Phytochemical characterization, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil from leaves of the common sage Salvia officinalis L. from Abha, Saudi Arabia

Figure 1

Figure 2

Comparative data for the regional chemical profiles of essential oils from the common sage Salvia officinalis_

Chemical class and components	Abha (Saudi Arabia) [present work]	Tunisia [10]	Greece [11]	Algeria [12]	Serbia and Montenegro [13]	Iran [14]	Kashmir [15]	Turkey [16]
Monoterpene hydrocarbons
α-Pinene	1.15 ± 0.1	1.95	3.3	0.22	4.58	3.5	7.69	3.02
Camphene	2.58 ± 0.17	0.98	1.31	0.41	5.28	0.25	6.11	0.6
β-Pinene	2.06 ± 0.05	5.11	–	0.37	1.69	0.25	28.33	13.08
Myrcene	1.26 ± 0.11	2.04	0.4	0.25	0.75	–	–	1.02
α-Terpinene	0.32 ± 0.03	0.41	0.19	–	0.34	–	0.26	0.27
p-Cymene	0.36 ± 0.02	0.35	0.32	–	1.89	–	1.19	–
γ-Terpinene	0.59 ± 0.05	0.83	0.27	–	0.59	–	0.66	–
α-Terpinolene	0.53 ± 0.04	0.28	0.58	–	0.38	–	0.46	–
Monoterpenes, oxygenated
1,8-Cineole	15.0 ± 0.51	19.98	41.2	22.97	18.54	7.5	7.76	–
α-Thujone	14.9 ± 0.35	18.35	7.2	36.74	25.35	–	40.45	4.68
β-Thujone	5.68 ± 0.27	7.1	5.58	8.81	6.04	–	4.97	31.9
Camphor	20.3 ± 0.91	7.23	25.3	11.34	24.8	–	36.97	–
Pinocamphone	0.38 ± 0.03	0.55	–	–	0.34	1.8	–	–
Borneol	2.16 ± 0.14	1.2	3.73	2.94	8.5	1.6	18.38	3.14
α-Terpineol	1.15 ± 0.06	0.79	0.14	0.25	0.22	3.8	0.5	–
Carvone	6.2 ± 0.15	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Bornyl acetate	1.6 ± 0.07	0.25	1.8	–	4.91	0.12	2.1	–
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons
β-Bourbonene	0.89 ± 0.03	0.03	–	–	–	–	–	–
β-Elemene	0.82 ± 0.03	0.03	–	–	–	–	–	–
trans-β-Caryophyllene	4.01 ± 0.73	6.48	4.48	1.54	–	11.5	17.32	3.08
α-Humulene	2.13 ± 0.11	6.27	2.56	3.15	12.49	–	3.6	10.17
Germacrene D	2.52 ± 0.53	0.02	–	–	–	2.7	0.42	–
Germacrene B	0.9 ± 0.08	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sesquiterpenes, oxygenated
Globulol	1.67 ± 0.16	0.12	–	–	–	0.74	–	–
Viridiflorol	9.9 ± 0.67	16.32	2.61	–	26.1	–	2.16	10.74
Sesquiterpenoid, oxygenated
Humulene epoxide	0.86 ± 0.02	0.85	1.8	–	1.82	–	1.06	–

Antibacterial activity of essential oil from Salvia officinalis L_

Gram staining	Bacteria	Inhibition diameter (mm)		MIC† (μg/mL)	MBC‡ (μg/mL)
		EO	Gentamycin
Positive	Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	16.6 ± 0.23	17.4 ± 0.95	658.6 ± 37.2	869.6 ± 95.8
	Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698	9.5 ± 0.47	19.8 ± 0.89	128.3 ± 9.7	121.2 ± 8.1
	Salmonella enterica ATCC 35664	14.2 ± 0.51	18.2 ± 0.51	1,398.1 ± 50.7	1,387.4 ± 161.8
	Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633	24.8 ± 0.11	20.9 ± 0.42	62.2 ± 3.9	120.3 ± 7.6
	Streptococcus aureus ATCC 29213	23.5 ± 0.57	17.7 ± 0.55	123.5 ± 5.7	153 ± 6.2
Negative	Escherichia coli ATCC 8739	25.2 ± 0.41	21.1 ± 0.25	350.2 ± 6.4	386 ± 8.3
	Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031	22.6 ± 0.73	18.7 ± 0.93	450.3 ± 56.6	557.1 ± 96.7
	Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930	15.4 ± 0.17	18.2 ± 0.63	968.4 ± 120.6	995.2 ± 145.6
	Agrobacterium tumefaciens ATCC 23308	8.7 ± 0.28	19.1 ± 0.31	650.7 ± 40.8	1,225.2 ± 100.9
	Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027	21.3 ± 0.34	18.2 ± 0.54	323.4 ± 69.5	394.8 ± 86.8

Composition of essential oil extracted from leaves of Salvia officinalis L_ by hydrodistillation

Volatile compound† and chemical class	Retention time (min)	RI‡	Percentage of total EO§	Formula
α-Pinene	4.42	938	1.15 ± 0.1	C10H16
Camphene	4.64	954	2.58 ± 0.17	C10H16
β-Pinene	5.04	980	2.06 ± 0.05	C10H16
Myrcene	5.18	994	1.26 ± 0.11	C10H16
α-Terpinene	5.59	1,018	0.32 ± 0.03	C10H16
p-Cymene	5.73	1,026	0.36 ± 0.02	C10H14
γ-Terpinene	6.21	1,062	0.59 ± 0.05	C10H16
α-Terpinolene	6.66	1,090	0.53 ± 0.04	C10H16
Monoterpene hydrocarbons			8.85
1,8-Cineole	5.86	1,035	15.0 ± 0.51	C10H18O
α-Thujone	7.02	1,109	14.9 ± 0.35	C10H16O
β-Thujone	7.15	1,120	5.7 ± 0.27	C10H16O
Camphor	7.64	1,148	20.3 ± 0.91	C10H16O
Pinocamphone	7.80	1,161	0.38 ± 0.03	C10H16O
Borneol	7.89	1,168	2.16 ± 0.14	C10H18O
α-Terpineol	8.03	1,176	1.15 ± 0.06	C10H18O
Carvone	9.01	1,248	6.2 ± 0.15	C10H14O
Bornyl acetate	9.54	1,286	1.6 ± 0.07	C12H20O2
Oxygenated monoterpenes			67.36
β-Bourbonene	10.93	1,385	0.89 ± 0.03	C15H24
β-Elemene	10.98	1,391	0.82 ± 0.03	C15H24
trans-β-Caryophyllene	11.41	1,419	4.01 ± 0.73	C15H24
α-Humulene	11.85	1,455	2.13 ± 0.11	C15H24
Germacrene-D	12.18	1,462	2.52 ± 0.53	C15H24
Germacrene-B	12.37	1,535	0.9 ± 0.08	C15H24
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons			11.27
Globulol	13.48	1,590	1.67 ± 0.16	C15H26O
Viridiflorol	13.61	1,591	9.9 ± 0.67	C15H26O
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes			11.58
Humulene epoxide	13.78	1,606	0.86 ± 0.02	C15H24O
Oxygenated sesquiterpenoid			0.86
Total identified	99.92