Login
Register
Reset Password
Publish & Distribute
Publishing Solutions
Distribution Solutions
Subjects
Architecture and Design
Arts
Business and Economics
Chemistry
Classical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies
Computer Sciences
Cultural Studies
Engineering
General Interest
Geosciences
History
Industrial Chemistry
Jewish Studies
Law
Library and Information Science, Book Studies
Life Sciences
Linguistics and Semiotics
Literary Studies
Materials Sciences
Mathematics
Medicine
Music
Pharmacy
Philosophy
Physics
Social Sciences
Sports and Recreation
Theology and Religion
Publications
Journals
Books
Proceedings
Publishers
Blog
Contact
Search
EUR
USD
GBP
English
English
Deutsch
Polski
Español
Français
Italiano
Cart
Home
Journals
Nordic Tax Journal
Volume 2020 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)
Open Access
The Taxation of Industrial Foundations in Sweden (1862–2018)
Dan Johansson
Dan Johansson
,
Mikael Stenkula
Mikael Stenkula
and
Niklas Wykman
Niklas Wykman
| Mar 11, 2021
Nordic Tax Journal
Volume 2020 (2020): Issue 1 (January 2020)
About this article
Previous Article
Next Article
Abstract
Article
Figures & Tables
References
Authors
Articles in this Issue
Preview
PDF
Cite
Share
Article Category:
Article
Published Online:
Mar 11, 2021
Page range:
1 - 14
Received:
May 10, 2019
Accepted:
Oct 06, 2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1515/ntaxj-2019-0006
Keywords
business groups
,
entrepreneurs
,
family firms
,
foundations
,
taxation
© 2019 Dan Johansson et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1
The highest and lowest statutory marginal corporate income tax rate, 1862–2018.Note: The statutory marginal corporate income tax rate refers to the total effect of local and state corporate income taxes. The progressive state corporate income tax was replaced by a proportional tax in 1939.Source: Johansson et al. [27] and updated by the authors.
Figure 2
The inflation rate, 1862–2018.Note: The inflation rates for 1917 (26%) and 1918 (47%) are excluded to increase clarity.Source: http://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/priseroch-konsumtion/konsumentprisindex/konsumentprisindex-kpi/pong/tabell-och-diagram/konsumentprisindex-kpi/inflation-i-sverige/
Figure 3
The marginal effective tax rate (METR), new share issues, and retained earnings, 1862–2018.Source: Own calculation.
Figure 4
The marginal effective tax rate (METR), new share issues, and retained earnings, 1862–2018, including the cash flow effect.Note: The METR is calculated under the assumption that the foundation has to pay 80% of its net income for charitable purposes. The figure is truncated, and extreme spikes because of inflation (26% in 1917 and 47% in 1918) during World War I are excluded to increase clarity.Source: Own calculation.
Figure 5
The marginal effective tax rate (METR), mixed case, 1862–2018.Note: The METR is calculated under the assumption that the foundation has to pay 80% of its net income for charitable purposes. The calculations are made under the assumption that the stock return follows the average pattern in the stock market, that is, that dividend yields account for 40% of the return and price changes (capital gains) for 60%. The figure is truncated, and extreme spikes because of inflation (26% in 1917 and 47% in 1918) during World War I are excluded to increase clarity.Source: Own calculations.