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Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from leaves of the common sage Salvia officinalis L. from Abha, Saudi Arabia

Atef El Jery
Atef El Jery
, 
Mudassir Hasan
Mudassir Hasan
, 
Md Mamoon Rashid
Md Mamoon Rashid
, 
Mohammed Khaloofah Al Mesfer
Mohammed Khaloofah Al Mesfer
, 
Mohd Danish
Mohd Danish
 and 
Faouzi Ben Rebah
Faouzi Ben Rebah
   | Dec 31, 2020
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Article Category: Original article
Published Online: Dec 31, 2020
Page range: 261 - 270
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2020-0035
Keywords
© 2020 Atef El Jery et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

Gas chromatogram of essential oil from leaves of Salvia officinalis L. A Hewlett Packard HP 5890 gas chromatography system coupled with an HP 5972 Mass Selective Detector set to scan from 20 m/z to 550 m/z was used with a DB-5 capillary column (length 25 m; Agilent Technologies). The carrier gas was helium at a linear velocity of 30.1 cm/s and an inlet pressure of 99.8 kPa. The detector temperature was 250 °C with a 1.2 mL/min carrier gas flow rate. Feed oil with 1% hexane was injected in a split mode in 0.2 μL at 240 °C. The ionization energy was 70 eV. The flame ionization detection peaks are indicative of various constituents of the essential oil that were recognized by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with entries in the Wiley version 7.0 and National Institute of Standards and Technology 05 MS (NIST) spectral data libraries. Relative abundance and retention times are shown for the following: (a) α-pinene; (b) camphene; (c) β-pinene; (d) myrcene; (e) 1,8-cineole; (f) α-thujone; (g) camphor; (h) carvone; (i) bornyl acetate; (j) β-bourbonene; (k) trans-β-caryophyllene; (l) germacrene D; (m), globulol; and (n) viridiflorol.
Gas chromatogram of essential oil from leaves of Salvia officinalis L. A Hewlett Packard HP 5890 gas chromatography system coupled with an HP 5972 Mass Selective Detector set to scan from 20 m/z to 550 m/z was used with a DB-5 capillary column (length 25 m; Agilent Technologies). The carrier gas was helium at a linear velocity of 30.1 cm/s and an inlet pressure of 99.8 kPa. The detector temperature was 250 °C with a 1.2 mL/min carrier gas flow rate. Feed oil with 1% hexane was injected in a split mode in 0.2 μL at 240 °C. The ionization energy was 70 eV. The flame ionization detection peaks are indicative of various constituents of the essential oil that were recognized by comparing their retention time and mass spectra with entries in the Wiley version 7.0 and National Institute of Standards and Technology 05 MS (NIST) spectral data libraries. Relative abundance and retention times are shown for the following: (a) α-pinene; (b) camphene; (c) β-pinene; (d) myrcene; (e) 1,8-cineole; (f) α-thujone; (g) camphor; (h) carvone; (i) bornyl acetate; (j) β-bourbonene; (k) trans-β-caryophyllene; (l) germacrene D; (m), globulol; and (n) viridiflorol.

Figure 2

2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (% inhibition) of essential oil from the leaves of Salvia officinalis L. in methanol. Absorbance was determined at 517 nm. Means and standard deviations of triplicate measurements are presented. A regression line shows y = 0.033x + 17.99; R2 = 0.898. IC50 = 970 ± 5.5 μg/mL. Error bars indicate standard deviation.
2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (% inhibition) of essential oil from the leaves of Salvia officinalis L. in methanol. Absorbance was determined at 517 nm. Means and standard deviations of triplicate measurements are presented. A regression line shows y = 0.033x + 17.99; R2 = 0.898. IC50 = 970 ± 5.5 μg/mL. Error bars indicate standard deviation.

Comparative data for the regional chemical profiles of essential oils from the common sage Salvia officinalis.

Chemical class and componentsAbha (Saudi Arabia) [present work]Tunisia [10]Greece [11]Algeria [12]Serbia and Montenegro [13]Iran [14]Kashmir [15]Turkey [16]
Monoterpene hydrocarbons
α-Pinene1.15 ± 0.11.953.30.224.583.57.693.02
Camphene2.58 ± 0.170.981.310.415.280.256.110.6
β-Pinene2.06 ± 0.055.11–0.371.690.2528.3313.08
Myrcene1.26 ± 0.112.040.40.250.75––1.02
α-Terpinene0.32 ± 0.030.410.19–0.34–0.260.27
p-Cymene0.36 ± 0.020.350.32–1.89–1.19–
γ-Terpinene0.59 ± 0.050.830.27–0.59–0.66–
α-Terpinolene0.53 ± 0.040.280.58–0.38–0.46–
Monoterpenes, oxygenated
1,8-Cineole15.0 ± 0.5119.9841.222.9718.547.57.76–
α-Thujone14.9 ± 0.3518.357.236.7425.35–40.454.68
β-Thujone5.68 ± 0.277.15.588.816.04–4.9731.9
Camphor20.3 ± 0.917.2325.311.3424.8–36.97–
Pinocamphone0.38 ± 0.030.55––0.341.8––
Borneol2.16 ± 0.141.23.732.948.51.618.383.14
α-Terpineol1.15 ± 0.060.790.140.250.223.80.5–
Carvone6.2 ± 0.15–––––––
Bornyl acetate1.6 ± 0.070.251.8–4.910.122.1–
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
β-Bourbonene0.89 ± 0.030.03––––––
β-Elemene0.82 ± 0.030.03––––––
trans-β-Caryophyllene4.01 ± 0.736.484.481.54–11.517.323.08
α-Humulene2.13 ± 0.116.272.563.1512.49–3.610.17
Germacrene D2.52 ± 0.530.02–––2.70.42–
Germacrene B0.9 ± 0.08–––––––
Sesquiterpenes, oxygenated
Globulol1.67 ± 0.160.12–––0.74––
Viridiflorol9.9 ± 0.6716.322.61–26.1–2.1610.74
Sesquiterpenoid, oxygenated
Humulene epoxide0.86 ± 0.020.851.8–1.82–1.06–

Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L.

Gram stainingBacteriaInhibition diameter (mm)MIC† (μg/mL)MBC‡ (μg/mL)
EOGentamycin
PositiveEnterococcus faecalis ATCC 2921216.6 ± 0.2317.4 ± 0.95658.6 ± 37.2869.6 ± 95.8
Micrococcus luteus ATCC 46989.5 ± 0.4719.8 ± 0.89128.3 ± 9.7121.2 ± 8.1
Salmonella enterica ATCC 3566414.2 ± 0.5118.2 ± 0.511,398.1 ± 50.71,387.4 ± 161.8
Bacillus subtilis ATCC 663324.8 ± 0.1120.9 ± 0.4262.2 ± 3.9120.3 ± 7.6
Streptococcus aureus ATCC 2921323.5 ± 0.5717.7 ± 0.55123.5 ± 5.7153 ± 6.2
NegativeEscherichia coli ATCC 873925.2 ± 0.4121.1 ± 0.25350.2 ± 6.4386 ± 8.3
Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 1003122.6 ± 0.7318.7 ± 0.93450.3 ± 56.6557.1 ± 96.7
Shigella sonnei ATCC 2993015.4 ± 0.1718.2 ± 0.63968.4 ± 120.6995.2 ± 145.6
Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 233088.7 ± 0.2819.1 ± 0.31650.7 ± 40.81,225.2 ± 100.9
Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 902721.3 ± 0.3418.2 ± 0.54323.4 ± 69.5394.8 ± 86.8

Composition of essential oil extracted from leaves of Salvia officinalis L. by hydrodistillation

Volatile compound† and chemical classRetention time (min)RI‡Percentage of total EO§Formula
α-Pinene4.429381.15 ± 0.1C10H16
Camphene4.649542.58 ± 0.17C10H16
β-Pinene5.049802.06 ± 0.05C10H16
Myrcene5.189941.26 ± 0.11C10H16
α-Terpinene5.591,0180.32 ± 0.03C10H16
p-Cymene5.731,0260.36 ± 0.02C10H14
γ-Terpinene6.211,0620.59 ± 0.05C10H16
α-Terpinolene6.661,0900.53 ± 0.04C10H16
Monoterpene hydrocarbons8.85
1,8-Cineole5.861,03515.0 ± 0.51C10H18O
α-Thujone7.021,10914.9 ± 0.35C10H16O
β-Thujone7.151,1205.7 ± 0.27C10H16O
Camphor7.641,14820.3 ± 0.91C10H16O
Pinocamphone7.801,1610.38 ± 0.03C10H16O
Borneol7.891,1682.16 ± 0.14C10H18O
α-Terpineol8.031,1761.15 ± 0.06C10H18O
Carvone9.011,2486.2 ± 0.15C10H14O
Bornyl acetate9.541,2861.6 ± 0.07C12H20O2
Oxygenated monoterpenes67.36
β-Bourbonene10.931,3850.89 ± 0.03C15H24
β-Elemene10.981,3910.82 ± 0.03C15H24
trans-β-Caryophyllene11.411,4194.01 ± 0.73C15H24
α-Humulene11.851,4552.13 ± 0.11C15H24
Germacrene-D12.181,4622.52 ± 0.53C15H24
Germacrene-B12.371,5350.9 ± 0.08C15H24
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons11.27
Globulol13.481,5901.67 ± 0.16C15H26O
Viridiflorol13.611,5919.9 ± 0.67C15H26O
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes11.58
Humulene epoxide13.781,6060.86 ± 0.02C15H24O
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoid0.86
Total identified99.92
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