<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Using microdata between 1998 and 2020, this study provides potential explanations for the gender wage gap in South Korea, which continues to be the largest among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Although improvement in females’ relative measured labor market characteristics plays an important role in the reduction of the gender wage gap, these characteristics cannot explain a large part of the gap, and wage convergence between full-time male and female workers has slowed over the period. Indeed, the unexplained gender wage gap has become larger than the explained gender wage gap. This is confirmed when a decomposition of the gender wage gap is performed across the wage distribution. This study provides evidence of the existence of a glass ceiling. In addition, this study shows that, in South Korea, where conservative gender-related norms still persist, the effects of marriage and childbirth can help to account for a dramatic increase in the gender wage gap for female workers in their 30s and 40s.
</abstract>

The gender wage gap: evidence from South Korea

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper uses data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to study the relationship between job displacement and substance use among young adults. Results show that displacement is associated with increases in the probability of smoking cigarettes and drinking and the intensity of consuming alcohol and marijuana. Men, whites, and those who live with family/friends at the time of displacement are more likely to use hard drugs after job loss. Findings suggest that government policy designed to aid displaced workers should contain provisions to anticipate and respond to substance use disorders that may arise, particularly among younger job losers.
</abstract>

Young adult substance use following involuntary job loss

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The risk of labor market, health, and asset-value shocks comprise profound retirement savings challenges for older workers. Parents, however, may experience added risk if their children experience adverse labor market shocks. Prior research has shown that parents support their children financially through an unemployment spell. In this paper, we also provide evidence of financial support from parents and investigate if this financial support is accompanied by adjustments to parental consumption, income, or savings behavior. With longitudinal data on mothers and children from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we use within-mother variation in behavior to identify the effect of a child’s labor market shock on parent outcomes. We find evidence of a decline in consumption, an increase in labor supply, and a decrease retirement savings, though the results are heterogenous among mothers. Our results point to aggregate inefficiencies and inequities that may result from family risk sharing.</abstract>

Parents with an Unemployed Adult Child: Consumption, Income, and Savings Effects

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Recreational cannabis markets possibly increase labor demand through investments in facilities for growing, processing, and retail sales of cannabis, as well as through other industries such as manufacturing, leisure, and hospitality. However, this increase in labor demand may vary substantially across counties within a state as most states with legal recreational cannabis allow individual counties to ban commercial cannabis sales. Meanwhile, labor supply may change through positive and negative effects from cannabis use. Using county-level Colorado data from 2011 to 2018 and exploiting variation across counties in the existence and timing of the start of dispensary sales, we test for changes in the unemployment rate, employment, and wages, overall and by industry subsector. Consistent with an increase in labor demand, we estimate that the sale of recreational cannabis through dispensaries is associated with a 0.7 percentage point decrease in the unemployment rate with no effect on the size of the labor force. We also find a 4.5% increase in the number of employees, with the strongest effects found in manufacturing. We find no effect on wages. Given the lack of a reduction in labor force participation or wages, negative effects on labor supply are likely limited, in line with the existing literature. The decrease in unemployment, coupled with an increase in the number of employees, indicates that labor demand effects likely dominate effects on labor supply. Our results suggest that policymakers considering recreational access to cannabis should anticipate a possible increase in employment.
</abstract>

The effects of recreational cannabis access on labor markets: evidence from Colorado

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper describes the results from an evaluation of a public policy that offers scholarships to current and former public high school students, so that they can attend technical and vocational education courses free of charge. We use a waiting list randomized controlled trial in four municipalities in a southern Brazilian State (Santa Catarina) to quantify the effects of the program on school progression, labor market outcomes and non-cognitive skills. Our intention-to-treat estimates reveal substantial gender heterogeneity two years after program completion. Women experienced large gains in labor market outcomes and non-cognitive skills. Employment rose by 21 percentage points (or approximately 33%) and the gains in earnings are of more than 50%. Also, women who received the offer scored 0.5<italic>σ</italic> higher on the synthetic index of non-cognitive skills and 0.69<italic>σ</italic> higher on an extraversion indicator. We find no effects on the male sub-sample. These findings corroborate the evidence on gender heterogeneity in the labor market effects of technical and vocational education programs. We also perform a series of exercises to explore potential channels through which these effects arise.
</abstract>

Technical Education, Non-cognitive Skills and Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Brazil

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This article studies peer effects on the decision to enroll at university. To determine the social influence of peers, we use a measure encompassing the two major dimensions of social influence in the classroom: the ability and capacity of peers to exchange information about study options. This paper uses French administrative data on the universe of first year applicants to a single university over seven consecutive cohorts. We exploit idiosyncratic variations in the proportion of peers advised to change their educational choice. We find that our variable of interest has a small but negative and significant effect on the individual decision to attend university and observe stronger peer effects among groups of students of similar gender or socio-economic background. We also find a weaker impact of the proportion of peers advised to change their educational choice on the individuals of higher level of academic ability.
</abstract>

Enrolling at university and the social influence of peers

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
I investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the subsequent surge in childcare demand on the research productivity of female economics. Using data from SSRN and a Difference-in-Differences approach, I show that around the timing of confinements, the gender production gap widens by around 20 percentage points, an adverse effect persisting up to 4 months later the beginning of social restriction measures. Declines in production, however, vanish during the school re-opening period suggesting a prominent role in childcare demand.
</abstract>

The gender gap in academic productivity during the pandemic: Is childcare responsible?

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper investigates the transferability of managerial human capital by examining how managers’ tenures in target firms influence their probability of retention as board members after mergers or acquisitions in Japanese firms. It develops a general equilibrium model that distinguishes several hypotheses on managerial human capital based on the coefficients of tenure on separation, given several data limitations. In particular, the paper provides a novel method to correct for selection biases by utilizing the timing of selection in a selected sample, which does not require a random sample from the population. Our results suggest that Japanese firms value both target firm-specific and general human capital after M&amp;As and that experience as an employee increases firm-specific skills, but at the expense of the accumulation of general skills. However, managerial experience does not have this effect.
</abstract>

How general is managerial human capital?: Evidence from the Retention of Managers after M&amp;As

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Work-leisure balances are beneficial to society. A partial equilibrium job search model is developed to explain desired work-leisure tradeoffs for single-job holders and multiple-job holders. Significant work-leisure mismatches are found: 63% of the observations underwork by an average of 17 hours per week, while 37% overwork by 8.5 hours. The value of leisure is approximately four times the average hourly real wage when a single job is held, and it drops by one-third when multiple jobs are held. Models ignoring possibilities of multiple jobholding overstate the elasticity of leisure and understate the value of leisure.
</abstract>

Desired work-leisure balance in a partial equilibrium job search model with multiple job holding

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Given the conflicting findings about whether ethnic segregation benefits or hurts immigrants’ labor market outcomes in the existing literature, this paper investigates how segregation effects vary within young immigrants’ education levels. We also test the differential segregation effects for young immigrants with different education levels and from ethnic groups with different average education levels. We find that on average, ethnic segregation negatively impacts earnings of highly educated immigrants but benefits lower educated immigrants. Additionally, the net effects of ethnic segregation depend on whether immigrants’ own education levels match their group average education levels. Specifically, being segregated with many highly educated co-ethnics can reverse the negative segregation effects on highly educated immigrants’ earnings. However, a highly educated ethnic enclave can reduce the positive isolation effects for lower educated immigrants. Finally, we do not find significant segregation effects on immigrants’ employment.
</abstract>

Ethnic Segregation and Immigrants’ Labor Market Outcomes: The Role of Education

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The 1970s witnessed violent, widespread, and highly-politicized student protests in Turkey. Small protests turned into bloody street clashes, the death toll exceeded 5,000, and a military coup came in—which resulted in mass arrests. The universities were at the center of violent conflict. We study the education and labor market consequences of this political turmoil on the cohorts exposed to educational disruptions. First, we document that the number of new admissions and graduates in post-secondary education declined significantly due to the turmoil. The decline in post-secondary graduation ratio is 6.6 percentage points for the exposed individuals. Second, we estimate a counterfactual wage distribution for the exposed cohorts and check whether the turmoil affected their wage and occupation distributions. We show that the decline in educational attainment pushed the exposed population toward medium- and low-income occupations, and compressed their wages toward the minimum wage. Finally, we use the unexpected decline in post-secondary education as an instrument to estimate returns to college. We find that the college-premium is around 15 percent per year for men.
</abstract>

The revolution is dead, long live the demolition: Education and labor market consequences of student riots

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Please note that the journal IZA Journal of Labor Economics has been discontinued and no longer accepts new submissions. <P...