A prospective study of factors associated with successful maturation of arteriovenous fistulas for hemodialysis

Patient characteristics_ The results are shown as the mean ± standard deviation or absolute value (percentage)

Variable	All (N = 37)	Successful maturation		p-value
		Yes (N = 32)	No (N = 5)
Age (years)	49 ± 14	48 ± 14	56 ± 7	0.080
Sex
Male	27 (73%)	27 (78%)	2 (40%)	0.110
Female	10 (27%)	7 (22%)	3 (60%)
BMI (kg/m2)	23.6 ± 3.5	23.4 ± 3.4	24.9 ± 4.0	0.460
Educational level
Until elementary school	29 (78%)	25 (78%)	4 (80%)	1.000
Above high school	8 (22%)	7 (22%)	1 (20%)
Marital status
Married	14(38%)	12(38%)	2(40%)	1.000
Other	23(62%)	20(63%)	3(60%)
Smoking	24 (65%)	22 (69%)	2 (40%)	0.320
Diabetes mellitus	24 (65%)	21 (66%)	3 (60%)	1.000
Etiology
Diabetes	23 (62%)	20(63%)	3(60%)	1.000
Others	14 (38%)	12(38%)	2(40%)
Hypertension	35 (95%)	30 (94%)	5 (100%)	1.000
Number of antihypertensives	2 (1–2)	2 (1–2)	2 (2–3)	0.323
Beta-blockers	2 (5%)	2 (6%)	0 (0%)	0.750
ACEIs	1 (3%)	1(3%)	0 (0%)	1.000
Angiotensin receptor antagonist	13(35%)	12(38%)	1(20%)	0.640
Time in HD (months)	10 (7–18)	10 (8–17)	11 (7–36)	0.721
HD sessions	2 (2–2)	2 (2–2)	2 (2–2)	0.757
Residual uresis (ml)	459 ± 451	454 ± 437	490 ± 592	0.900
Hemoglobin (mg/dL)	9.4 ± 1.3	9.3 ± 1.3	10.1 ± 1	0.160
Creatinine (mg/dL)	9.9 ± 3.4	10 ± 3.3	9.7 ± 4.6	0.880
Urea (mg/dL)	129 ± 50	126 ± 49	149 ± 60	0.450
Glucose (mg/dL)	100 ± 33	100 ± 34	102 ± 27	0.870
Number of venous catheters	2 (1–2)	2 (1–2)	1 (1–3)	0.924

Presurgical characteristics of the vessels and the surgery used to create arteriovenous fistulas_ The results are shown as the mean ± standard deviation, median (25th percentile – 75th percentile) or absolute value and percentage

Variable	All (N = 37)	Successful maturation		p-value
		Yes (N = 32)	No (N = 5)
AVF arm
Left	32 (86%)	27 (84%)	5 (100%)	1.000
Right	5 (14%)	5 (16%)	0 (0%)
AVF vein diameter (mm)	4.2 ± 10.4	4.3 ± 1	3.2 ± 0.9	0.04
Artery diameter (mm)	4.6 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.6	4.5 (0.41)	0.88
Artery area (mm2)	23.5 ± 9.6	24.4 ± 9.9	17.7 ± 4.3	0.15
Resistance index	0.9 ± 0.1	0.91 ± 0.12	0.97 ± 0.04	0.27
Flow-mediated dilation (%)	13.7 ± 6.2	13.8 ± 6.4	13.7 ± 5.9	0.97
Surgical time (minutes)	89 ± 23	88 ± 23	98 ± 23	0.67
Bleeding (ml)	10 (8–20)	10 (8–19)	10 (8–20)	0.75
Atherotomy (mm)	6 (5–7)	6 (6–7)	8 (5–8)	0.38
Artery wall (mm)	0.7 (0.69–0.8)	0.7 (0.69–0.85)	0.7 (0.7–0.76)	0.75
Artery dilation (mm)	0.6 ± 0.2	0.6 ± 0.25	0.62 ± 0.25	0.90

Postsurgical characteristics of the vessels used to establish arteriovenous fistulas_ The results are shown as the mean ± standard deviation, median (25th percentile – 75th percentile) or absolute value and percentage

Variable	All (N = 37)	Successful maturation		p-value
		Yes (N = 32)	No (N = 5)
Thrill	35 (95%)	32 (100%)	3 (60%)	0.01
Vein diameter (6 week) (mm)	6.3 ± 1.06	6.6 ± 0.82	4.7 ± 1.17	0.02
Blood flow (ml/min)	1178.8 ± 764	1321 ± 722	271 ± 170	0.00
Depth (mm)	1.9 ± 0.8	2 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 0.6	0.00
Anastomosis (mm)	4.3 (4–4.8)	4.4 (4–4.8)	4.4 (4–4.8)	0.18