurzC. L.AlloingG.TanM.-W.RayK. P.SolariC.JohnsonD., and EwbankJ. J.2001. A reverse genetic analysis of components of the Toll signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology11:809–821.10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00241-XSearch in Google Scholar
Råberg, L., Graham, A. L., and Read, A. F. 2009. Decomposing health: Tolerance and resistance to parasites in animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364:37–49.RåbergL.GrahamA. L., and ReadA. F.2009. Decomposing health: Tolerance and resistance to parasites in animals. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences364:37–49.10.1098/rstb.2008.0184266670018926971Search in Google Scholar
Rae, R., Witte, H., Rödelsperger, C., and Sommer, R. J. 2012. The importance of being regular: Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus defecation mutants are hypersusceptible to bacterial pathogens. International Journal for Parasitology 42:747–753.RaeR.WitteH.RödelspergerC., and SommerR. J.2012. The importance of being regular: Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus defecation mutants are hypersusceptible to bacterial pathogens. International Journal for Parasitology42:747–753.10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.05.00522705203Search in Google Scholar
Rasmussen, A. L., Okumura, A., Ferris, M. T., Green, R., Feldmann, F., Kelly, S. M., Scott, D. P., Safronetz, D., Haddock, E., LaCasse, R., Thomas, M. J., Sova, P., Carter, V. S., Weiss, J. M., Miller, D. R., Shaw, G. D., Korth, M. J., Heise, M. T., Baric, R. S., de Villena, F. P.-M., Feldmann, H., and Katze, M. G. 2014. Host genetic diversity enables Ebola hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis and resistance. Science 346:987–991.RasmussenA. L.OkumuraA.FerrisM. T.GreenR.FeldmannF.KellyS. M.ScottD. P.SafronetzD.HaddockE.LaCasseR.ThomasM. J.SovaP.CarterV. S.WeissJ. M.MillerD. R.ShawG. D.KorthM. J.HeiseM. T.BaricR. S.de VillenaF. P.-M.FeldmannH., and KatzeM. G.2014. Host genetic diversity enables Ebola hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis and resistance. Science346:987–991.10.1126/science.1259595424114525359852Search in Google Scholar
Reddy, K. C., Andersen, E. C., Kruglyak, L., and Kim, D. H. 2009. A polymorphism in npr-1 is a behavioral determinant of pathogen susceptibility in C. elegans. Science 323:382–384.ReddyK. C.AndersenE. C.KruglyakL., and KimD. H.2009. A polymorphism in npr-1 is a behavioral determinant of pathogen susceptibility in C. elegans. Science323:382–384.10.1126/science.1166527274821919150845Search in Google Scholar
Reddy, K. C., Dror, T., Sowa, J. N., Panek, J., Chen, K., Lim, E. S., Wang, D., and Troemel, E. R. 2017. An intracellular response pathway promotes proteostasis in C. elegans. Current Biology 27:3544–3553.ReddyK. C.DrorT.SowaJ. N.PanekJ.ChenK.LimE. S.WangD., and TroemelE. R.2017. An intracellular response pathway promotes proteostasis in C. elegans. Current Biology27:3544–3553.10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.009569813229103937Search in Google Scholar
Reinke, A. W., Balla, K. M., Bennett, E. J., and Troemel, E. R. 2017. Identification of microsporidia host-exposed proteins reveals a repertoire of rapidly evolving proteins. Nature Communications 8:14023.ReinkeA. W.BallaK. M.BennettE. J., and TroemelE. R.2017. Identification of microsporidia host-exposed proteins reveals a repertoire of rapidly evolving proteins. Nature Communications8:14023.10.1038/ncomms14023542389328067236Search in Google Scholar
Richaud, A., Zhang, G., Lee, D., Lee, J., and Félix, M. A. 2017. The local coexistence pattern of selfing genotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans natural metapopulations. Genetics (in press).RichaudA.ZhangG.LeeD.LeeJ., and FélixM. A.2017. The local coexistence pattern of selfing genotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans natural metapopulations. Genetics(in press).10.1534/genetics.117.300564578853929242287Search in Google Scholar
Rockman, M. V., and Kruglyak, L. 2009. Recombinational landscape and population genomics of Caenorhabditis elegans. PLOS Genetics 5: e1000419.RockmanM. V., and KruglyakL.2009. Recombinational landscape and population genomics of Caenorhabditis elegans. PLOS Genetics5: e1000419.10.1371/journal.pgen.1000419265211719283065Search in Google Scholar
Rohr, J. R., Civitello, D. J., Crumrine, P. W., Halstead, N. T., Miller, A. D., Schotthoefer, A. M., Stenoien, C., Johnson, L. B., and Beasley, V. R. 2015. Predator diversity, intraguild predation, and indirect effects drive parasite transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:3008–3013.RohrJ. R.CivitelloD. J.CrumrineP. W.HalsteadN. T.MillerA. D.SchotthoeferA. M.StenoienC.JohnsonL. B., and BeasleyV. R.2015. Predator diversity, intraguild predation, and indirect effects drive parasite transmission. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences112:3008–3013.10.1073/pnas.1415971112436422825713379Search in Google Scholar
Roy, B. A., and Kirchner, J. W. 2000. Evolutionary dynamics of pathogen resistance and tolerance. Evolution 54:51.RoyB. A., and KirchnerJ. W.2000. Evolutionary dynamics of pathogen resistance and tolerance. Evolution54:51.10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00007.x10937183Search in Google Scholar
Samuel, B. S., Rowedder, H., Braendle, C., Felix, M. A., and Ruvkun, G. 2016. Caenorhabditis elegans responses to bacteria from its natural habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113:E3941–E3949.SamuelB. S.RowedderH.BraendleC.FelixM. A., and RuvkunG.2016. Caenorhabditis elegans responses to bacteria from its natural habitats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences113:E3941–E3949.10.1073/pnas.1607183113494148227317746Search in Google Scholar
Samuel, T., Sinclair, J., Pinter, K., and Hamza, I. 2014. Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in axenic liquid media and creation of transgenic worms by microparticle bombardment. Journal of Visualized Experiments 90:e51796.SamuelT.SinclairJ.PinterK., and HamzaI.2014. Culturing Caenorhabditis elegans in axenic liquid media and creation of transgenic worms by microparticle bombardment. Journal of Visualized Experiments90:e51796.10.3791/51796450016125145601Search in Google Scholar
Schmid-Hempel, P. 2011. Evolutionary parasitology: The integrated study of infections, immunology, ecology, and genetics. New York: Oxford University Press.Schmid-HempelP.2011. Evolutionary parasitology: The integrated study of infections, immunology, ecology, and genetics. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Schott, D. H., Cureton, D. K., Whelan, S. P., and Hunter, C. P. 2005. An antiviral role for the RNA interference machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102:18420–18424.SchottD. H.CuretonD. K.WhelanS. P., and HunterC. P.2005. An antiviral role for the RNA interference machinery in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences102:18420–18424.10.1073/pnas.0507123102131793316339901Search in Google Scholar
Schulenburg, H., and Ewbank, J. J. 2007. The genetics of pathogen avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecular Microbiology 66:563–570.SchulenburgH., and EwbankJ. J.2007. The genetics of pathogen avoidance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecular Microbiology66:563–570.10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05946.x17877707Search in Google Scholar
Schulenburg, H., and Felix, M. A. 2017. The natural biotic environment of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 206:55–86.SchulenburgH., and FelixM. A.2017. The natural biotic environment of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics206:55–86.10.1534/genetics.116.195511541949328476862Search in Google Scholar
Schulenburg, H., Kurz, C. L., and Ewbank, J. J. 2004. Evolution of the innate immune system: The worm perspective. Immunological Reviews 198:36–58.SchulenburgH.KurzC. L., and EwbankJ. J.2004. Evolution of the innate immune system: The worm perspective. Immunological Reviews198:36–58.10.1111/j.0105-2896.2004.0125.x15199953Search in Google Scholar
Shapira, M., Hamlin, B. J., Rong, J., Chen, K., Ronen, M., and Tan, M. W. 2006. A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulating epithelial innate immune responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:14086–14091.ShapiraM.HamlinB. J.RongJ.ChenK.RonenM., and TanM. W.2006. A conserved role for a GATA transcription factor in regulating epithelial innate immune responses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences103:14086–14091.10.1073/pnas.0603424103159991616968778Search in Google Scholar
Sifri, C. D., Begun, J., and Ausubel, F. M. 2005. The worm has turned—microbial virulence modeled in Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends in Microbiology 13:119–127.SifriC. D.BegunJ., and AusubelF. M.2005. The worm has turned—microbial virulence modeled in Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends in Microbiology13:119–127.10.1016/j.tim.2005.01.00315737730Search in Google Scholar
Sifri, C. D., Begun, J., Ausubel, F. M., and Calderwood, S. B. 2003. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host for Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis. Infection and Immunity 71:2208–2217.SifriC. D.BegunJ.AusubelF. M., and CalderwoodS. B.2003. Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host for Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis. Infection and Immunity71:2208–2217.10.1128/IAI.71.4.2208-2217.200315209512654843Search in Google Scholar
Sivasundar, A., and Hey, J. 2005. Sampling from natural populations with RNAi reveals high outcrossing and population structure in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology 15:1598–1602.SivasundarA., and HeyJ.2005. Sampling from natural populations with RNAi reveals high outcrossing and population structure in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology15:1598–1602.10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.03416139217Search in Google Scholar
Slos, D., Sudhaus, W., Stevens, L., Bert, W., and Blaxter, M. 2017. Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n.: Defining the stem morphology and genomics of the genus Caenorhabditis. BMC Zoology 2:4.SlosD.SudhausW.StevensL.BertW., and BlaxterM.2017. Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n.: Defining the stem morphology and genomics of the genus Caenorhabditis. BMC Zoology2:4.10.1186/s40850-017-0013-2Search in Google Scholar
Slowinski, S. P., Morran, L. T., Parrish, R. C., II, Cui, E. R., Bhattacharya, A., Lively, C. M., and Phillips, P. C. 2016. Coevolutionary interactions with parasites constrain the spread of self-fertilization into outcrossing host populations. Evolution 70:2632–2639.SlowinskiS. P.MorranL. T.ParrishR. C.II, CuiE. R.BhattacharyaA.LivelyC. M., and PhillipsP. C.2016. Coevolutionary interactions with parasites constrain the spread of self-fertilization into outcrossing host populations. Evolution70:2632–2639.10.1111/evo.13048508805427593534Search in Google Scholar
Smith, M. P., Laws, T. R., Atkins, T. P., Oyston, P. C. F., de Pomerai, D. I., and Titball, R. W. 2002. A liquid-based method for the assessment of bacterial pathogenicity using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. FEMS Microbiology Letters 210:181–185.SmithM. P.LawsT. R.AtkinsT. P.OystonP. C. F.de PomeraiD. I., and TitballR. W.2002. A liquid-based method for the assessment of bacterial pathogenicity using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. FEMS Microbiology Letters210:181–185.10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11178.x12044672Search in Google Scholar
Stein, L. D., Bao, Z., Blasiar, D., Blumenthal, T., Brent, M. R., Chen, N., Chinwalla, A., Clarke, L., Clee, C., Coghlan, A., Coulson, A., D’Eustachio, P. A., Fitch, D. H., Fulton, L. A., Fulton, R. E., Griffiths-Jones, S., Harris, T. W., Hillier, L. W., Kamath, R., Kuwabara, P. E., Mardis, E. R., Marra, M. A., Miner, T. L., Minx, P., Mullikin, J. C., Plumb, R. W., Rogers, J., Schein, J. E., Sohrmann, M., Spieth, J., Stajich, J. E., Wei, C., Willey, D., Wilson, R. K., Durbin, R., and Waterston, R. H. 2003. The genome sequence of Caenorhabditis briggsae: A platform for comparative genomics. PLoS Biology 1:e45.SteinL. D.BaoZ.BlasiarD.BlumenthalT.BrentM. R.ChenN.ChinwallaA.ClarkeL.CleeC.CoghlanA.CoulsonA.D’EustachioP. A.FitchD. H.FultonL. A.FultonR. E.Griffiths-JonesS.HarrisT. W.HillierL. W.KamathR.KuwabaraP. E.MardisE. R.MarraM. A.MinerT. L.MinxP.MullikinJ. C.PlumbR. W.RogersJ.ScheinJ. E.SohrmannM.SpiethJ.StajichJ. E.WeiC.WilleyD.WilsonR. K.DurbinR., and WaterstonR. H.2003. The genome sequence of Caenorhabditis briggsae: A platform for comparative genomics. PLoS Biology1:e45.10.1371/journal.pbio.000004526189914624247Search in Google Scholar
Sterken, M. G., Snoek, L. B., Bosman, K. J., Daamen, J., Riksen, J. A., Bakker, J., Pijlman, G. P., and Kammenga, J. E. 2014. A heritable antiviral RNAi response limits Orsay virus infection in Caenorhabditis elegans N2. PLoS One 9:e89760.SterkenM. G.SnoekL. B.BosmanK. J.DaamenJ.RiksenJ. A.BakkerJ.PijlmanG. P., and KammengaJ. E.2014. A heritable antiviral RNAi response limits Orsay virus infection in Caenorhabditis elegans N2. PLoS One9:e89760.10.1371/journal.pone.0089760393365924587016Search in Google Scholar
Sterken, M. G., Snoek, L. B., Kammenga, J. E., and Andersen, E. C. 2015. The laboratory domestication of Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends in Genetics 31:224–231.SterkenM. G.SnoekL. B.KammengaJ. E., and AndersenE. C.2015. The laboratory domestication of Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends in Genetics31:224–231.10.1016/j.tig.2015.02.009441704025804345Search in Google Scholar
Stewart, A. D., Logsdon, J. M., and Kelley, S. E. 2005. An empirical study of the evolution of virulence under both horizontal and vertical transmission. Evolution 59:730–739.StewartA. D.LogsdonJ. M., and KelleyS. E.2005. An empirical study of the evolution of virulence under both horizontal and vertical transmission. Evolution59:730–739.10.1111/j.0014-3820.2005.tb01749.xSearch in Google Scholar
Stewart, A. D., and Phillips, P. C. 2002. Selection and maintenance of androdioecy in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 160:975–982.StewartA. D., and PhillipsP. C.2002. Selection and maintenance of androdioecy in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics160:975–982.10.1093/genetics/160.3.975146203211901115Search in Google Scholar
Stiernagle, T. 2006. Maintenance of C. elegans, in WormBook, The C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBook. doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.101.1, http://www.wormbook.org.StiernagleT.2006. Maintenance of C. elegans, inWormBook, The C. elegans Research Community, ed. WormBook. doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.101.1, http://www.wormbook.org.478139718050451Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Szumowski, S. C., Botts, M. R., Popovich, J. J., Smelkinson, M. G., and Troemel, E. R. 2014. The small GTPase RAB-11 directs polarized exocytosis of the intracellular pathogen N. parisii for fecal-oral transmission from C. elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:8215–8220.SzumowskiS. C.BottsM. R.PopovichJ. J.SmelkinsonM. G., and TroemelE. R.2014. The small GTPase RAB-11 directs polarized exocytosis of the intracellular pathogen N. parisii for fecal-oral transmission from C. elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences111:8215–8220.10.1073/pnas.1400696111405061824843160Search in Google Scholar
Szumowski, S. C., Estes, K. A., Popovich, J. J., Botts, M. R., Sek, G., and Troemel, E. R. 2016. Small GTPases promote actin coat formation on microsporidian pathogens traversing the apical membrane of Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells. Cellular Microbiology 18:30–45.SzumowskiS. C.EstesK. A.PopovichJ. J.BottsM. R.SekG., and TroemelE. R.2016. Small GTPases promote actin coat formation on microsporidian pathogens traversing the apical membrane of Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells. Cellular Microbiology18:30–45.10.1111/cmi.12481552280626147591Search in Google Scholar
Szumowski, S. C., and Troemel, E. R. 2015. Microsporidia–host interactions. Current Opinion in Microbiology 26:10–16.SzumowskiS. C., and TroemelE. R.2015. Microsporidia–host interactions. Current Opinion in Microbiology26:10–16.10.1016/j.mib.2015.03.006457730725847674Search in Google Scholar
Tan, M.-W., Mahajan-Miklos, S., and Ausubel, F. M. 1999a. Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Pseudomonas aeruginosa used to model mammalian bacterial pathogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:715–720.TanM.-W.Mahajan-MiklosS., and AusubelF. M.1999a. Killing of Caenorhabditis elegans by Pseudomonas aeruginosa used to model mammalian bacterial pathogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences96:715–720.10.1073/pnas.96.2.715152029892699Search in Google Scholar
Tan, M.-W., Rahme, L. G., Sternberg, J. A., Tompkins, R. G., and Ausubel, F. M. 1999b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing of Caenorhabditis elegans used to identify P. aeruginosa virulence factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:2408–2413.TanM.-W.RahmeL. G.SternbergJ. A.TompkinsR. G., and AusubelF. M.1999b. Pseudomonas aeruginosa killing of Caenorhabditis elegans used to identify P. aeruginosa virulence factors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences96:2408–2413.10.1073/pnas.96.5.24082679710051655Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, J. H. 2006. Adaptive evolution in two large families of ubiquitin-ligase adapters in nematodes and plants. Genome Research 16:1017–1030.ThomasJ. H.2006. Adaptive evolution in two large families of ubiquitin-ligase adapters in nematodes and plants. Genome Research16:1017–1030.10.1101/gr.5089806152486116825662Search in Google Scholar
Thomas, W. K., and Wilson, A. C. 1991. Mode and tempo of molecular evolution in the nematode Caenorhabditis: Cytochrome oxidase II and calmodulin sequences. Genetics 128:269–279.ThomasW. K., and WilsonA. C.1991. Mode and tempo of molecular evolution in the nematode Caenorhabditis: Cytochrome oxidase II and calmodulin sequences. Genetics128:269–279.10.1093/genetics/128.2.26912044651649066Search in Google Scholar
Thrall, P. H., Laine, A.-L., Ravensdale, M., Nemri, A., Dodds, P. N., Barrett, L. G., and Burdon, J. J. 2012. Rapid genetic change underpins antagonistic coevolution in a natural host-pathogen metapopulation. Ecology Letters 15:425–435.ThrallP. H.LaineA.-L.RavensdaleM.NemriA.DoddsP. N.BarrettL. G., and BurdonJ. J.2012. Rapid genetic change underpins antagonistic coevolution in a natural host-pathogen metapopulation. Ecology Letters15:425–435.10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01749.x331983722372578Search in Google Scholar
Troemel, E. R., Chu, S. W., Reinke, V., Lee, S. S., Ausubel, F. M., and Kim, D. H. 2006. p38 MAPK regulates expression of immune response genes and contributes to longevity in C. elegans. PLoS Genetics 2:e183.TroemelE. R.ChuS. W.ReinkeV.LeeS. S.AusubelF. M., and KimD. H.2006. p38 MAPK regulates expression of immune response genes and contributes to longevity in C. elegans. PLoS Genetics2:e183.10.1371/journal.pgen.0020183163553317096597Search in Google Scholar
Troemel, E. R., Félix, M.-A., Whiteman, N. K., Barrière, A., and Ausubel, F. M. 2008. Microsporidia are natural intracellular parasites of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Biology 6: e309.TroemelE. R.FélixM.-A.WhitemanN. K.BarrièreA., and AusubelF. M.2008. Microsporidia are natural intracellular parasites of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Biology6: e309.10.1371/journal.pbio.0060309259686219071962Search in Google Scholar
Underhill, D. M., Ozinsky, A., Smith, K. D., and Aderem, A. 1999. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates mycobacteria-induced proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96:14459–14463.UnderhillD. M.OzinskyA.SmithK. D., and AderemA.1999. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates mycobacteria-induced proinflammatory signaling in macrophages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences96:14459–14463.10.1073/pnas.96.25.144592445810588727Search in Google Scholar
Wiles, T. J., Jemielita, M., Baker, R. P., Schlomann, B. H., Logan, S. L., Ganz, J., Melancon, E., Eisen, J. S., Guillemin, K., and Parthasarathy, R. 2016. Host gut motility promotes competitive exclusion within a model intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biology 14: e1002517.WilesT. J.JemielitaM.BakerR. P.SchlomannB. H.LoganS. L.GanzJ.MelanconE.EisenJ. S.GuilleminK., and ParthasarathyR.2016. Host gut motility promotes competitive exclusion within a model intestinal microbiota. PLoS Biology14: e1002517.10.1371/journal.pbio.1002517496140927458727Search in Google Scholar
Wilkins, C., Dishongh, R., Moore, S. C., Whitt, M. A., Chow, M., and Machaca, K. 2005. RNA interference is an antiviral defence mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 436:1044–1047.WilkinsC.DishonghR.MooreS. C.WhittM. A.ChowM., and MachacaK.2005. RNA interference is an antiviral defence mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature436:1044–1047.10.1038/nature0395716107852Search in Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. 1971. Introduction. Pp. 1–15 in G. C. Williams, ed. Group selection. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.WilliamsG. C.1971. Introduction. Pp. 1–15inG. C.Williams, ed. Group selection. Chicago: Aldine Atherton.Search in Google Scholar
Wilson, C. G., and Sherman, P. W. 2010. Anciently asexual bdelloid rotifers escape lethal fungal parasites by drying up and blowing away. Science 327:574–576.WilsonC. G., and ShermanP. W.2010. Anciently asexual bdelloid rotifers escape lethal fungal parasites by drying up and blowing away. Science327:574–576.10.1126/science.117925220110504Search in Google Scholar
Wilson, C. G., and Sherman, P. W. 2013. Spatial and temporal escape from fungal parasitism in natural communities of anciently asexual bdelloid rotifers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280:1255.WilsonC. G., and ShermanP. W.2013. Spatial and temporal escape from fungal parasitism in natural communities of anciently asexual bdelloid rotifers. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences280:1255.10.1098/rspb.2013.1255371245723825214Search in Google Scholar
Woodruff, G. C., Phillips, P. C., and Kanzaki, N. 2017. Dramatic evolution of body length due to post-embryonic changes in cell size in a newly discovered close relative of C. elegans. bioRxiv.WoodruffG. C.PhillipsP. C., and KanzakiN.2017. Dramatic evolution of body length due to post-embryonic changes in cell size in a newly discovered close relative of C. elegans. bioRxiv.10.1101/181107Search in Google Scholar
Zelmer, D. A. 1998. An evolutionary definition of parasitism. International Journal for Parasitology 28:531–533.ZelmerD. A.1998. An evolutionary definition of parasitism. International Journal for Parasitology28:531–533.10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00199-9Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, G., Sachse, M., Prevost, M. C., Luallen, R. J., Troemel, E. R., and Felix, M. A. 2016. A large collection of novel nematode-infecting microsporidia and their diverse interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and other related nematodes. PLoS Pathogens 12:e1006093.ZhangG.SachseM.PrevostM. C.LuallenR. J.TroemelE. R., and FelixM. A.2016. A large collection of novel nematode-infecting microsporidia and their diverse interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and other related nematodes. PLoS Pathogens12:e1006093.10.1371/journal.ppat.1006093517913427942022Search in Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., Lu, H., and Bargmann, C. I. 2005. Pathogenic bacteria induce aversive olfactory learning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 438:179–184.ZhangY.LuH., and BargmannC. I.2005. Pathogenic bacteria induce aversive olfactory learning in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature438:179–184.10.1038/nature0421616281027Search in Google Scholar
