Analysis of Mushroom Consumption and its Determinants in Ghana

Fig. 1.

Marginal effects from the ordered probit model

Variable	At least once a year	1–2 times a month	At least once a week	More than once a week
Predicted prob.	0.0670	0.4206	0.1897	0.3226
Age	−0.0019**	−0.0039**	0.0006*	0.0052**
Gender	0.0200	0.0423	−0.0055	−0.0567
Marital status	−0.0069	−0.0138	0.0022	0.0186
Basic education	0.0907*	0.1058**	−0.0365	−0.1598*
Secondary education	0.0545	0.7482	−0.2146	−0.1079
Tertiary education	−0.0427**	−0.1005**	0.0088*	0.1344**
Formal sector employee	−0.0076	−0.0158	0.0022	0.0213
Informal sector employee	0.0059	0.0120	−0.0017	−0.0162
Monthly income	0.0023	0.0046	−0.0007	−0.0063
Household size	0.0012	0.0023	−0.0003	−0.0031
Taste	−0.0169	−0.0361	0.0046	0.0484
Price	0.0344	0.0608*	−0.0117	−0.0835*
Availability	−0.0304*	−0.0666*	0.0078*	0.0892*
Nutritional value	−0.0394*	−0.0774*	0.0118*	0.1049**
Easy-to-prepare	−0.0379**	−0.0993*	0.0051	0.1320*
Greater accra region	0.0213	0.0414	−0.0066	−0.0560
Ashanti region	0.0437*	0.0776*	−0.0146*	−0.1067*

Demographic characteristics of respondents

Variable	Frequency	Percentage	Mean
Age			40.3 ±13.14
18–25 years	54	9.82
26–40 years	278	50.55
41–50 years	112	20.36
51–60 years	56	10.18
Above 60 years	50	9.09
Gender			0.64 ±0.48
Female	351	63.82
Male	199	36.18
Marital status			0.64 ±0.4
Married	353	64.18
Single	197	35.82
Education
No formal education	44	8.00	0.35 ±0.48
Basic education	134	24.36	0.28 ±0.45
Secondary education	178	32.36	0.29±0.46
Tertiary education	194	35.27	0.08 ±0.27
Occupation
Formal sector employee	149	27.09	0.27 ±0.19
Informal sector employee	335	60.91	0.60 ±0.21
Unemployed	66	12.00	0.12 ±0.14
Average monthly income			1 129.06 ±61.57
< GHS 2,000.00	439	79.82
GHS 2,000.00–2,999.00	56	10.18
GHS 3,000.00–3,999.00	25	4.55
GHS 4,000.00–4,999.00	8	1.45
GHS 5,000.00 and above	22	4.00
Household size			4.97 ±4.37
1–5 HHS	379	68.90
6–10 HHS	154	28.00
11–15 HHS	11	2.00
Above 15	6	1.10

Explanatory variables of determinant of mushroom consumption

Variable	Description	Measurement	A priori expectation
Age	Age of respondent in years	Continuous (years)	(+)
Marital status	Marital status of respondent	Dummy (1 = married 0 = otherwise)	(+)
Gender	Sex of respondent	Dummy (1 = female, 0 = male)	(+)
Education	Level of education of respondent	Categorical
		1 = no formal education	(−)
		2 = basic level	(−)
		3 = secondary level	(+)
		4 = tertiary education	(+)
Income	Average monthly income of respondent	Continuous (GHS/month)	(+)
Occupation	Employment status of respondent	Categorical
		1 = formal sector	(+)
		2 = informal sector	(+)
		3 = unemployed	(−)
Household size	Number of people living in respondent household	Continuous (Number)	(−)
Region	Region of respondent	Categorical
		1 = Greater Accra region	(−)
		2 = Ashanti region	(−)
		3 = Bono East region	(+)
Availability	Consumer perception of availability on mushroom consumption	1–5 Likert scale	(+/−)
Taste	Consumer perception of taste on mushroom consumption	1–5 Likert scale	(+/−)
Price	Consumer perception of price on mushroom consumption	1–5 Likert scale	(+/−)
Nutritional value	Consumer perception of nutritional value on mushroom consumption	1–5 Likert scale	(+/−)
Easy-to prepare	Consumer perception of ease of preparation on mushroom consumption	1–5 Likert scale	(+/−)

Frequency of mushroom consumption

Frequency	Frequency	Percentage
Occasional/seasonal (ones a year)	46	8.36
1–2 times a month	221	40.18
At least once a week	99	18.00
More than once a week	184	33.45
Total	550	100

Factors influencing households’ mushroom consumption frequency

Variable	Coefficient	Standard error
Age	0.0145***	0.0043
Gender	−0.1565	0.1045
Marital status	0.0519	0.1095
Basic education	−0.5060	0.2356
Secondary education	−0.3285	0.8697
Tertiary education	0.3632**	0.1168
Formal sector employee	0.0589	0.1728
Informal sector employee	−0.0449	0.1457
Monthly income	−0.0174	0.0185
Household size	−0.0087	0.0155
Taste	0.1333	0.1325
Price	−0.2393*	0.1371
Availability	0.2443*	0.1354
Nutritional value	0.2938**	0.1055
Easy-to- prepare	0.3503*	0.1554
Greater Accra region	−0.1572	0.1357
Ashanti Region	−0.3054*	0.1406
Threshold 1	−0.9638	0.2374
Threshold 2	0.4913	0.2359
Threshold 3	0.9808	0.2388
Wald chi2(16) = 58.34 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Pseudo R2 = 0.0460 Log likelihood = −655.3099
Number of observations = 550