Employment Effects of Import Competition on Agro-Based Manufacturing Firms in Nigeria
, , and Mar 31, 2025
About this article
Published Online: Mar 31, 2025
Page range: 90 - 99
Accepted: Mar 06, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17306/j.jard.2025.00003r1
Keywords
© 2024 Cosmas Anayo Asogwa et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1.
Augmented Dickey-Fuller and Philips-Perron test results
| Variables | Augmented Dickey-Fuller | Philips-Perron | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| level | first difference | level | first difference | |
| Agro-based employment | –0.926153 (0.7679) | –5.338468 |
–0.926153 (0.7679) | –5.333959 |
| Import competition | –6.209607 |
–8.824391 |
–6.046655 |
–22.62678 |
| Export competition | –3.838764 |
–4.247444 |
–3.761789 |
–17.09377 |
| The real unit cost of labour | –1.724242 (0.4099) | –3.008093 |
–1.852611 (0.3494) | –3.415431 |
| The real unit cost of capital | –2.861429 |
–3.062900 |
–3.178403 |
–5.905108 |
| Capital stock | –3.561595 |
–10.28647 |
–3.615875 |
–10.28647 |
| Trade openness | –4.325298 |
–7.985181 |
–4.325298 |
–8.839291 |
| Inflation | –3.844590 |
–7.293581 |
–3.319971 |
–7.254398 |
| Government expenditure | –1.955653 (0.3042) | –7.975877 |
–1.821846 (0.3642) | –8.215169 |
| GDP | –0.246311 (0.9229) | –4.695348 |
–0.313039 (0.9129) | –4.685923 |
| Term of trade | –1.377002 (0.5822) | –5.424852 |
–1.416345 (0.5632) | –5.418927 |
| Exchange rate | –2.542989 (0.1147) | –4.990801 |
–4.581614 |
–4.969465 |
| Trade change | –5.152617 |
–12.76739 |
–5.203911 |
–18.99583 |
Effect of import competition on agro-based manufacturing employment
| Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agro-based employment (−1) | 0.720135 | 0.112151 | 6.421145 |
| Import competition | –0.519281 |
0.196405 | –2.643927 |
| Export competition | 0.061332 |
0.022390 | 2.739248 |
| Capital stock | 0.331159 |
0.136306 | 2.429528 |
| The real unit cost of capital | –12.96077 |
3.913717 | –3.311627 |
| The real unit cost of labour | –13.13876 |
3.858474 | –3.405171 |
| The real unit cost of labour (−1) | 1.165559 | 1.623533 | 0.717915 |
| Trade openness | –2.904632 |
0.935867 | –3.103679 |
| Trade openness (−1) | 1.283825 | 0.842004 | 1.524725 |
| Government expenditure | 0.130835 | 0.329177 | 0.397462 |
| Inflation | 2.307890 |
0.766158 | 3.012291 |
| Constant | 7.713598 | 9.254997 | 0.833452 |
| R-square | 0.743974 | ||
| Adjusted R-Square | 0.717178 | ||
| S.E. of regression | 1.031591 | ||
| Sum of square resid | 24.47616 | ||
| Log-likelihood | –43.40400 | ||
| F-statistic | 35.22912 | ||
| Prob(F-statistic) | 0.000000 | ||
Effects of terms of trade on agro-based manufacturing employment
| Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agro-based employment (−1) | –0.096561 | 0.104709 | –0.922191 |
| Term of trade | 1.616888 |
0.554821 | 2.914251 |
| Trade change | 0.011922 |
0.002069 | 5.761680 |
| GDP | 0.612010 |
0.108197 | 5.656433 |
| Loan to the manufacturing sector | 1.071373 | 1.574155 | 0.680602 |
| Exchange rate | –0.394448 |
0.121349 | –3.250525 |
| Exchange rate (−1) | –0.369479* | 0.216776 | –1.704426 |
| Constant | –10.05131 |
2.101823 | –4.782184 |
| R-square | 0.757691 | ||
| Adjusted R-Square | 0.725053 | ||
| S.E. of regression | 0.430910 | ||
| Sum of square resid | 5.199142 | ||
| Log-likelihood | –16.29290 | ||
| F-statistic | 11.29815 | ||
| Prob(F-statistic) | 0.000002 | ||