<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper analyzes policies of the yugoslav foreign ministers Momčilo Ninčić and Vojislav Marinković towards the ideas of the Balkan unity. Not only were both of them prominent political figures, but also economists and in several mandates ministers of finance, national economy, trade (and industry) and/or construction. Therefore the aim is to analyze their views on the political unification and economic co-operation between the Balkan states, and factors that provided opportunities or stood as constraints to the implementation of their plans. Chronologically, the paper covers the period from the beginning of the Locarno period in the Balkans to the beginning of the Balkan Conferences. The paper is primarily based on the yugoslav and Bulgarian archival sources, domestic and foreign published sources, and scientific literature.
</abstract>

Yugoslav Diplomacy and the Ideas of the Balkan Unity, 1925–1930

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Na wołoskich rubieżach. Kolonizacja i kierunki nigracji ludności wołoskiej/wałaskiej na pograniczu
śląsko-kisucko-morawskim (w świetle historiografii) Artykuł omawia historiografię problemu dziejów oraz
kierunków migracji osadników Wołochów przybyłych na geograficzne pogranicze Śląska, Kisuc i Moraw czyli
historyczne oraz polityczne pogranicze między Polską, Czechami i Węgrami w I połowie XVI wieku. Sprawy
te budziły i budzą kontrowersje od wielu lat. Obszar ten stanowił punkt końcowy wędrówek Wołochów w kierunku
zachodnim i dlatego powstało wiele niejasności co do miejsc skąd przybywali i gdzie się przemieszczali.
Najbardziej udokumentowaną źródłowo publikacją naukową na ten temat pozostaje nadal praca czeskiego badacza
Josefa Macůrka z 1959 a więc sprzed (niestety) ponad 60 lat!
</abstract>

Na wołoskich rubieżach. Kolonizacja i kierunki migracji ludności wołoskiej/wałaskiej na pograniczu śląsko-kisucko-morawskim (w świetle historiografii) 

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Celem referatu jest omówienie walk hospodara mołdawskiego Petru Rareș o Siedmiogród po bitwie
pod Mohaczem w roku 1526, w której zginął ówczesny król Węgier Ludwik Jagiellończyka Wydarzenie to
zmieniło zdecydowanie sytuację i położenie nie tylko samej Mołdawii, ale przede wszystkim sytuację polityczną
na Węgrzech i w Siedmiogrodzie. Na Węgrzech doszło bowiem do podwójnej elekcji Jana Zapolyi i Ferdynanda
Habsburga. Jako że każda ze stron rozpoczęła poszukiwanie sojuszników, konflikt był nieunikniony, zaś w centrum
owego sporu znalazł się Siedmiogród. Sytuację tą postanowił wykorzystać hospodar mołdawski Petru
Rareș, którego plany polityczne miały prowadzić do odbudowy wielkiej Mołdawii z czasów Stefana Wielkiego.
W tym celu hospodar zamierzał zdobyć dwa terytoria: Pokucie oraz Siedmiogród. Celem referatu jest spojrzenie
na walkę o Siedmiogród z punktu widzenia Mołdawii i tamtejszego hospodara Petru Rareșa, i ukazanie, w jaki
sposób próbował on utrwalić swoje wpływy w tym regionie.
</abstract>

Z dziejów walki Petru Rareşa o Siedmiogród

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Artykuł jest trzecią częścią cyklu ‘O cesarzowych Cesarstwa Łacińskiego (1204–1261)’. Ten
jest poświęcony Jolancie z Flandrii, drugiej żonie Piotra II z Courteney. Jolanta została cesarzową w 1217 roku,
w tym samym roku straciła męża, a prawdopodobnie w 1218 roku urodziła Baldwina. W historii Cesarstwa
Łacińskiego nie odegrała żadnej znaczącej roli.
</abstract>

O cesarzowych Cesarstwa Łacińskiego (1204–1261) (3). Jolanta z Flandrii

O Jubilatce, czyli Profesor Ilonie Czamańskiej

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest pokazanie, jakie czynniki socjolingwistyczne mają wpływ na
kształtowanie się wielojęzyczności jednostki oraz jaka jest korelacja pomiędzy używanymi językami w kontekście
historycznym i społecznym. Czynniki wpływające na wielojęzyczność jednostki zależą od miejsca urodzenia
(język ojca, język matki), miejsca zamieszkania (wieś, miasto, liczba użytkowników mówiących w danym
języku), od statusu i prestiżu języka (język administracji państwowej, język mniejszości grupy), polityka
językowa państwa (stała, zmienna). Została nakreślona sytuacja społeczno-polityczna Republiki Mołdawii, aby
zrozumieć konkretny przypadek językowy Polki mieszkającej w Kiszyniowie i jej życie w językach oraz pokazać
rolę języka jednostki na tle zmian społeczno-politycznych w Mołdawii. Różne czynniki społeczne, polityczne,
ekonomiczne wpłynęły na wielojęzyczność Polki z Kiszyniowa. W ciągu jej długiego życia zmieniał się
zakres użycia języków i kompetencje w każdym z nich. Czynniki zewnętrzne ukształtowały jej zachowania językowe.
Na zmianę, używanie i nabywanie kolejnych języków miały wpływ wydarzenia polityczno-społeczne
w tej części Europy.
</abstract>

Biografia językowa jednostki w procesie społeczno-politycznym. Na przykładzie Polki z Republiki Mołdawii

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article discusses the question of the politics of memory in the public discourse of serbia in the 1980s with regard to the crimes commited by the ustasha regime against the serbian population in independent state of croatia (ndH), during world war ii. the discussion on this topic was presented on the basis of the press from the second half of the 1980s and the early 1990s. the predominant number of publications emphasised that the serbs suffered huge losses and that the crimes against the Orthodox population in the ndH were never punished. discussions about the genocide, which was often described in serbia as “forgotten”, referred to the political climate in the republic at the time. leading serbian politicians spoke sharply on the subject, and numerous scientific and quasi-scientific publications were published. the number of victims was manipulated. Moreover, a message about the “awakening of the ustasha spirits” was developed in relation to croatian national activities. anti-croatian rhetoric intensified with the introduction of the multi-party system in yugoslavia (1989) and strengthening of secessionist aspirations in croatia. the discussions concerning jasenovac were developed in the context of the political crisis of the federation at the time and the aspirations of serbian elites towards national unification of serbs around martyrdom messages.
</abstract>

Between commemoration and manipulation. The concentration camp in Jasenovac in Serbian memory and public space in the late 1980s and early 1990s

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>The life of Saint Paraskeva-Petka of Tarnovo in “Berlin Damaskin”. The genological and thematic aspect.</italic> The subject of interest in the article is the eighteenth-century New Bulgarian version of the Hagiography of Saint Paraskeva-Petka of Tarnovo by the Bulgarian Patriarch Euthymius (14th century), included in the poorly researched “Berlin Damaskin” currently stored in the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow (the so-called Berlin Collection) under the reference number Berol. Ms. Slav. fol. 36; cards 180–187v. The analysis concerns the genological and thematic aspect of the manuscript in the context of the ‘damaskin’ literature (Bulg. дамаскини) of the 16th–18th centuries. The main attention is focused on the content of the text, rhetorical-stylistic transformation (reduction, lowering of style) of the original and its new components. The most interesting element of the structure are the textological additions related to the journey of Paraskeva’s relics from Bulgaria through Serbia to Greece and Moldova, which make it possible to include the Krakow variant of the Petka Life in the Moldovan hagiographic redaction.
</abstract>

The life of Saint Paraskeva-Petka of Tarnovo in “Berlin Damaskin”. The genological and thematic aspect

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article deals with the nature of the political relationship between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan states. The various forms of dependency led to varied limitations on the functioning of these states, espe­ cially in the field of their international politics. The Ottoman Empire’s relations with weaker, allied, vassal and subordinate states were shaped by the following factors: the historical period, the political and legal nature of the mutual relations, religion, the current political and military situation. On the basis of analysis of the sources and scientific literature, it has been shown that the Ottoman Empire was unable to prevent more or less official poli­ cy by its subordinate centres, as long as they had any state structures (even if they were only of a self-governing nature). In the 14th century, most of the Balkan states found themselves as allies and tributaries of the Ottoman Empire. The alliance with the Ottomans did not limit political relations with countries uncommitted against the Ottomans. In the 15th century there was a process of more and more clearly political subordination of the Balkan states which added two important elements to earlier financial and military obligations — investment and obe­ dience. In the 16th century, it was extremely important to surrender to the King of Hungary John Zápolya un­ der the authority of Sultan Suleiman. It also resulted in the Ottoman Empire taking over direct political control of the Romanian principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia. The Sultan was not able to fully control them, they of­ ten carried out independent political activities, connected with the Poland-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Holy Empire, and Transylvania. In the 18th century the process of building the Balkan nation states launched, albeit very slowly. In the 19th century, any independence, even very limited, was conducive to the rapid formation of their own independent statehood.
</abstract>

Ottoman Supremacy and the Political Independence of the Balkan and Central European States

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article deals with two Byzantine chronicles that were translated into Old Church Slavic in the Middle Ages on the Balkan Peninsula and were subsequently adapted in Rus’, where they served as the base and source of inspiration for indigenous East Slavic historical studies in universal history. It is about the works of Symeon Magister and Logothete, who probably wrote between the reign of Romanus I Lecapenus and the beginning of the reign of Basil II, and the <italic>Epitome historiarum</italic> of John Zonaras, covering history from the creation of the world to 1118, which is the most comprehensive Byzantine historical work and which, possibly, was completed ca. 1145. The aim of the article is to establish the chronology of the creation of the Old Church Slavic translations of both chronicles and the history of their dissemination in the <italic>Slavia Orthodoxa</italic> area (with a review of the state of research). The editions of the translations and unpublished manuscript material were examined (its excerpt is presented in the appendix). We were able to establish that the complete translation of the work of Symeon Magister and Logothete is preserved only in the Moldavian historiographical compilation of 1637, while the text of John Zonaras was translated by the Slavs several times and functioned in their literatures in many versions, none of which, however, is complete.
</abstract>

The Byzantine Chronicles of Symeon Magister and Logothete (10th Cent.) and John Zonaras (12th Cent.) in the Literatures of the Southern and Eastern Slavs

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The cultural heritage of the Aromanian (Vlach) shepherds in Bulgaria is still an under- researched topic in the field of contemporary heritology and memory studies. The Aromanians settled there after years of severe persecution perpetrated by the Turks and Albanians at the end of the 18th century. For almost two centuries, Bulgaria was a space where they created their own world, with houses, farms, and places of religious worship They set up a network of herding and trade routes leading to various regions of the Balkans and Europe. The aim of this paper is to explore the remaining traces of the cultural heritage of Aromanian shepherds that can be found in the settlements of southern Pirin in Bulgaria. It presents the main Aromanian mountain villages, former herding routes and preserved cultural heritage. The research is based on the qualitative methodology, including participant observations in the villages of Pirin and interviews with the inhabitants of Bulgarian mountain villages. The research has shown that today’s sparse Aromanian community living in the Bulgarian Pirin Mountains has retained the memory of its roots, as well as a small number of neglected cultural heritage sites. Undoubtedly, places and non-places of this community require description, documentation, and revitalisation.
</abstract>

Aromanian settlement in the Pirin Mountains (the southern part) — restoring the cultural heritage of pastoral community (II).

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In the extensive work of the Dubrovnik-born Benedictine Lodovico Tuberon de Crieva, “Commentaria de temporibus suis” describing the events in the Mediterranean in the years 1490–1522, there is a small passage about the events on the island of Hvar (ital. <italic>Lesina</italic>). The island was then, together with most of the Dalmatian coast, under the rule of the Venetian Republic. On Hvar in 1510, a popular uprising against the local nobles broke out, which lasted with varying intensity until 1514. The Venetian authorities then sent considerable armed forces, which, after defeating the rebels at sea and on land, suppressed the rebellion. It is surprising, however, that Tuberon suggests in the above-mentioned passage that the outbreak of the revolt could have been provoked by the Venetians themselves, who feared the nobility allegedly favoring the King of Hungary. He also mentions the leading role of a clergyman who was supposed to encourage the plebs to act and initiate a revolt. Taking the mentioned text of Tuberon as a starting point, the author analyzes the political and social situation on the island of Hvar as well as the background and course of the events in the years 1510–1514. The author’s goal is to establish what the grounds for Tuberon’s presumptions were and to what extent they are true.
</abstract>

Rebellion on Hvar Island (1510–1514): People’s Revolt or Venetian Manipulation?

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Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia

Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia (BP) is a yearbook published by the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznañ (Faculty of History). It aims to exchange and popularize knowledge of the...

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Balcanica Posnaniensia. Acta et studia (BP) is a yearbook published by the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznañ (Faculty of History). It aims to...