1. bookVolume 49 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)
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Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
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Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov., presumably an exclusively epizoic diatom on sea turtles Dermochelys coriacea and Lepidochelys olivacea from French Guiana

Catherine Riaux-Gobin,
Catherine Riaux-Gobin,
Andrzej Witkowski,
Andrzej Witkowski,
John Patrick Kociolek and
John Patrick Kociolek and
Damien Chevallier
Damien Chevallier
Published Online: 18 Jun 2020
Volume & Issue: Volume 49 (2020) - Issue 2 (June 2020)
Page range: 132 - 139
Received: 09 Sep 2019
Accepted: 05 Dec 2019
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies's Cover Image
Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies
Journal Details
License
Format
Journal
eISSN
1897-3191
First Published
23 Feb 2007
Publication timeframe
4 times per year
Languages
English
Introduction

Epizoic diatoms have been described from diverse hosts (from invertebrates to vertebrates) and diverse environments (from freshwater to marine; see i.e. Wuchter et al. 2003; Wetzel et al. 2010; Riaux-Gobin & Witkowski 2012; Romagnoli et al. 2014; Frankovich et al. 2016; Riaux-Gobin et al. 2017 and references therein). Several genera have been described as presumably obligately epizoic (or potentially commensal, even if no specific study on real relationships between the host and the diatom has ever been published), including Epipellis R.W. Holmes, Bennettella R.W. Holmes (Holmes 1985; Holmes & Nagasawa 1995; Denys & Van Bonn 2001; Denys & De Smet 2010), Epiphalaina R.W. Holmes, Nagasawa & Takano, Plumosigma T. Nemoto, Tursiocola R.W. Holmes, Nagasawa & Takano (Nemoto 1956; Holmes et al. 1993; Denys 1997), Chelonicola Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver and Poulinea Majewska, De Stefano & Van de Vijver (Majewska et al. 2015) and Medlinella Frankovich, Ashworth & M.J. Sullivan (Frankovich et al. 2016). At the species level, several diatoms have also been described as possibly obligate epizoic, including Tripterion kalamensis R.W. Holmes, S. Nagasawa & Takano (1993) and Tripterion philoderma R.W. Holmes, S. Nagasawa & Takano (1993), Pseudofalcula hyalina (Takano) F. Gómez, L. Wang & S. Lin (Takano 1983; Gomez et al. 2018), Pseudohimantidium pacificum Hustedt & Krasske in Krasske (Krasske 1941; Fernandes & Calixto-Feres 2012), Luticola deniseae Wetzel, Van de Vijver & Ector (Wetzel et al. 2010), and Mastogloia sterijovskii A. Pavlov, Jovanovska, C.E. Wetzel, Ector & Levkov (Pavlov et al. 2016).

In 2014–2018, a total of 142 sea turtles from the Equatorial West Atlantic, the Caribbean Basin and the South Pacific were sampled. In the course of these studies, presumably an exclusively epizoic species of Navicula was encountered. The purpose of the presented report is to describe this new taxon based on light and scanning electron microscopy observations.
Materials and methods
Projects and surveyed zones

The study is part of FEDER Martinique (Fonds Européen de Développement Régional), ANTIDOT (Association of News Tools to Improve the understanding of the Dynamic Of Threatened marine turtles, Mission pour l’Interdisciplinarité), DEAL Martinique (Conventions 2012/DEAL/0010/4-4/31882 and 2014/DEAL/0008/4-4/32947), the ODE Martinique (Convention 014-03-2015) and CNRS/IPHC (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien) programs for Martinique (Caribbean Basin) and French Guiana (Equatorial West Atlantic), and part of several projects concerning turtles in the Society Archipelago (South Pacific) coordinated by Te Mana O Te Moana (Observatoire des Tortues marines en Polynésie française). Details of sampling sites are presented in Table 1.

Sampled turtles and geographical location

oceanic basinlocationspeciesnesting or subadultjuvenilelatitudelongitude
Caribbean Sea(Marti nique)Grande Anse d'ArletCM 814°30ʹ10.95ʹʹN61°05ʹ13.01ʹʹW
Anse du Bourg d’ArletCM 2214°29ʹ13.43ʹʹN61°04ʹ58.89ʹʹW
EI 1
MacabouDC1 14°29ʹ55.06ʹ'N60°49ʹ25.42ʹʹW
Les SâlinesEI1 14°23ʹ45.55ʹʹN60°52ʹ14.74ʹʹW
Anse NoireEI 114°31ʹ42.47ʹʹN61°5ʹ20.36ʹʹW
CM 1
PrêcheurEI 114°49ʹ60ʹʹN61°12ʹ0ʹʹW
CM 1
CarbetCM 414°42ʹ0ʹʹN61°10ʹ60ʹʹW
Saint PierreCM 214°43ʹ60ʹʹN61°10ʹ60ʹʹW
EI 1
Petite Anse d’ArletCM 1ndnd
Equatorial Atlantic Ocean (French Guiana)YalimapoDC16 5°44ʹ47.96ʹʹN53°56ʹ37.36ʹʹW
CM13
AztèqueCM4 5°41ʹ12.57ʹʹN53°43ʹ49.07ʹʹW
DC1
CayenneDC3 4°55ʹ10.54ʹʹN52°16ʹ5.31ʹʹW
LO6
South Pacific Ocean (French Polynesia)Te Mana O Te Moana (Moorea)CM 217°29ʹ39.639ʹʹS149°52ʹ13.527ʹʹW
Tiaraunu (Tetiaroa)CM7 16°59ʹ21.5ʹʹS149°34ʹ48.1ʹʹW
Oroatera (Tetiaroa)CM1 16°59ʹ37.4ʹʹS149°32ʹ24.0ʹʹW
Onetahi (Tetiaroa)CM9 17°01ʹ17.9ʹʹS149°35ʹ45.2ʹʹW
TahitiEI 1ndnd
Afareaitu (Moorea)EI 217°33ʹS149°48ʹW
Nu’uroa (Moorea)CM 117°32ʹ5.793ʹʹS149°54ʹ10.325ʹʹW
Haapiti (Moorea)CM 117°33ʹ56.2ʹʹS149°52ʹ09.9ʹʹW
Atiha (Moorea)CM 117°35ʹ09.7ʹʹS149°50ʹ26.8ʹʹW
TetiaroaEI 2ndnd
LO1 ndnd
TikehauCM 115°S148° 10'W
Moorea LagoonEI 1ndnd
Maatea (Moorea)EI 117°35ʹ13.92ʹʹS149°48ʹ20.7036ʹʹW
Opunohu (Moorea)CM 117°30ʹ28.7352ʹʹS149°51ʹ23.9328ʹʹW
Temae (Moorea)CM1 ndnd
MooreaEI1 ndnd
Papetoai (Moorea)CM 1ndnd
Horoatera (Teti aroa)CM1 ndNd

CM = Chelonia mydas; EI = Eretmochelys imbricata; LO = Lepidochelys olivacea; DC = Dermochelys coriacea
Ethic statements

The protocols applied in Martinique and French Guiana were approved by Conseil National de la Protection de la Nature (CNPN, http://www.conservation-nature.fr/acteurs2.php?id=11). The protocol applied in the South Pacific was approved by French Polynesia (Permit number 2157 of Ministère de la promotion des Langues, de la culture, de la Communication et de l’Environnement granted to “Te Mana O Te Moana”).
Field and Laboratory Methods

Epizoic taxa associated to the turtle carapace or soft shell were superficially scraped (sampling period 2014–2018) from small surfaces with a blade. One hundred and forty-two samples from four turtle species [Chelonia mydas L. (CM), Eretmochelys imbricata Linnaeus (EI), Lepidochelys olivacea Eschscholtz (LO) and Dermochelys coriacea Vandelli (DC)] were examined (Table 1). This material was kept in Eppendorf tubes® and preserved with ethanol. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) stubs were prepared with some drops of this material, filtered on a Whatman® Nuclepore filter (1 μm pore size, 13 mm ø) and rinsed twice with deionized water (Milli-Q®) to remove salts. Filters were air-dried, mounted onto aluminum stubs and then coated with gold-palladium alloy (EMSCOP SC 500 sputter coater) and examined under a Hitachi S–4500 SEM operated at 5 kV, calibrated with Silicon grating TGX01 (C2M, Perpignan, France). For light microscopy (LM), the material was washed with distilled water to remove salts, treated with 30% H2O2 for 2 h at 70°C to remove organic matter, rinsed several times in distilled water, alcohol-desiccated and mounted on glass slides using Naphrax®. Diatom slides were examined using Zeiss Axiophot 200 with differential interference contrast (DIC) optics and photographed with a Canon PowerShot EOS1000D digital camera (CRIOBE–USR 3278, Perpignan, France) and Zeiss Axio Imager M2 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) with a 100 × Plan Apochromat oil immersion objective (N.A. = 1.46) equipped with DIC (University of Szczecin, Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Szczecin, Poland).
Results

Navicula dermochelycola Witkowski, Kociolek & Riaux-Gobin sp. nov. LM Fig. 1a–e, SEM Figs 2–4, Table 2.

Figure 1a–e (LM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. Note the alternating longer and shorter striae around the central area. Scale bar = 10 μm for all images

Figure 2a–g (SEM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov.: (a–e) External views of complete valves in valve view, with capitate apices; (f, g) Large and irregular central area with alternating longer and shorter striae (g arrowheads). Note the decussate pattern of areolae. Scale bars 4 μm (a–e); 1 μm (a, f ); 2 μm (g)

Figure 3a–d (SEM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. External views: (a) Capitate apex with visible convergent striae. (b) Free open copula without ornamentation. (c) Apex with open copulae and one row of transapically-elongate and irregularly-spaced puncta (c arrowhead). Note that puncta are not present on copulae at the apex. (d) Copula (probably the valvocopula) with a row of irregular short puncta (d arrow). Scale bars: 3 μm (b); 1 μm (a); 700 nm (c); 600 nm (d)

Figure 4a–c (SEM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. Internal valve views: (a) Entire valve with strongly arched striae near the central area. (b) Helictoglossa laterally-positioned on the central rib. (c) Asymmetrical position of the proximal raphe endings on the elevated rib (c arrow). Note the ellipsoidal areolae. Scale bars: 5 μm (a); 3 μm (c); 600 nm (b)

Features of Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. (French Guiana, Yalimapo, DC). Comparison with several other Navicula taxa (see text)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov.Navicula rostelllataNavicula capitatoradiataNavicula salinarumNavicula fucicola
n (SEM observations)21ndndndnd
Valve shapelinear elliptic with capitate apiceslinear to linear-lanceolate, strongly capitate, narrow endslanceolate, protracted and rostrate apiceselliptical-lanceolate, rostrate apiceslanceolate, rostratecapitate
Length Width L/W15–25 (19 ± 3.0) 3.7–5.0 (4 ± 0.3) 4 ± 0.832–50 8–10 nd35–40 7–8 nd30–40 9–10 nd12–22 5–7 nd
Stria density24.5–30 (28 ± 1.6)11–14 (15)12–1314–1620–24; 24–28 on apices
Areolae on the valve faceradiate to arched striae, apically elongate areolaestriae bent and radiate around the center, apically elongate areolaeradiate to arched striae, apically elongate areolaestriae arched, parallel near apicesstriae radiate to arched
Striae around the central areaalternatively short and longall of the same lengthalternatively short and longalternatively short and longof irregular length
Central areadistinct, bow-tie/butterfly like, expanded, not really asymmetricalexpanded and asymmetricalrelatively restrictedrelatively large, symmetricalsmall
Ethologyepizoic, marinefreshwater, cosmopolitanfreshwaterbrackishmarine, in the mucilage of the apical slit of Fucus vesiculosus
Referencepresent studyKützing 1844 Lange-Bertalot 2001 Potapova & Kociolek 2011Germain 1981 Rushforth & Spaulding 2010Grunow in Cleve & Grunow 1880 Patrick & Reimer 1966 Germain 1981 Kociolek 2011Taassen 1975

nd - no data; Morphometrics expressed as indicated in the original description or in later compilations. Morphometrics of N. dermochelycola sp. nov. expressed as min.–max and mean ± SD (μm, stria density in 10 μm). SD = standard deviation. n = specimens observed in SEM.

Description: Valves small (15–25 μm long, 4–5 μm wide), lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, with subrostrate to capitate apices (with varied shapes of apices in smaller specimens; Fig. 1a–e, Fig. 2a–e). In LM, a distinct terminal hyaline area is visible at each apex (Fig. 1a–e), corresponding to the helictoglossa and adjoining structure detailed with SEM (Fig. 3b).

External view (SEM): Raphe filiform, axial area very narrow and linear. Central area moderately expanded, round to irregular, more or less symmetrical, delineated by alternately longer and shorter striae on both sides of the raphe (Fig. 2a–e). Proximal raphe endings distant, slightly expanded and bent toward the valve primary side (opposite to distal raphe endings; Fig. 3a–c). Distal raphe ends hooked, typical for Navicula sensu stricto (Fig. 2c). Transapical striae radiate, in the middle strongly arched around the central area, becoming slightly convergent toward the apices. Striae equidistant, 24–30 in 10 μm. Transapical striae composed of apically elongate areolae, aligned along a rhombic pattern, ca. 50 in 10 μm. Valve surface flat with oblong striae forming areolae positioned between slightly raised virgae (Fig. 2g).

Internal view (SEM): Raphe slit opening laterally along an elevated rib (Fig. 4a). Internal proximal raphe endings close to each other and simple (Fig. 4c). Raphe terminating distally as an obliquely-positioned helictoglossa surrounded by an elevation or thickened terminal nodule (Fig. 4b), corresponding to the hyaline apical area observed in LM (see above). Girdle narrow, composed of several open and plain copulae. The margin of the valvocopula externally ornamented with one raw of short transapical and elongate puncta or slits (7 in 500 nm, Fig. 3d), absent on the head pole (= closed pole) of the copula.

Holotype: LM slide BM 101 943 (National History Museum, London, U.K.); illustrated in Figure 1.

Isotypes (here designated): Slide SZCZ 25795 in collection A. Witkowski (Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Szczecin, Poland).

Type locality: Nesting Dermochelys coriacea ‘103’ from the Equatorial West Atlantic (French Guiana, locality Yalimapo); 5°44’47.96”N; 53°56’37.36”W. Collector: Damien Chevallier.

Etymology: The epithet dermochelycola was given referring to the turtle host, Dermochelys coriacea (“dermochely” from the turtle host Dermochelys, and “cola” from colere, meaning living in Latin).

Distribution: Found on seven nesting DC from French Guiana (localities: Yalimapo and Aztèque) out of 20 specimens analyzed. Found also on one nesting LO (locality: Cayenne, French Guiana) out of six specimens analyzed. Apparently absent on other turtle species (83 CM, 13 EI) and observed only in French Guiana.

Taxonomic remarks: This diatom is unique among many species of Navicula due to the areolae of striae, which are more ellipsoidal in this new taxon. Our new species resembles Navicula rostellata Kützing (Table 2), but the central striae are alternately longer and shorter (Fig. 2g), and the new species is distinguished by a higher stria density compared to N. rostellata (28 in 10 μm, versus 12–14 in N. rostellata). N. rostellata is a freshwater taxon (Kützing 1844; Lange-Bertalot 2001; Potapova & Kociolek 2011), even if also reported from brackish and marine habitats. The new species also shares some similarities with Navicula salinarum Grunow, but is distinguished by a higher stria density compared to N. salinarum (13–17 in 10 μm in N. salinarum) and a different valve shape (roughly elliptical-lanceolate in N. salinarum; Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986; Patrick & Reimer 1966; Kociolek 2011). Widespread Navicula capitatoradiata Germain (Germain 1981; Rushforth & Spaulding 2010) also shares some similarities with our new species, but is lanceolate in shape, has a lower stria density and a smaller central area compared to our taxon (Germain 1981; Gasse 1986; Lange-Bertalot 2001). Navicula fucicola Taasen (Taasen 1975), which is endophytic in “the mucilage of the apical slit of Fucus vesiculosus L.” (op. cit.: p. 5), also shares some similarities with the new taxon in terms of size and striae densities (12–22 μm in length, 5–7 μm in width, 20–24 striae in mid-valve, 24–28 near apices), but the latter is broadly elliptic-lanceolate in contrast to N. dermochelycola sp. nov., which is lanceolate to linear-lanceolate.

The central area in N. fucicola is also less expanded than in our new taxon (Taasen 1975). It should be noted that the ornamentation on the valvocopula of N. dermochelycola sp. nov. (one row of short slits; Fig. 3c–d) seems unusual for this genus.
Discussion and conclusion

Behavioral studies of marine turtles have not reported any deaths or diseases due to macro- and micro-flora associated with their carapace and skin, while deaths due to accidental fishing (Finkbeiner et al. 2011 and references therein) or following the ingestion of plastics (Nelms et al. 2015; Wilcox et al. 2018; Yaghmour et al. 2018) are confirmed and listed. Furthermore, studies describing cleaning stations for sea turtles (Sazima et al. 2010) tend to prove that turtles come there to restrict the proliferation of algal epibiont material on their bodies and are not that much inconvenienced by them. We can therefore hypothesize that diatoms (such as Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov.) live in a close relationship with their host and that the term commensalism (no vital damage to one with respect to the other, but shelter for diatoms and perhaps a mode of dissemination) can be used. However, we have used the term “presumably exclusively epizoic” throughout the text.

On the other hand, diatoms as well as macroalgae need light to grow, even if epizoic Tursiocola from Manatees was demonstrated to be apochlorotic (Frankovich et al. 2018). Thus, an excessive sediment discharge, such as the one by the Amazon River to the Guiana coast, may affect the acclimation of diatoms on turtles, possibly explaining the very poor colonization on turtles in that region (Riaux-Gobin et al. in revision). Moreover, DC is considered to be the most deep-diving sea turtle (Bjorndal 1996; Dodge et al. 2011), which probably prevents effective growth of diatoms.

Nevertheless, 33% of the DC individuals examined in this study host a specific diatom (Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov.) that has never been found elsewhere, except for one LO individual from the same environment (as mentioned above). The acclimation of this taxon may also be due to the specific structure of the leather-like carapace of DC.

As a result of the present survey of sea turtles from tropical sectors of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, a new benthic diatom taxon is reported, which so far has never been found in another environment. Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. was only present in French Guiana and mainly hosted by DC.

Figure 1a–e (LM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. Note the alternating longer and shorter striae around the central area. Scale bar = 10 μm for all images
Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. Note the alternating longer and shorter striae around the central area. Scale bar = 10 μm for all images

Figure 2a–g (SEM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov.: (a–e) External views of complete valves in valve view, with capitate apices; (f, g) Large and irregular central area with alternating longer and shorter striae (g arrowheads). Note the decussate pattern of areolae. Scale bars 4 μm (a–e); 1 μm (a, f ); 2 μm (g)
Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov.: (a–e) External views of complete valves in valve view, with capitate apices; (f, g) Large and irregular central area with alternating longer and shorter striae (g arrowheads). Note the decussate pattern of areolae. Scale bars 4 μm (a–e); 1 μm (a, f ); 2 μm (g)

Figure 3a–d (SEM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. External views: (a) Capitate apex with visible convergent striae. (b) Free open copula without ornamentation. (c) Apex with open copulae and one row of transapically-elongate and irregularly-spaced puncta (c arrowhead). Note that puncta are not present on copulae at the apex. (d) Copula (probably the valvocopula) with a row of irregular short puncta (d arrow). Scale bars: 3 μm (b); 1 μm (a); 700 nm (c); 600 nm (d)
Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. External views: (a) Capitate apex with visible convergent striae. (b) Free open copula without ornamentation. (c) Apex with open copulae and one row of transapically-elongate and irregularly-spaced puncta (c arrowhead). Note that puncta are not present on copulae at the apex. (d) Copula (probably the valvocopula) with a row of irregular short puncta (d arrow). Scale bars: 3 μm (b); 1 μm (a); 700 nm (c); 600 nm (d)

Figure 4a–c (SEM)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. Internal valve views: (a) Entire valve with strongly arched striae near the central area. (b) Helictoglossa laterally-positioned on the central rib. (c) Asymmetrical position of the proximal raphe endings on the elevated rib (c arrow). Note the ellipsoidal areolae. Scale bars: 5 μm (a); 3 μm (c); 600 nm (b)
Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. Internal valve views: (a) Entire valve with strongly arched striae near the central area. (b) Helictoglossa laterally-positioned on the central rib. (c) Asymmetrical position of the proximal raphe endings on the elevated rib (c arrow). Note the ellipsoidal areolae. Scale bars: 5 μm (a); 3 μm (c); 600 nm (b)

Features of Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. (French Guiana, Yalimapo, DC). Comparison with several other Navicula taxa (see text)

Navicula dermochelycola sp. nov. Navicula rostelllata Navicula capitatoradiata Navicula salinarum Navicula fucicola
n (SEM observations) 21 nd nd nd nd
Valve shape linear elliptic with capitate apices linear to linear-lanceolate, strongly capitate, narrow ends lanceolate, protracted and rostrate apices elliptical-lanceolate, rostrate apices lanceolate, rostratecapitate
Length Width L/W 15–25 (19 ± 3.0) 3.7–5.0 (4 ± 0.3) 4 ± 0.8 32–50 8–10 nd 35–40 7–8 nd 30–40 9–10 nd 12–22 5–7 nd
Stria density 24.5–30 (28 ± 1.6) 11–14 (15) 12–13 14–16 20–24; 24–28 on apices
Areolae on the valve face radiate to arched striae, apically elongate areolae striae bent and radiate around the center, apically elongate areolae radiate to arched striae, apically elongate areolae striae arched, parallel near apices striae radiate to arched
Striae around the central area alternatively short and long all of the same length alternatively short and long alternatively short and long of irregular length
Central area distinct, bow-tie/butterfly like, expanded, not really asymmetrical expanded and asymmetrical relatively restricted relatively large, symmetrical small
Ethology epizoic, marine freshwater, cosmopolitan freshwater brackish marine, in the mucilage of the apical slit of Fucus vesiculosus
Reference present study Kützing 1844 Lange-Bertalot 2001 Potapova & Kociolek 2011 Germain 1981 Rushforth & Spaulding 2010 Grunow in Cleve & Grunow 1880 Patrick & Reimer 1966 Germain 1981 Kociolek 2011 Taassen 1975

Sampled turtles and geographical location

oceanic basin location species nesting or subadult juvenile latitude longitude
Caribbean Sea(Marti nique) Grande Anse d'Arlet CM 8 14°30ʹ10.95ʹʹN 61°05ʹ13.01ʹʹW
Anse du Bourg d’Arlet CM 22 14°29ʹ13.43ʹʹN 61°04ʹ58.89ʹʹW
EI 1
Macabou DC 1 14°29ʹ55.06ʹ'N 60°49ʹ25.42ʹʹW
Les Sâlines EI 1 14°23ʹ45.55ʹʹN 60°52ʹ14.74ʹʹW
Anse Noire EI 1 14°31ʹ42.47ʹʹN 61°5ʹ20.36ʹʹW
CM 1
Prêcheur EI 1 14°49ʹ60ʹʹN 61°12ʹ0ʹʹW
CM 1
Carbet CM 4 14°42ʹ0ʹʹN 61°10ʹ60ʹʹW
Saint Pierre CM 2 14°43ʹ60ʹʹN 61°10ʹ60ʹʹW
EI 1
Petite Anse d’Arlet CM 1 nd nd
Equatorial Atlantic Ocean (French Guiana) Yalimapo DC 16 5°44ʹ47.96ʹʹN 53°56ʹ37.36ʹʹW
CM 13
Aztèque CM 4 5°41ʹ12.57ʹʹN 53°43ʹ49.07ʹʹW
DC 1
Cayenne DC 3 4°55ʹ10.54ʹʹN 52°16ʹ5.31ʹʹW
LO 6
South Pacific Ocean (French Polynesia) Te Mana O Te Moana (Moorea) CM 2 17°29ʹ39.639ʹʹS 149°52ʹ13.527ʹʹW
Tiaraunu (Tetiaroa) CM 7 16°59ʹ21.5ʹʹS 149°34ʹ48.1ʹʹW
Oroatera (Tetiaroa) CM 1 16°59ʹ37.4ʹʹS 149°32ʹ24.0ʹʹW
Onetahi (Tetiaroa) CM 9 17°01ʹ17.9ʹʹS 149°35ʹ45.2ʹʹW
Tahiti EI 1 nd nd
Afareaitu (Moorea) EI 2 17°33ʹS 149°48ʹW
Nu’uroa (Moorea) CM 1 17°32ʹ5.793ʹʹS 149°54ʹ10.325ʹʹW
Haapiti (Moorea) CM 1 17°33ʹ56.2ʹʹS 149°52ʹ09.9ʹʹW
Atiha (Moorea) CM 1 17°35ʹ09.7ʹʹS 149°50ʹ26.8ʹʹW
Tetiaroa EI 2 nd nd
LO 1 nd nd
Tikehau CM 1 15°S 148° 10'W
Moorea Lagoon EI 1 nd nd
Maatea (Moorea) EI 1 17°35ʹ13.92ʹʹS 149°48ʹ20.7036ʹʹW
Opunohu (Moorea) CM 1 17°30ʹ28.7352ʹʹS 149°51ʹ23.9328ʹʹW
Temae (Moorea) CM 1 nd nd
Moorea EI 1 nd nd
Papetoai (Moorea) CM 1 nd nd
Horoatera (Teti aroa) CM 1 nd Nd

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