Encephalopathy with Electrical Status Epilepticus in Slow Wave Sleep – a review with an emphasis on regional (perisylvian) aspects

Aeby A., Poznanski N., Verheulpen D., Wetzburger C., Van Bogaert P.:Levetiracetam efficacy in epileptic syndromes with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep: experience in 12 cases. Epilepsia, 2005, 46: 1937–1942.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.00337.xSearch in Google Scholar

Andrade-Machado R.:Early thalamic lesions in patients with sleep-potentiated pileptiform activity. Neurology, 2012, 79: 2218; author reply 2218–2219.10.1212/01.wnl.0000423466.65431.4aSearch in Google Scholar

Beaumanoir A.:Continuous spike-waves during slow wave sleep. Electrical status epilepticus during slow wave sleep. London John Libey, 1995, 217–223.Search in Google Scholar

Beelke M., Nobili L., Baglietto M.G., De Carli F., Robert A., De Negri E. et al.:Relationship of sigma activity to sleep interictal epileptic discharges: a study in children affected by benign epilepsy with occipital paroxysms. Epilepsy Res., 2000, 40: 179–186. Berg A.T., Berkovic S.F., Brodie M.J., Buchhalter J., Cross J.H., van Emde Boas W. et al.:Revised terminology and concepts for organization of seizures and epilepsies: report of the ILAE Commission on Classification and Terminology, 2005–2009. Epilepsia, 2010, 51: 676–685.Search in Google Scholar

Bersagliere A., Achermann P.:Slow oscillations in human non-rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram: effects of increased sleep pressure. J. Sleep. Res., 2010, 19: 228–237.10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00775.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bigna K., Bölsterli H., Fattinger S., Kurth S., LeBourgeoisSearch in Google Scholar

M.K., Ringli M. et al.:Spike wave location and density disturb sleep slow waves in patients with CSWS (continuous spike waves during sleep). Epilepsia, 2014, 55: 584–591.10.1111/epi.12576Search in Google Scholar

Boel M., Casaer P.:Continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep: a 30 months follow-up study of neuropsychological recovery and EEG findings. Neuropediatrics, 1989, 20: 176–180.10.1055/s-2008-1071287Search in Google Scholar

Borbély A.A.:A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum. Neurobiol., 1982, 1: 195–204.Search in Google Scholar

Bölsterli B.K., Schmitt B., Bast T., Critelli H., Heinzle J., Jenni O.G. et al.:Impaired slow wave sleep downscaling in encephalopathy with status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). Clin. Neurophysiol., 2011, 122: 1779–1787.10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.053Search in Google Scholar

Bureau M.:Outstanding cases of CSWS and LKS: analysis of the data sheets provided by the participants. In: A. Beaumanoir, M. Bureau, T. Deonna et al. (eds.), Continuous Spikes and Waves During Slow Sleep. Electrical Status Epilepticus During Slow Sleep: Acquired Epileptic Aphasia and Related Conditions. John Libbey, London 1995, 213–216.Search in Google Scholar

Cantalupo G., Rubboli G., Tassinari C.A.:Night-time unravelling of the brain web: impaired synaptic downscaling in ESES – the Penelope syndrome. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2011, 122: 1691–1692.10.1016/j.clinph.2011.02.027Search in Google Scholar

Caraballo R.H., Bongiorni L., Cersósimo R., Semprino M., Espeche A., Fejerman N.:Epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spikes and waves during sleep inchildren with shunted hydrocephalus: a study of nine cases. Epilepsia, 2008, 49: 1520–1527.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01608.xSearch in Google Scholar

Clemens B., Majoros E.:Sleep studies in benign epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes. II. Analysis of discharge frequency and its relation to sleep dynamics. Epilepsia, 1987, 28: 24–27.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1987.tb03617.xSearch in Google Scholar

Dalla Bernardina B., Tassinari C.A., Dravet C., Bureau M., Beghini G., Roger J.:Benign focal epilepsy and “electrical status epilepticus” during sleep Rev Electroencephalogr. Neurophysiol. Clin., 1978, 8: 350–353.10.1016/S0370-4475(78)80012-4Search in Google Scholar

Dalla Bernardina B., Sgrò V., Caraballo R., Fontana E., Colamaria V., Zullini E. et al.:Sleep and benign partial epilepsies of childhood: EEG and evoked potentials study. Epilepsy Res., Suppl. 1991, 2: 83–96.Search in Google Scholar

De Negri M.:Electrical status epilepticus during sleep (ESES). Different clinical syndromes: towards a unifying view? Brain Dev., 1997, 19: 447–551.10.1016/S0387-7604(97)00058-2Search in Google Scholar

De Tiège X., Goldman S., Laureys S., Verheulpen D., Chiron C., Wetzburger C. et al.:Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in epilepsies with continuous spikes and waves during sleep. Neurology, 2004, 63: 853–857.10.1212/01.WNL.0000137015.04054.2CSearch in Google Scholar

De Tiège X., Trotta N., Op de Beeck M., Bourguignon M., Marty B., Wens V. et al.:Neurophysiological activity underlying altered brain metabolism in epileptic encephalopathies with CSWS. Epilepsy Res., 2013, 105: 316–325.10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.02.025Search in Google Scholar

Deonna T., Roulet-Perez E.:Early-onset acquired epileptic aphasia (Landau-Kleffner syndrome, LKS) and regressive autistic disorders with epileptic EEG abnormalities: the continuing debate. Brain Dev., 2010, 32: 746–752.10.1016/j.braindev.2010.06.011Search in Google Scholar

Doose H., Baier W.K.:Benign partial epilepsy and related conditions: multifactoral pathogenesis with hereditary impairment of brain maturation. Eur. J. Pediatr., 1989, 149: 152–158. Dulac O., Billard C., Arthuis M.:Electroclinical and developmental aspects of epilepsy in the aphasia-epilepsy syndrome. Arch. Fr. Pediatr., 1983, 40: 299–308.Search in Google Scholar

Galanopoulou A.S., Bojko A., Lado F., Moshé S.L.:The spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities associated with electrical status epilepticus in sleep. Brain Dev., 2000, 22: 279–295.10.1016/S0387-7604(00)00127-3Search in Google Scholar

Echlin F.A., Battista A.:Epileptiform Seizures From Chronic Isolated Cortex. Arch. Neurol., 1963, 9: 154–17010.1001/archneur.1963.0046008006400914048164Search in Google Scholar

Engel J. Jr.:ILAE classification of epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsy Res., 2006, 70, Suppl. 1: S5–S10.10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2005.11.01416822650Search in Google Scholar

Fejerman N.:Atypical rolandic epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2009, 50 Suppl. 7: 9–12.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02210.x19682042Search in Google Scholar

Foldvary-Schaefer N., Grigg-Damberger M.:Sleep and epilepsy: what we know, don’t know, and need to know. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2006, 23: 4–20.10.1097/01.wnp.0000206877.90232.cb16514348Search in Google Scholar

Fueki N., Iinuma K., Kojima A., Haginoya K., Yanai K., Tada K. et al.:Alteration of regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose at interictal and ictal stages in a case of epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep. Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol., 1988, 42: 611–612.10.1111/j.1440-1819.1988.tb01379.x3266516Search in Google Scholar

Gaggero R., Caputo M., Fiorio P., Pessagno A., Baglietto M.G., Muttini P. et al.:SPECT and epilepsy with continuous spike waves during slow-wave sleep. Childs. Nerv. Syst., 1995, 11: 154–160.10.1007/BF005702567773975Search in Google Scholar

García-Peñas J.J.:Neurocognitive dysfunction in electrical status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep syndrome: Can the natural course of the syndrome be modified with early pharmacological treatment? Rev. Neurol., 2010, 3, 50, Suppl. 3: S37–S47.Search in Google Scholar

Gloor P.:Generalized epilepsy with spike-and-wave discharge: a reinterpretation of its electrographic and clinical manifestations. The 1977 William G. Lennox Lecture, American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsia, 1979, 20: 571–588.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1979.tb04840.x477645Search in Google Scholar

Guerrini R., Genton P., Bureau M., Parmeggiani A., Salas-Puig X., Santucci M. et al.:Clinical and electroencephalograph-icfeatures of patients with polymicrogyria. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2007, 24: 244–251.Search in Google Scholar

Guzzetta F., Battaglia D., Veredice C., Donvito V., Pane M., Lettori D. et al.:Early thalamic injury associated with epilepsy and continuous spike-wave during slow sleep. Epilepsia, 2005, 46: 889–900.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2005.64504.x15946329Search in Google Scholar

Halász P., Kelemen A., Clemens B., Saracz J., Rosdy B., Rásonyi G. et al.:The perisylvian epileptic network. A unifying concept. Ideggyogy Sz. 2005, 20, 58: 21–31.Search in Google Scholar

Hegyi M., Siegler Z., Barsi P., Rudas G., Lengyel Z., Szakáll S. et al.:Surgical treatment of resistant epilepsy, caused by hemispherical dysgenesis – case report. Ideggyogy Sz., 2009, 62: 185–189 (Hungarian).Search in Google Scholar

Hegyi M., Siegler Zs., Fogarasi A., Barsi P., Halász P.:Age dependent features of lesional and non-lesional patients with Electrical Status Epilepticus in slow Sleep. Accepted in “Clinical Neuroscience”, 2014.Search in Google Scholar

Huber R., Ghilardi M.F., Massimini M., Tononi G.:Local sleep and learning. Nature, 2004, 1, 430: 78–81.10.1038/nature0266315184907Search in Google Scholar

Huber R., Ghilardi M.F., Massimini M., Ferrarelli F., Riedner B.A., Peterson M.J. et al.:Arm immobilization causes cortical plastic changes and locally decreases sleep slow wave activity. Nat. Neurosci., 2006, 9: 1169–1176.10.1038/nn175816936722Search in Google Scholar

Huber R., Esser S.K., Ferrarelli F., Massimini M., Peterson M.J., Tononi G.:TMS-induced cortical potentiation during wakefulness locally increases slow wave activity during sleep. PLoS One, 2007, 7: 2.10.1371/journal.pone.0000276180303017342210Search in Google Scholar

Hirsch E., Marescaux C., Maquet P., Metz-Lutz M.N., Kiesmann M., Salmon E. et al.:Landau-Kleffner syndrome: a clinical and EEG study of five cases. Epilepsia, 1990, 1: 756–767.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1990.tb05517.x1700952Search in Google Scholar

Inutsuka M., Kobayashi K., Oka M., Hattori J., Ohtsuka Y.:Treatment of epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep and its related disorders. Brain. Dev., 2006, 28: 281–286.10.1016/j.braindev.2005.09.00416376508Search in Google Scholar

Kelemen A., Barsi P., Gyorsok Z., Sarac J., Szucs A., Halász P.:Thalamic lesion and epilepsy with generalized seizures, ESES and spike-wave paroxysms – report of three cases. Seizure, 2006, 15: 454–458.10.1016/j.seizure.2006.05.00616828318Search in Google Scholar

Kellaway P.:The electroencephalographic features of benign centrotemporal (rolandic) epilepsy of childhood. Epilepsia, 2000, 41: 1053–1056.10.1111/j.1528-1157.2000.tb00296.x10961638Search in Google Scholar

Kellermann K.:Recurrent aphasia with subclinical bioelectric status epilepticus during sleep. Eur. J. Pediatr., 1978, 128: 207–212.10.1007/BF00444306Search in Google Scholar

Kevelam S.H., Jansen F.E., Binsbergen Ev., Braun K.P., Verbeek N.E., Lindhout D. et al.:Copy number variations in patients with electrical status epilepticus in sleep. J. Child. Neurol., 2012, 27: 178–182.10.1177/0883073811416006Search in Google Scholar

Kobayashi K., Nishibayashi N., Ohtsuka Y., Oka E., Ohtahara S.:Epilepsy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep and secondary bilateral synchrony. Epilepsia, 1994, 35: 1097–1103.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02561.xSearch in Google Scholar

Kramer U., Sagi L., Goldberg-Stern H., Zelnik N., Nissenkorn A., Ben-Zeev B.:Clinical spectrum and medical treatment of children with electrical status epilepticus in sleep (ESES). Epilepsia, 2009, 50: 1517–1524.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01891.xSearch in Google Scholar

Laurette G., Arfel G.:Electrographic “status epilepticus” during afternoon sleep. Rev. Electroencephalogr. Neurophysiol. Clin., 1976, 6: 137–139.10.1016/S0370-4475(76)80075-5Search in Google Scholar

Lemke J.R., Lal D., Reinthaler E.M., Steiner I., Nothnagel M., Alber M. et al.:Mutations in GRIN2A cause idiopathic focal epilepsy with rolandic spikes. Nat. Genet., 2013, 45: 1067–1072. Lerman P., Kivity S.:The benign partial nonrolandic epilepsies (review). J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1991, 8: 275–287.Search in Google Scholar

Lesca G., Rudolf G., Labalme A., Hirsch E., Arzimanoglou A. et al.:Epileptic encephalopathies of the Landau-Kleffner and continuous spike and waves during slow-wave sleep types: genomic dissection makes the link with autism. Epilepsia, 2012, 53: 1526–1538.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03559.x22738016Search in Google Scholar

Liukkonen E., Kantola-Sorsa E., Paetau R., Gaily E., Peltola M., Granström. M.L.:Long-term outcome of 32 children with encephalopathy with status epilepticus during sleep, or ESES syndrome. Epilepsia, 2010, 51: 2023–2032.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02578.x20477851Search in Google Scholar

Loddenkemper T., Cosmo G., Kotagal P., Haut J., Klaas P., Gupta A.:Epilepsy surgery in children with electrical status epilepticus in sleep. Neurosurgery, 2009, 64: 328–337.10.1227/01.NEU.0000336767.14252.7619190460Search in Google Scholar

Loddenkemper T., Sánchez Fernández J., Peters J.M.:Continuous spike and waves during sleep and electrical status epilepticus in sleep. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2011, 28: 154–164.10.1097/WNP.0b013e31821213eb21399511Search in Google Scholar

Loddenkemper T.:Early thalamic lesions in patients with sleep-potentiated epileptiform activity. Neurology, 2012, 78: 1721–1727.10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182582ff8335958322539569Search in Google Scholar

Majkowski J.:Kindling and Memory. In: T.G. Bolwig and M.R. Trimble (Eds), The Clinical Relevance of Kindling. John Wiley, Chichester – New York – Brisbane – Toronto – Singapore 1989, 87–102.Search in Google Scholar

Massimini M., Ferrarelli F., Esser S.K., Riedner B.A., Huber R., Murphy M. et al.:Triggering sleep slow waves by transcranial magnetic stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 2007, 104: 8496–8501.10.1073/pnas.0702495104Search in Google Scholar

Maquet P., Hirsch E., Metz-Lutz M.N., Motte J., Dive D., Marescaux C. et al.:Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in children with deterioration of one or more cognitive functions and continuous spike-and-wave discharges during sleep. Brain, 1995, 118: 1497–1520.10.1093/brain/118.6.1497Search in Google Scholar

Maquet P., Metz-Lutz M.N., de Saint-Martin A., Marescaux C., Hirsch E.:Isotope tracer-techniques in rolandic epilepsy and its variants. Epileptic Disord., 2000, 2 Suppl. 1: S55–S57.Search in Google Scholar

Maquet P., Hirsch E., Metz-Lutz M.N., Motte J., Dive D., Marescaux C. et al.:Regional cerebral glucose metabolism in children with deterioration of one or more cognitive functions and continuous spike-and-wave discharges during sleep. Brain, 1995, 118: 1497–1520.10.1093/brain/118.6.1497Search in Google Scholar

Moeller F., Moehring J., Ick I., Steinmann E., Wolff S., Jansen O. et al.:EEG-fMRI in atypical benign partial epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2013, 54: 103–108.10.1111/epi.12243Search in Google Scholar

Metz-Lutz M.N., Filippini M.:Neuropsychological findings in Rolandic epilepsy and Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Epilepsia, 2006, 47 Suppl. 2: 71–5.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00695.xSearch in Google Scholar

Monteiro J.P., Roulet-Perez E., Davidoff V., Deonna T.:Primary neonatal thalamic haemorrhage and epilepsy with continuous spike-wave during sleep: a longitudinal follow-up of a possible significant relation. Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol., 2001, 5: 41–47.10.1053/ejpn.2001.0403Search in Google Scholar

Morikawa T., Seino M., Watanabe M.:Long-term outcome of ESES syndrome. In: A. Beaumanoir, M. Bureau, T. Deonna, L. Mira, C.A. Tassinari (eds), Continuous Spikes and Waves during Slow Wave Sleep. Electrical status epilepticus during Slow Sleep. John Libey, London 1995, 27–36.Search in Google Scholar

Morrell F., Whisler W.W., Smith M.C., Hoeppner T.J., de Toledo-Morrell L., Pierre-Louis S.J. et al.:Landau-Kleffner syndrome. Treatment with subpial intracortical transection. Brain, 1995, 118: 1529–1546.10.1093/brain/118.6.1529Search in Google Scholar

Nickels K., Wirrell E.:Electrical status epilepticus in sleep. Semin. Pediatr. Neurol., 2008, 15: 50–60.10.1016/j.spen.2008.03.002Search in Google Scholar

Nobili L., Ferrillo F., Baglietto M.G., Beelke M., De Carli F., De Negri E. et al.:Relationship of sleep interictal epileptiform discharges to sigma activity (12–16 Hz) in benign epilepsy of childhood with rolandic spikes. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1999, 110: 39–46.10.1016/S0168-5597(98)00041-0Search in Google Scholar

Overvliet G.M., Besseling R.M., Vles J.S., Hofman P.A., Backes W.H., van Hall M.H. et al.:Nocturnal epileptiform EEG discharges, nocturnal epileptic seizures, and language impairments in children: review of the literature. Epilepsy Behav., 2010, 19: 550–558.10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.09.01520951651Search in Google Scholar

Panayiotopoulos C.P.:Early onset benign childhood occipital seizures: Panayiotopoulos syndrome. In: C.P. Panayiotopoulos (ed.), Benign childhood partial seizures and related epileptic syndromes. John Libbey, London 1999, 133–147.Search in Google Scholar

Patry G., Lyagoubi S., Tassinari C.A.:Subclinical electrical status epilepticus induced by sleep in children. Arch. Neurol., 1971, 24: 242–252.10.1001/archneur.1971.004803300700065101616Search in Google Scholar

Penfield W. and Jasper H.:Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Little, Brown & Co., Oxford 1954, 605–614.10.1097/00007611-195407000-00024Search in Google Scholar

Praline J., Barthez M.A., Casteniau P., Debiais S., Lucas B., Billard C. et al:Atypical language impairment in two siblings: relationship with electrical status epilepticus in sleep. J. Neurol. Sci., 2006, 249: 166–171.10.1016/j.jns.2006.06.01516859712Search in Google Scholar

Quigg M., Noachtar S.:Sleep-potentiated epileptic discharges, language regression, and pediatric thalamic lesions. Neurology, 2012, 78: 1708–1709.10.1212/WNL.0b013e318258310322539573Search in Google Scholar

Rovó Z., Ulbert I., Acsády L.:Drivers of the primate thalamus. J. Neurosci., 2012, 32: 17894–17908.10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2815-12.2012367284323223308Search in Google Scholar

Rudolf G., Valenti M.P., Hirsch E., Szepetowski P.:From rolandic epilepsy to continuous spike-and-waves during sleep and Landau-Kleffner syndromes: insights into possible genetic factors. Epilepsia, 2009, 50 (suppl. 7): 25–28.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02214.x19682046Search in Google Scholar

Saltik S., Uluduz D., Cokar O., Demirbilek V., Dervent A.:A clinical and EEG study on idiopathic partial epilepsies with evolution into ESES spectrum disorders. Epilepsia, 2005, 46: 524–533.10.1111/j.0013-9580.2005.45004.x15816946Search in Google Scholar

Sánchez Fernández I., Loddenkemper T., Peters J.M., Kothare S.V.:Electrical status epilepticus in sleep: clinical presentation and pathophysiology. Pediatr. Neurol., 2012, 47: 390–410.10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.06.01623127259Search in Google Scholar

Sánchez Fernández I., Peters J.M., Hadjiloizou S., Prabhu S.P., Zarowski M., Stannard K.M. et al.:Clinical staging and electroencephalographic evolution of continuous spikes and waves during sleep. Epilepsia, 2012b, 53: 1185–1195.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03507.x22578248Search in Google Scholar

Sánchez Fernández I., Chapman K.E., Peters J.M., Kothare S.V., Nordli D.R. Jr, Jensen F.E. et al.:The tower of Babel: survey on concepts and terminology in electrical status epilepticus in sleep and continuous spikes and waves during sleep in North America. Epilepsia, 2013, 54: 741–750.10.1111/epi.12039503010623163318Search in Google Scholar

Schaul N.:The fundamental neural mechanisms of electroencephalography. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1998, 106: 101–107.10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00111-9Search in Google Scholar

Siniatchkin M., Groening K., Moehring J., Moeller F., Boor R., Brodbeck V. et al.:Neuronal networks in children with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep. Brain, 2010, 133: 2798–2813.10.1093/brain/awq183Search in Google Scholar

Steriade M., Amzica F.:Sleep oscillations developing into seizures in corticothalamic systems. Epilepsia, 2003, 44 Suppl. 12: 9–20.10.1111/j.0013-9580.2003.12006.xSearch in Google Scholar

Stickgold R., James L., Hobson J.A.:Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nat. Neurosci., 2000, 3: 1237–1238.10.1038/81756Search in Google Scholar

Tas E., Takeoka M., Molino J., Gregas M., Eksioglu Y.Z., Rotenberg A. et al.:Thalamic lesion increase the frequency of spiking during sleep (abstract). Epilepsia, 2009, 50 (suppl. 11): 479.Search in Google Scholar

Tassinari C.A., Dravet C., Roger J.:Encephalopathy related to electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep. Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1977, 43: 529–530.Search in Google Scholar

Tassinari C.A., Bureau M., Dravet C., Dalla Bernardina B., Roger J.:Epilepsy with continuous spike and waves during slow sleep. In: J. Roger, C. Dravet, M. Bureau, F.E. Dreifuss, P. Wolf (eds.), Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence. John Libbey, London 1985, 194–204.Search in Google Scholar

Tassinari C.A, Rubboli G., Volpi L., Meletti S., d’Orsi G., Franca M. et al.:Encephalopathy with electrical status epilepticus during slow sleep or ESES syndrome including the acquired aphasia. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2000, 111 Suppl. 2: S94–S102.10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00408-9Search in Google Scholar

Tassinari C.A., Cantalupo G., Rios-Pohl L., Giustina E.D., Rubboli G.:Encephalopathy with status epilepticus during slow sleep: “the Penelope syndrome”. Epilepsia, 2009, 50 Suppl. 7: 4–8.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02209.xSearch in Google Scholar

Tassinari C.A., Cantaplupo G., DallaBernardina B., Darra F., Bureau M., Cirelli C. et al.:Encephalopathy related to Status Epilepticus during Slow Sleep (ESES) including Landau-Kleffner Syndrome. In: Bureau et al. (Eds.), Epileptic Syndromes in Infancy and Adolescence, 5th Ed. John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. 2012, 255–275.Search in Google Scholar

Teixeira K.C., Cendes F., Guerreiro C.A., Guerreiro M.M.:Focal electrical status (FES): a new finding associated with polymicrogyria. J. Clin. Neurophysiol., 2009, 26: 155–159.10.1097/WNP.0b013e3181a18511Search in Google Scholar

Tononi G., Cirelli C.:Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: a hypothesis. Brain Res. Bull., 2003, 62: 143–150.10.1016/j.brainresbull.2003.09.004Search in Google Scholar

Tovia E., Goldberg-Stern H., Ben Zeev B., Heyman E., Watemberg N., Fattal-Valevski Kramer U.:The prevalence of atypical presentations and comorbidities of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Epilepsia, 2011, 52: 1483–1488.10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03136.xSearch in Google Scholar

Tükel K., Jasper H.:The electroencephalogram in parasagittal lesions. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 1952, 4: 481–494.10.1016/0013-4694(52)90079-5Search in Google Scholar

Van Bogaert P., Aeby A., De Borchgrave V., De Cocq C., Deprez M., De Tiège X. et al.:The epileptic syndromes with continuous spikes and waves during slow sleep: definition and management guidelines. Acta Neurol. Belg., 2006, 106: 52–60.Search in Google Scholar

Van Hirtum-Das M., Licht E.A., Koh S., Wu J.Y., Shields W.D., Sankar R.:Children with ESES: variability in the syndrome. Epilepsy Res., 2006, 70 Suppl. 1: S248–S258.10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.01.020Search in Google Scholar

Veggiotti P., Beccaria F., Guerrini R., Capovilla G., Lanzi G.:Continuous spike-and-wave activity during slow-wave sleep: syndrome or EEG pattern? Epilepsia, 1999, 40: 1593–1601.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02045.xSearch in Google Scholar

Vyazovskiy V.V., Cirelli C., Pfister-Genskow M., Faraguna U., Tononi G.:Molecular and electrophysiological evidence for net synaptic potentiation in wake and depression in sleep. Nat. Neurosci., 2008, 11: 200–208.10.1038/nn2035Search in Google Scholar

Yan Liu X., Wong V.:Spectrum of epileptic syndromes with electrical status epilepticus during sleep in children. Pediatr. Neurol., 2000, 22: 371–379.10.1016/S0887-8994(00)00132-6Search in Google Scholar

Yasuhara A., Yoshida H., Hatanaka T., Sugimoto T., Kobayashi Y., Dyken E.:Epilepsy with continuous spike-waves during slow sleep and its treatment. Epilepsia, 1991, 32: 59–62.10.1111/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05612.x1985831Search in Google Scholar