[
Abdoun K., Stumpff F., Martens H. (2006). Ammonia and urea transport across the rumen epithelium:areview. Anim. Health Res. Rev., 7: 43-59.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Abdoun K., Stumpff F., Rabbani I., Martens H. (2010). Modulation of urea transport across sheep rumen epithelium in vitro by SCFAand CO2. Am. J. Physiol.-Gastr. L., 298: G190-G202.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Armbruster C.E., Smith S.N., Yep A., Mobley H.L. (2014). Increased incidence of urolithiasis and bacteremia during Proteus mirabilis and Providencia stuartii coinfection due to synergistic induction of urease activity. J. Infect Dis., 209: 1524-1532.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Balcells J., Guada J., Castrillo C., Gasa J. (1993). Rumen digestion and urinary excretion of purine derivatives in response to urea supplementation of sodium-treated straw fed to sheep. Brit. J. Nutr., 69: 721-732.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Baldwin R.L.T., Wu S., Li W., Li C., Bequette B.J., Li R.W. (2012). Quantification of transcriptome responses of the rumen epithelium to butyrate infusion using RNA-seq technology. Gene Regul. Syst. Bio., 6: 67-80.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Bankir L., Chen K., Yang B. (2004). Lack of UT-Bin vasa recta and red blood cells prevents urea-induced improvement of urinary concentrating ability. Am. J. Physiol-Renal, 286: F144-F151.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Batista E.D., Detmann E., Valadares Filho S.C., Titgemeyer E.C., Valadares R.F. (2017). The effect of CPconcentration in the diet on urea kinetics and microbial usage of recycled urea in cattle:ameta-analysis. Animal, 11: 1303-1311.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Belzer C., Stoof J., Beckwith C.S., Kuipers E.J., Kusters J.G.,van Vliet A.H. (2005). Differential regulation of urease activity in Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter pylori. Microbiology, 151: 3989-3995.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Benini S., Rypniewski W.R., Wilson K.S., Miletti S., Ciurli S., Mangani S. (2000). The complex of Bacillus pasteurii urease with acetohydroxamate anion from X-ray data at 1.55 Å resolution. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 5: 110-118.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Biagi F., Musiani F., Ciurli S. (2013). Structure of the Ure D-Ure F-Ure G-Ure Ecomplex in Helicobacter pylori:amodel study. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 18: 571-577.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Boer J.L., Hausinger R.P. (2012). Klebsiella aerogenes Ure F: identification of the Ure Gbinding site and role in enhancing the fidelity of urease activation. Biochemistry, 51: 2298-2308.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Brent B., Adepoju A., Portela F. (1971). Inhibition of rumen urease with acetohydroxamic Acid. J. Anim. Sci., 32: 794-798.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Burbank M.B., Weaver T.J., Williams B.C., Crawford R.L. (2012). Urease activity of ureolytic bacteria isolated from six soils in which calcite was precipitated by indigenous bacteria. Geomicrobiol. J., 29: 389-395.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Chaucheyras- Durand F., Ossa F. (2014). Review: The rumen microbiome: Composition, abundance, diversity, and new investigative tools. Prof. Anim. Sci., 30: 1-12.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Collier J.L., Baker K.M., Bell S.L. (2009). Diversity of urea-degrading microorganisms in openocean and estuarine planktonic communities. Environ. Microbiol., 11: 3118-3131.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cook A. (1976). Urease activity in the rumen of sheep and the isolation of ureolytic bacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol., 92: 32-48.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Cook A.R., Riley P.W., Murdoch H., Evans P.N., Mc Donald I.R. (2007). Howardella ureilytica gen. nov., sp. nov.,a Gram-positive, coccoid-shaped bacterium fromasheep rumen. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 57: 2940-2945.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Coyle J., Mc Daid S., Walpole C., Stewart G.S. (2016). UT-Burea transporter localization in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. J. Membr. Biol., 249: 77-85.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dionissopoulos L., Al Zahal O., Steele M.A., Matthews J.C., Mc Bride B.W. (2014). Transcriptomic changes in ruminal tissue induced by the periparturient transition in dairy cows. Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 9: 36.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Dyhrman S.T., Anderson D.M. (2003). Urease activity in cultures and field populations of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium. Limnol. Oceanogr., 48: 647-655.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Erb R., Brown C., Callahan C., Moeller N., Hill D., Cunningham M. (1976). Dietary urea for dairy cattle. II. Effect on functional traits. J. Dairy Sci., 59: 656-667.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Farrugia M.A., Macomber L., Hausinger R.P. (2013). Biosynthesis of the urease metallocenter. J. Biol. Chem., 288: 13178-13185.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Firkins J., Yu Z. (2006). Characterisation and quantification of the microbial populations in the rumen. In: Ruminant physiology, digestion, metabolism and impact of nutrition on gene expression, immunology and stress, K. Sejrsen, T. Hvelplund, M.O. Nielsen (eds). Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp. 19-54.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Fong Y.H., Wong H.C., Yuen M.H., Lau P.H., Chen Y.W., Wong K.B. (2013). Structure of Ure G/Ure F/Ure Hcomplex reveals how urease accessory proteins facilitate maturation of Helicobacter pylori urease. PLo S Biol., 11: e1001678.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Giallongo F., Hristov A.N., Oh J., Frederick T., Weeks H., Werner J., Lapierre H., Patton R.A., Gehman A., Parys C. (2015). Effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected methionine and histidine on performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 98: 3292-3308.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Harmeyer J., Martens H. (1980). Aspects of urea metabolism in ruminants with reference to the goat. J. Dairy Sci., 63: 1707-1728.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Holder V.B., Tricarico J.M., Kim D.H., Kristensen N.B., Harmon D.L. (2015). The effects of degradable nitrogen level and slow release urea on nitrogen balance and urea kinetics in Holstein steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 200: 57-65.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Hu L., Mobley H. (1990). Purification and N-terminal analysis of urease from Helicobacter pylori. Infect. Immun., 58: 992-998.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Huntington G., Archibeque S. (2000). Practical aspects of urea and ammonia metabolism in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci., 77: 1-11.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Imaizumi H., Batistel F.,de Souza J., Santos F.A. (2015). Replacing soybean meal for wet brewer's grains or urea on the performance of lactating dairy cows. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 47: 877-882.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jabri E., Carr M.B., Hausinger R.P., Karplus P.A. (1995). The crystal structure of urease from Klebsiella aerogenes. Science, 268: 998.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jin D., Zhao S., Wang P., Zheng N., Bu D., Beckers Y., Wang J. (2016). Insights into abundant rumen ureolytic bacterial community using rumen simulation system. Front. Microbiol., 7: 1006.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jin D., Zhao S., Zheng N., Bu D., Beckers Y., Denman S.E., Mc Sweeney C.S., Wang J. (2017). Differences in ureolytic bacterial composition between the rumen digesta and rumen wall based on ure Cgene classification. Front. Microbiol., 8.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Jones G., Milligan J. (1975). Influence on some rumen and blood parameters of feeding acetohydroxamic acid inaurea-containing ration for lambs. Can. J. Anim. Sci., 55: 39-47.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kakimoto S., Okazaki K., Sakane T., Imai K., Sumino Y., Akiyama S.-I., Nakao Y. (1989). Isolation and taxonomie characterization of acid urease-producing bacteria. Agric. Biol. Chem., 53: 1111-1117.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kertz A.F. (2010). Review: urea feeding to dairy cattle:ahistorical perspective and review. Prof. Anim. Sci., 26: 257-272.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kertz A., Davidson L., Cords B., Puch H. (1983). Ruminal infusion of ammonium chloride in lactating cows to determine effect of p Hon ammonia trapping. J. Dairy Sci., 66: 2597-2601.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kim J.N., Henriksen E.D., Cann I.K., Mackie R.I. (2014). Nitrogen utilization and metabolism in Ruminococcus albus 8. Appl. Environ. Microb., 80: 3095-3102.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kim M., Morrison M., Yu Z. (2011). Status of the phylogenetic diversity census of ruminal microbiomes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 76: 49-63.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Kohn R., Dinneen M., Russek-Cohen E. (2005). Using blood urea nitrogen to predict nitrogen excretion and efficiency of nitrogen utilization in cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, and rats. J. Anim. Sci., 83: 879-889.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lapierre H., Lobley G. (2001). Nitrogen recycling in the ruminant: Areview. J. Dairy Sci., 84: E223-E236.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lauková A., Koniarová I. (1994). Survey of urease activity in ruminal bacteria isolated from domestic and wild ruminants. Microbios, 84: 7-11.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Law R.A., Young F.J., Patterson D.C., Kilpatrick D.J., Wylie A.R., Mayne C.S. (2009). Effect of dietary protein content on animal production and blood metabolites of dairy cows during lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 1001-1012.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ligabue-Braun R., Real-Guerra R., Carlini C.R., Verli H. (2013). Evidence-based docking of the urease activation complex. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn., 31: 854-861.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Litman T., Søgaard R., Zeuthen T. (2009). Ammonia and urea permeability of mammalian aquaporins. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol., pp. 327-358.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Liu Q., Bender R.A. (2007). Complex regulation of urease formation from the two promoters of the ure operon of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol., 189: 7593-7599.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Liu Y., Hu T., Jiang D., Zhang J., Zhou X. (2008). Regulation of urease gene of Actinomyces naeslundii in biofilms in response to environmental factors. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 278: 157-163.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lu Z., Stumpff F., Deiner C., Rosendahl J., Braun H., Abdoun K., Aschenbach J.R., Martens H. (2014). Modulation of sheep ruminal urea transport by ammonia and p H. Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 307: R558-R570.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Lu Z., Gui H., Yao L., Yan L., Martens H., Aschenbach J.R., Shen Z. (2015). Short-chain fatty acids and acidic p Hupregulate UT-B, GPR41, and GPR4 in rumen epithelial cells of goats. Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol., 308: R283-R293.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ludden P., Harmon D., Huntington G., Larson B., Axe D. (2000). Influence of the novel urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide on ruminant nitrogen metabolism: II.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ruminal nitrogen metabolism, diet digestibility, and nitrogen balance in lambs. J. Anim. Sci., 78: 188-198.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Marini J.C., Fox D.G., Murphy M.R. (2008). Nitrogen transactions along the gastrointestinal tract of cattle: Ameta-analytical approach. J. Anim. Sci., 86: 660-679.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mehta N., Olson J.W., Maier R.J. (2003). Characterization of Helicobacter pylori nickel metabolism accessory proteins needed for maturation of both urease and hydrogenase. J. Bacteriol., 185: 726-734.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Milton C., Brandt Jr R., Titgemeyer E. (1997). Urea in dry-rolled corn diets: finishing steer performance, nutrient digestion, and microbial protein production. J. Anim. Sci., 75: 1415--1424.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mobley H., Island M.D., Hausinger R.P. (1995). Molecular biology of microbial ureases. Microbiol. Rev., 59: 451-480.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Mörsdorf G., Kaltwasser H. (1989). Ammonium assimilation in Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus pasteurii, and Sporosarcina ureae. Arch. Microbiol., 152: 125-131.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Naeem A., Drackley J.K., Lanier J.S., Everts R.E., Rodriguez- Zas S.L., Loor J.J. (2014). Ruminal epithelium transcriptome dynamics in response to plane of nutrition and age in young Holstein calves. Funct. Integr. Genomics, 14: 261-273.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
On S., Atabay H., Corry J., Harrington C., Vandamme P. (1998). Emended description of Campylobacter sputorum and revision of its infrasubspecific (biovar) divisions, including C. sputorum biovar paraureolyticus,aurease-producing variant from cattle and humans. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 48: 195-206.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Owens F.N., Lusby K.S., Mizwicki K., Forero O. (1980). Slow ammonia release from urea: rumen and metabolism studies. J. Anim. Sci., 50: 527-531.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Patra A.K. (2015). Urea/ammonia metabolism in the rumen and toxicity in ruminants. In: Rumen microbiology: from evolution to revolution, Uniya A.K., Singh R., Kamra D.N. (eds). New Delhi, Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht, London, Springer, pp. 329-341.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Pisulewski P.M., Okorie A.U., Buttery P.J., Haresign W., Lewis D. (1981). Ammonia concentration and protein synthesis in the rumen. J. Sci. Food Agric., 32: 759-766.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Polan C., Miller C., Mc Gilliard M. (1976). Variable dietary protein and urea for intake and production in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 59: 1910-1914.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Puppel K., Kuczynska B. (2016). Metabolic profiles of cow’s blood;areview. J. Sci. Food Agric., 96: 4321-4328.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Reed K.E. (2001). Restriction enzyme mapping of bacterial urease genes: using degenerate primers to expand experimental outcomes. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Edu., 29: 239-244.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Reynolds C.K., Kristensen N.B. (2008). Nitrogen recycling through the gut and the nitrogen economy of ruminants: an asynchronous symbiosis. J. Anim. Sci., 86: E293-305.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rojek A., Praetorius J., Frokiaer J., Nielsen S., Fenton R.A. (2008). Acurrent view of the mammalian aquaglyceroporins. Annu. Rev. Physiol., 70: 301-327.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Rojen B.A., Poulsen S.B., Theil P.K., Fenton R.A., Kristensen N.B. (2011). Short communication: Effects of dietary nitrogen concentration on messenger RNAexpression and protein abundance of urea transporter-Band aquaporins in ruminal papillae from lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 94: 2587-2591.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Ryder W., Hillman D., Huber J. (1972). Effect of feeding urea on reproductive efficiency in Michigan Dairy Herd Improvement Association herds. J. Dairy Sci., 55: 1290-1294.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Simmons N., Chaudhry A., Graham C., Scriven E., Thistlethwaite A., Smith C., Stewart G. (2009). Dietary regulation of ruminal bovine UT-Burea transporter expression and localization. J. Anim. Sci., 87: 3288.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Sinclair L.A., Blake C.W., Griffin P., Jones G.H. (2012). The partial replacement of soyabean meal and rapeseed meal with feed grade urea oraslow-release urea and its effect on the performance, metabolism and digestibility in dairy cows. Animal, 6: 920-927.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Singh B.K., Nunan N., Millard P. (2009). Response of fungal, bacterial and ureolytic communities to synthetic sheep urine deposition inagrassland soil. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 70: 109-117.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Smith C., Rousselet G. (2001). Facilitative urea transporters. J. Membrane Biol., 183: 1-14.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stewart G.S., Smith C.P. (2005). Urea nitrogen salvage mechanisms and their relevance to ruminants, non-ruminants and man. Nutr. Res. Rev., 18: 49-62.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Stewart G., Graham C., Cattell S., Smith T., Simmons N., Smith C. (2005). UT-Bis expressed in bovine rumen: potential role in ruminal urea transport. Am. J. Physiol- Reg. I., 289: R605-R612.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Su J., Jin L., Jiang Q., Sun W., Zhang F., Li Z. (2013). Phylogenetically diverse ure Cgenes and their expression suggest the urea utilization by bacterial symbionts in marine sponge Xestospongia testudinaria. Plos One, 8: e64848.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Symonds H., Mather D.L., Collis K. (1981). The maximum capacity of the liver of the adult dairy cow to metabolize ammonia. Brit. J. Nutr., 46: 481-486.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Upadhyay L.S.B. (2012). Urease inhibitors: Areview. Indian J. Biotechnol., 11: 381-388.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Visser H.de , Valk H., Klop A., Van Der Meulen J., Bakker J., Huntington G. (1997). Nutrient fluxes in splanchnic tissue of dairy cows: Influence of grass quality. J. Dairy Sci., 80: 1666-1673.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Voigt J., Krawielitzki R., Piatkowski B. (1980 a). Studies on the effect of phosphoric phenyl ester diamide as inhibitor of rumen urease in dairy cows. 3. Digestibility of the nutrients and bacterial protein synthesis. Arch. Tierernahr., 30: 835-840.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Voigt J., Piatkowski B., Bock J. (1980 b). Studies on the effect of phosphoric phenyl ester diamide as inhibitor of the rumen urease of dairy cows. 1. Influence on urea hydrolysis, ammonia release and fermentation in the rumen. Arch. Tierernahr., 30: 811-823.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Walpole M.E., Schurmann B.L., Gorka P., Penner G.B., Loewen M.E., Mutsvan-gwa T. (2015). Serosal-to-mucosal urea flux across the isolated ruminal epithelium is mediated via urea transporter-Band aquaporins when Holstein calves are abruptly changed toamoderately fermentable diet. J. Dairy Sci., 98: 1204-1213.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wanapat M., Phesatcha K., Kang S. (2016). Rumen adaptation of swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) by high level of urea supplementation when fed on rice straw-based diet. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 48: 1135-1140.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Weeks D.L., Sachs G. (2001). Sites of p Hregulation of the urea channel of Helicobacter pylori. Mol. Microbiol., 40: 1249-1259.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Whitelaw F.G., Milne J.S., Wright S.A. (1991). Urease (EC 3.5.1.5) inhibition in the sheep rumen and its effect on urea and nitrogen metabolism. Br. J. Nutr., 66: 209-225.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wickersham T., Titgemeyer E., Cochran R., Wickersham E., Gnad D. (2008). Effect of rumen-degradable intake protein supplementation on urea kinetics and microbial use of recycled urea in steers consuming low-quality forage. J. Anim. Sci., 86: 3079-3088.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wilson G., Martz F., Campbell J., Becker B. (1975). Evaluation of factors responsible for reduced voluntary intake of urea diets for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci., 41: 1431-1437.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Witte C.-P., Rosso M.G., Romeis T. (2005). Identification of three urease accessory proteins that are required for urease activation in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol., 139: 1155-1162.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Wozny M., Bryant M., Holdeman L.T., Moore W. (1977). Urease assay and urease-producing species of anaerobes in the bovine rumen and human feces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 33: 1097-1104.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Yuan P., Meng K., Wang Y., Luo H., Huang H., Shi P., Bai Y., Yang P., Yao B. (2012). Abundance and genetic diversity of microbial polygalacturonase and pectate lyase in the sheep rumen ecosystem. Plo S One, 7: e40940.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zambelli B., Berardi A., Martin-Diaconescu V., Mazzei L., Musiani F., Ma roney M.J., Ciurli S. (2014). Nickel binding properties of Helicobacter pylori Ure F, an accessory protein in the nickel-based activation of urease. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 19: 319-334.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhang Y.G., Shan A.S., Bao J. (2001). Effect of hydroquinone on ruminal urease in the sheep and its inhibition kinetics in vitro. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 14: 1216-1220.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhao S., Wang J., Zheng N., Bu D., Sun P., Yu Z. (2015). Reducing microbial ureolytic activity in the rumen by immunization against urease therein. BMC Vet. Res., 11: 94.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
Zhou J.W., Guo X.S., Degen A.A., Zhang Y., Liu H., Mi J.D., Ding L.M., Wang H.C., Qiu Q., Long R.J. (2015). Urea kinetics and nitrogen balance and requirements for maintenance in Tibetan sheep when fed oat hay. Small Rumin. Res., 129: 60-68.
]Search in Google Scholar