<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Any chosen analytical method should be subtle, precise, fast and exact to begin the guarantee that the material used in the manufacturing is free of unsolicited impurity, the existence of which may vary the safety and effectiveness of the drug product. The techniques of HPLC and UPLC have established their part in pharmaceutical cleaning validation. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is the main pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis approach utilized today because it generates highly efficient separations, and in most circumstances, it provides high detection sensitivity. Applying the HPLC method has several advantages compared to other methods, among others, specificity, rapidity, accuracy, precision, and the ease of automation. Due to the aforementioned, most drugs in a multi-component dosage form can be analyzed. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) is a modern-day technique that gives a new track for liquid chromatography. UPLC provides the user with speed of application, resolution and sensitivity. The quantification and separation in UPLC are done under very high pressure (up to 100M Pa). High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) has improved and innovative separation efficacy and detection limits. It is a cultured and automated form of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and is based on the use of an optimized silica gel 60 with a significantly smaller particle size than which is used for TLC. The previously stated analytical methods are employed for purity control of chemicals, steroids, pesticides, and water analysis, water-soluble food dyes, vitamins, pesticides in vegetables, fruits, and other foodstuffs. The current updates in the techniques allow us to understand the increased utilization of these methods in the current eras.
</abstract>

A comparative review on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) &amp; High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) with current updates

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> In this study, the stability of 10% hydrogen peroxide aqueous and non-aqueous solutions with the addition of 6% (w/w) of urea was evaluated. The solutions were stored at 20°C, 30°C and 40°C, and the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide proceeded according to first-order kinetics. With the addition of the urea in the solutions, the decomposition rate constant increased and the activation energy decreased. The temperature of storage also affected the decomposition of substance, however, 10% hydrogen peroxide solutions prepared in PEG-300, and stabilized with the addition of 6% (w/w) of urea had the best constancy. </abstract>

Chair and Department of Applied Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki, 20-093 Lublin, Poland

Chair and Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances with Computer Modeling Unit., Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Medical Analytics, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki, 20-093 Lublin, Poland

Kinetics of the decomposition and the estimation of the stability of 10% aqueous and non-aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are a very diverse group of recreational drugs that mimic effects of classic drugs of abuse and, at least at the beginning, are not usually prohibited. Representative of this group is mephedrone – a cathinone derivative. It is widely used as a recreational drug, particularly among club guests. Mephedrone`s effects are compared to effects of cocaine and MDMA but are more short-lived and include: psychostimulation, enhanced empathy, reduced feeling of tiredness, euphoria, hallucinations. This drug also exerts adverse effects, such as: anxiety, delusions, paranoia, psychosis, increased body temperature, elevated blood pressure, sleep disturbances. According to surveys performed on mephedrone users, it may be addictive. Those findings confirms a growing number of behavioural and molecular studies on animals. Mephedrone acts mainly via increasing monoamine transmission through increasing release of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline into synaptic cleft, inhibiting their re-uptake and reducing their metabolism. However, participation of other transmitters, modulators and pathways are investigated, including glutamate and nitric oxide. Favorable routes of administering mephedrone is intranasal and per os. Moreover, most often drug users use it in a binge way, e.g. taking repeated doses of a drug in a short period of time. According to animal studies, this pattern of mephedrone use leaves more neural injuries than taking it regularly, but in smaller doses. Our aim was to present a short, but essential, overview of the current knowledge on mephedrone, focusing on its effects, mechanism of action, animal studies evaluating its influence on the brain structures, toxicity and pharmacokinetics.
</abstract>

Mephedrone – a synthetic derivative of cathinone

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), coupled with accurate quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry, was used for the stability study of acetylsalicylic acid within a variety of different organic solutions: methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane. With the use of gradient elution chromatography and mass spectrometry detection in negative ionization, MS and MS/MS spectra were recorded simultaneously. In addition, quantitative, as well as qualitative analysis was performed during one assay. The stability of acetylsalicylic acid in such solutions was tested at room temperature, in a 12h period. In the work, in all cases, only one main degradation product, salicylic acid, was found. What is more, the work revealed that the degradation of aspirin in the tested organic solutions yields apparent second-order kinetics. The study also demonstrated that acetonitrile and 1,4-dioxane turned out to be the most stable solvents, and an above 80% of initial concentration of acetylsalicylic acid was found in this case. Furthermore, the most popular analytical solvents, methanol and ethanol, were found to be very unstable media. Herein, below 40% of initial concentration of acetylsalicylic acid was seen after 12h. The obtained results were also compared with the degradation of acetylsalicylic acid in a water solution. In this situation, only about 25% of the analyzed compound was resolved to salicylic acid in the same time frame.</abstract>

The stability and degradation kinetics of acetylsalicylic acid in different organic solutions revisited – an UHPLC–ESI-QTOF spectrometry study

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Fever develops in various diseases. It is mainly associated with infectious diseases but can also occur in non-infectious ailments. Clinical symptoms are not always explicit, which can hinder the diagnosis and delay the institution of appropriate treatment. The aim of the study is to present difficulties in diagnosing the cause of a febrile state in a patient with splenic abscess.</abstract>

Different faces of a febrile state

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> A rapid, simple and sensitive capillary zone electrophoresis method was developed for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and telmisartan, in fixed-dose combinations, through the utilization of a UV photodiode array detector. Electrophoretic parameters such as buffer concentration and pH, system temperature, applied voltage and injection parameters, were optimized in order to improve the efficiency of the separation. The best results were obtained when employing fused silica capillary (48 cm length X 50 μm ID) and 50 mM phosphate buffer electrolyte at pH 4.50, + 25 kV applied voltage, as well as 25°C system temperature. The separation was achieved in approximately 3 minutes, with a resolution of 4.90, while the order of migration was amlodipine followed by telmisartan. The analytical performance of the method was verified with regard to linearity, precision and robustness. In addition, the limit of detection and the quantification were calculated.</abstract>

Simultaneous determination of amlodipine and telmisartan from pharmaceutical products by way of capillary electrophoresis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Signs, including pictograms, present in public space are intended to enforce a specific behavior. Due to their simplicity and unambiguity of the message, they can be an effective tool of public healthcare. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge referred to the meaning of the sign prohibiting alcohol consumption during pregnancy among first-year medical students who do not have vast knowledge at present level in this field. The study was conducted among academic youth in Poland, and assumed a 5% risk of error, hence, for p &lt;0.05 the differences were considered statistically significant. Out of the total number, there were 1,123 questionnaire forms correctly completed and these were further selected for the final analysis, which comprised of 751 by women and 372 by men. Among the respondents, over 92% properly recognized the sign warning against the use of alcohol during pregnancy. Moreover, more than 45% declared previous contact with this sign and above 53% claimed that they already had knowledge of the sing’s meaning. The graphic form of the sign allows for its correct interpretation, thus products which may become harmful especially to pregnant women and fetus can be clearly and legibly marked.
</abstract>

Knowledge of the sign prohibiting alcohol consumption during pregnancy among medical students in Poland – a survey study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Understanding the epidemiology and evolution of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (SA) is crucial for implementing effective infection prevention and control measures. In this study, a short-term (4-month) and local molecular epidemiology of SA in the nosocomial setting was investigated using multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA). The study included 31 clinical SA isolates. The analysis was based on two complimentary panels encompassing 14 VNTR loci wherein a first-line assay comprised a subset of 10 loci (Panel 1), followed by a second subset of four loci (Panel 2). Thirty MLVA profiles were generated. Small amplicons were obtained for three out of the four loci included in Panel 2 for more than half of the isolates, making the calculation of the number of repeats impossible. Therefore, phylogenetic clustering was based on the analysis of basic loci included in Panel 1 (which identified two major genetic clusters). Cluster I included 26 (84%) isolates, among which 14 were classified into five sub-clusters (cutoff value ≥65%). Only one pair of the isolates shared an identical MLVA pattern. Our study indicates the usefulness of a MLVA tool comprised of a primary subset of 10 loci to track the possibility of SA intra-hospital transmission. We report a high genetic diversity of the isolates and suggest a limited degree of intra- and inter-ward SA transmission. Further genetic studies are necessary to investigate the nature of the small alleles yielded in Panel, as their subset can provide even higher resolution of the assay.
</abstract>

The Multiple-Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) of <italic>Staphylococuss aureus</italic> clinical isolates recovered from the Provincial Specialist Hospital in Lublin, Poland

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a serious disease that requires hemodialysis as the main regimen for supporting patients. The pathophysiology of the disease is still an interesting field of study. In the present study, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1), and vitamin D (VitD) were studied in ESRD. MMP3, TIMP1, VitD, and other related biomarkers were measured in 53 ESRD patients and compared with 33 healthy controls. The results showed a significant increase in serum MMP3 and TIMP1 and a significant decrease in serum VitD in ESRD patients compared with the control group. The multivariate GLM results revealed no significant effects of the covariates (sex, age, smoking and BMI) on the levels of MMP3, TIMP1 and VitD. ESRD was found to be the major factor affecting the measured parameters, with a huge effect size (Partial η2) of 0.824. According to our data, eGFR, Creatinine, Urea, phosphate, uric acid and VitD (as estimated glomerular filtration rate) are the top 6 factors highly affected by the presence of the disease. MMP3 and TIMP1 are important parameters in ESRD and may act as drug targets. As the patients also suffered from hypovitaminosis D and hypocalcemia, these factors also need intervention.
</abstract>

A multivariate generalized linear model of the effect of matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in end-stage renal disease

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
A majority of the Polish population was found to have vitamin D deficiency. The problem was expected to grow in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic related lock down. The aim of the study was to compare concentrations of vitamin D in the blood sera of geriatric patients treated in outpatient clinics or hospitalized – and in the methods of treatment used. A retrospective study of the records of patients of the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic and the Geriatrics Ward in Lublin was conducted.
In 2022, 80 people: 50 hospitalized women (HW) and 30 hospitalized men (HM) were admitted to the Geriatrics Ward in Lublin. Of these, 78 persons had vitamin D levels measured. From the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic, medical histories of 68 outpatient women (OW) and 27 outpatient men (OM) 60+ were analyzed. In HW and HM, mean vitamin D concentration was 23 ng/ml and in OW and OM 25 ng/ml. The OW and OM with vitamin D concentration &lt;30 received prescription for cholecacliferol 20 000 IU to be administered orally twice a week. The follow-up visit 2 was months later. Out of 47 OW, 17 came for the follow up and their results improved. Out of 21 OM, 100% returned, but their results were less satisfactory. The HW and HM received cholecalciferol 2000 IU. There was no follow-up.
In total, 41% of the outpatient elderly and 55% of the hospitalized had vitamin D concentration &lt;20 ng/ml. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency with 20,000 IU cholecalciferol twice a week for two months is effective.
</abstract>

Vitamin D25-OH concentration in outpatient and hospitalized geriatric patients – retrospective study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Vitamin D regulates not only bone metabolism but also many other processes, including the functioning of lymphocytes. Human T cells have a nuclear receptor for vitamin D (VDR). Studies to date have shown significant seasonal variations in conventional T cell populations in humans living in temperate climates.
<bold>Objectives.</bold> The aim of the current paper was an assessment of seasonal changes of γδ T and iNKT cells in healthy individuals.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> Peripheral blood was drawn from healthy volunteers – approx. 20 a month – and an additional cohort of 20 volunteers donated blood four times, once every four months. Percentages of γδ T and iNKT cells was assessed with flow cytometry.
<bold>Results.</bold> A pronounced accumulation of iNKT cells was noted in spring, the differences in γδ T cells were less notable. Vitamin D significantly hampers γδ T proliferation <italic>in vitro</italic>. Conclusions. In the presented article, we show seasonal variability within two populations of unconventional T lymphocytes – γδ T and iNKT.
</abstract>

Seasonal changes and sex differences in peripheral blood γδ T and iNKT cells in healthy Polish adults

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is one of the paraneoplastic syndromes of ovarian teratoma. Insufficient knowledge about the evolution of the disease, as well as its manifestation in the form of non-specific clinical symptoms (such as significant deterioration of memory and cognitive functions of patients), is a common cause of a prolonged diagnostic process and delay in the introduction of targeted treatment. The aim of the study was to summarize the data available in the literature, as well as recent reports, to facilitate and accelerate the diagnosis of the syndrome and ensure better care for patients.
A literature review was performed in the PubMed, Google Scholar databases and the guidelines of the Polish Society of Gynecologists and Obstetricians, by using keywords. Making a diagnosis of AE requires the cooperation of a team of specialists (including, among others, neurologists, gynecologists and oncologists). Justification for this is the manifestation of pathology comes in the form of non-specific clinical symptoms. Treatment includes surgery to remove the tumor, pharmacotherapy: corticosteroids and immunoglobulin infusions, in addition to allied modern plasmapheresis treatments – in severe cases.
Sorting out the non-specific symptoms of AE would facilitate faster and more accurate diagnosis, and this improve the functioning of patients suffering from ovarian teratoma. Pertinent tests are necessary to facilitate and optimize the differential diagnosis. Education of doctors about its alarming symptoms is important, as is cooperation between doctors of different specialties.
</abstract>

A diagnostic challenge – autoimmune encephalitis as paraneoplastic syndrome of ovarian teratoma. Current state of knowledge

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Over the past five years, phytochemical and pharmacological studies have been conducted on material extracted from members of the Rutaceae family. In such work, new furochinoline-structured alkaloids were isolated from Ruta sp. and Dictamnus sp. Beyond the aforementioned, other substances with promising activity were isolated from the less-known species of Zanthoxylum, Evodia, Lonchocarpus, Myrthopsis and Teclea. Currently used forms of extraction, as well as methods of isolation and detection, allow the obtaining of pure, biologically active compounds. Many of these have antifungal, anti-bacterial and anti-plasmodial properties. Others are still being researched as potential drugs, which, in future, may be used in treating those afflicted with HIV and cancer. This article is designed to give the readers a thorough review of the active natural products from the Rutaceae family.</abstract>

Hibiscus Pharmacy, 26 Puławska Str, 02-512 Warszawa, Poland

Department Pharmacognosy with Medical Plant Unit, Medical University of Lublin, 1 Chodzki , 20-093 Lublin, Poland

Furochinoline alkaloids in plants from Rutaceae family – a review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>A simple, fast, and highly selective RP-HPLC method was developed for the determination of Dapagliflozin (DAP) and Saxagliptin (SAX) in API and tablet dosage form. The separation was done using a Xterra RP18 (4.6×150 mm, 5 μm particle size) column with Acetonitrile: water (60:40). The isocratic elution mode at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and the analytes were measured at 248 nm. The retention time for DAP and SAX were about 2.091 and 3.249 min, respectively. Calibration curves were found to be linear in the ranges of 100-500 μg/ml for DAP and 50-250 μg/ml for SAX, with correlation coefficients of 0.9998. The detection and quantification values for DAP was 3.0 and 9.98 μg/ml and SAX was 3.02 and 10 μg/ml respectively.</abstract>

Stability indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of dapagliflozin and saxagliptin in bulk and tablet dosage form

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The present investigation was to estimate the total phenolic content and composition of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids in herbal infusions obtained from aerial parts of three <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> species (<italic>Dracocephalum moldavica, Ocimum americanum</italic> and <italic>Satureja hortensis</italic>). The total phenolic content of herbal infusions was determined using a spectrophotometric method, whereas the individual phenolics were assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method was developed and validated. The total phenolic content was measured by applying the Folin-Ciocalteu method with reference to gallic acid. Results were in the range from 29.39 to 65.38 mg estimated as gallic acid equivalents per gram of dry herb. The phenolic profile was, in turn, analysed by HPLC and consisted of gallic acid, hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, and rosmarinic) and flavonoids (rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, apigenin, apigenin-7-glucoside and catechin) in different concentrations. Rosmarinic acid was the predominant component among the hydroxycinnamic acids in herbal infusions of all three plants. This was found to be in the range of 3.64 to 5.28 mg per gram of dry herb. Apigenin-7-glucoside, quercitrin and hyperoside were the prevailing flavonoid components of the infusions.</abstract>

Phenolic compounds of herbal infusions obtained from some species of the <italic>Lamiaceae</italic> family

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Adipose tissue is at a point of high interest in medical research, not only as an energy depot, but also because it secretes nearly more than 600 cytokines. These are termed‚ adipokines’. Human adipokines are involved in numerous metabolic processes, including the regulation of appetite, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, inflammation and cardiovascular activity. Thus, these could be clinically important as a markers of adipose tissue function and increased metabolic risk. The search for novel adipokines linking obesity to related co-morbidities has become a major topic in obesity research. In such work, there is an increasing need to define their function, their molecular targets and their potential clinical relevance as biomarkers or in the treatment of obesity and other metabolic diseases. Omentin (34 kDa) is a recently identified fat deposition-specific adipokine with multiple interactions. Concentrations of omentin have been shown to be decreased in patients with obesity and impaired glucose regulation, in patients afflicted with diabetes type 1 and 2, and in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. These are all diseases commonly associated with insulin resistance and obesity. The aim of this study was to show and compare the latest information about omentin and its relationships with obesity, diabetes mellitus (DM), metabolic syndrome (MetS), inflammation, cardiac problems, sex hormone imbalances and cancer. The association of omentin with particular metabolic indexes may suggest that an elevation in omentin level may be seen as being a marker for leanness, while a decreased level will underline possible situations of overweight and obesity along with their comorbidities (diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, inflammation and even cancer). However, a challenge for the future is to fully understand the multiple role played by omentin. Thus, more studies in these matter are required.</abstract>

Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland

Chair and department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwillowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland

Omentin - a new adipokine with many roles to play

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) constitute a group of clinical problems involving the masticatory muscles, the temporomandibular joint and associated structures. An etiological connection of TMD with psychological factors was proposed as early as the 1980’s. Indeed, the interdependence of psychological and health aspects in the patient’s treatment, place light upon the more important variables contributing to the various mental disorders that may accompany TMD. Current literature suggests a close relationship between TMD and selected psychological factors, such as personality traits, stress, depression, anxiety, and catastrophizing. Of note, anxiety-depressive disorders, somatisation and catastrophizing contribute to chronic TMD, mainly in the form of myofascial pain. Hence, knowledge of the influence of psychological factors affecting TMD, enables the identification of patients with an increased risk of chronic painful TMD.</abstract>

Department of Functional Masticatory Disorders, Medical University of Lublin, Poland

Department of Dental Prosthetics, Medical University of Lublin, Poland

General Psychology Department, Institute of Psychology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland

Chair and Department of Paedodontics, Medical University of Lublin, Karmelicka 7, 20-081 Lublin, Poland

Psychological aspects of temporomandibular disorders – literature review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The paper is a report of the examination of the tribological wear characteristics of certain dental metal biomaterials. In the study, tests were undertaken on the following materials: 316L steel, NiCrMo alloy, technically pure titanium (ASTM-grade 2) and Ti6Al4V ELI alloy (ASTM-grade 5). The tribological tests were performed in artificial saliva to determine the coefficient of friction and wear factor; the traces of wear were then ascertained through SEM. The significance of variations in the wear factor, was subsequently assessed by the U Mann-Whitney test. The resistance to wear in the ball-on-disc test under in vitro conditions was observed for the tested materials in the following order: NiCrMo&gt;316L&gt;Ti6Al4V&gt;Ti grade 2.</abstract>

Tribological characteristics of dental metal biomaterials

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