<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The Albanian coastline is about 450 km long, with wide access to the Adriatic and Ionian seas. It has become popular in recent years for its many unexplored rocky and sandy beaches, crystal waters, curative sand rich in iodine, which has given a great impact in tourism and economy. Velipoja beach is located on the northwest of Adriatic Sea. Coastal waters of Velipoja are used for bathing, fishing and tourism, but in recent years these waters are exposed to various sources of pollution, which are related to restaurants and agricultural activities, wastewater discharge, etc. The quality of coastal water in Albania is particularly analysed by the Public Health Institution. It was considered reasonable to monitor the microbiological quality of coastal waters on Velipoja beach through microbiological parameters during summer season. Evaluations of the results were done based on Directive 2006/7/EC for inland waters, coastal and transitional waters. Seawater samples were tested mainly for <italic>E. coli</italic>, <italic>E. faecalis</italic>, <italic>S. faecalis, heterotrophs</italic> in accordance with European Standards using the membrane filtration method. Water samples were taken monthly from May-September 2023.
Based on the data received, during the monitoring period the bacterial concentration for <italic>E. faecalis</italic> varied from 0 CFU /100 ml to 228 CFU/100 ml. The concentration for <italic>S</italic>. <italic>faecalis </italic>varied from 0 CFU /100 ml to 128 CFU/100 ml. The concentration for <italic>E. coli</italic> varied from 0 CFU /100 ml to 134 CFU/100ml. Velipoja Center has the highest concentration of <italic>E. coli, E</italic>. <italic>faecalis. </italic>The concentration of bacteria increases during the months of July and August, probably due to the large number of tourists visiting Velipoja beach during this period. According to Directive 2006/7/EC of the European Parliament, the quality of coastal waters of Velipoja during the period of investigation for <italic>E. coli</italic> is in the category “Excellent quality”.
Monitoring for the presence of pathogen bacteria are essential water quality assessment, which directly or indirectly leads to serious problems to human health. Enterococcus faecalis is an indicator of an old faecal pollution (EN ISO 7899-2, 2000). The European Community (2006) recommended the following parameters: Escherichia coli/100 ml (500/1.000), and Intestinal enterococci/100 ml (200/400) categorized in the class A and B. Urban wastewaters are major sources for surface and groundwater pollution in the Shkodra lake basin.
Monitoring for the presence of pathogen bacteria are essential water quality assessment, which directly or indirectly leads to serious problems to human health. Enterococcus faecalis is an indicator of an old faecal pollution (EN ISO 7899-2, 2000). The European Community (2006) recommended the following parameters: Escherichia coli/100 ml (500/1.000), and Intestinal enterococci/100 ml (200/400) categorized in the class A and B. Urban wastewaters are major sources for surface and groundwater pollution in the Shkodra lake basin.
</abstract>

Microbial indicators of coastal water in Velipoja beach, Albania

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The didactics of business German language and intercultural communication are closely intertwined. In the field of teaching business German, it is important not only to focus on language skills but also to incorporate intercultural competence into the curriculum. The teaching of business German should include cultural aspects relevant to German-speaking business environments. This involves exploring topics such as business etiquette, negotiation strategies, cultural values, and communication norms. By integrating cultural content into language instruction, learners gain a deeper understanding of the cultural context in which they will be using the language.
In the process of learning business German, learners should be made aware of the cultural differences that exist between their own culture and the German-speaking business world. This includes recognizing different communication styles, attitudes towards hierarchy, decision-making processes, and business practices. By understanding these differences, learners can develop strategies to navigate intercultural communication effectively.
Main objective of this paper is the correlation of didactics of intercultural communication with business German, not only in the sense of developing linguistic proficiency but also by fostering intercultural communicative competence. This involves developing learners’ ability to understand and interpret cultural cues, adapt their communication style, and effectively interact with German-speaking business partners. Activities such as role-plays, case studies, and simulations can help learners practice intercultural communication skills.
</abstract>

Didactics of intercultural communication and business German language

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>Objective:</italic> The purpose for conducting the review is to examine studies which have been carried out on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) in hospitals using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). We will determine if these studies take into account institutional categories.
<italic>Introduction:</italic> The developing application of KPIs in hospitals takes into account some particular conditions for OHS in the health sector. The application of KPIs in OHS of hospitals is connected to institutional directives for OHS. We will determine if these studies take into account institutional categories such as Protective and Preventive Services (PPS), Risk Assessment (RA) and Management Systems (OHSMS).
Inclusion criteria: We will include studies which use KPIs in the evaluation of OHS in hospitals, (those related directly and indirectly to OHS). We exclude the following categories of study: Studies which use KPIs in hospital evaluations, but which are not oriented to OHS and studies which include KPIs in evaluating various organizations but not exclusively hospitals.
<italic>Methods:</italic> We will conduct electronic searches for eligible studies within each of the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Heal-link, Google Scholar. With the help of the JBI tool and using inclusion/exclusion criteria, two independent reviewers will determine which studies will be selected or not. Those studies which fulfill the inclusion criteria will be subjected to a post analysis data procedure. We intend to use mixed methods and workflow software.
<italic>Results</italic> (as expected outcomes): Examination of the relationship between KPIs in OHS of hospitals and the institutional representations for OHS, using the Data Analysis methods.
<italic>Conclusions:</italic> The conclusions will depend on the results of the relationship between KPIs in OHS of hospitals and the institutional representations.
</abstract>

Key Performance Indicators in Occupational Health and Safety of Hospitals: A systematic review with meta-analysis protocol

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Climate played a huge role in every change in the historical course of planet Earth. Even today, it is a topic that inspires experts to think and undertake initiatives for sustainable development based on the principles of green transition. However, in conditions where 99% of European businesses are micro, small and medium, it is clear that the progression of European countries towards the goal of green transition will only be through strategic planning in which “green” goals are incorporated.
The transformation of micro, small and medium-sized businesses in the future period is imperative. It is becoming a strategic imperative for businessmen who want to advance in the global landscape, which is rapidly developing in a green direction. The transition to a green economy, despite the fact that it is costly, slow and will cause many “victims”, provides significant opportunities for businessmen to strengthen their competitiveness.
However, it should not be forgotten that parallel to setting green strategic goals, every organization should provide strong internal capacities for the implementation of large-scale changes resulting from green transitions. The transformation should be in the spirit of smart transition, which will enable a balance between what the company wants to achieve and the skills possessed by human resources.
</abstract>

Challenges faced by organizations in the process of green transition

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The right to freedom of expression, not without purpose provided for in the first amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, is one of the main basic rights on which modern democratic states were founded. The enjoyment of this freedom is closely related to a series of other equally basic rights, such as freedom of belief, freedom of organization, the right not to be harassed for personal opinions, the freedom to be attached to a certain political party, etc (Salvatore, 2019). The right to freedom of expression is one of the oldest freedoms that arose as a result of freedom of religion, mentioned by the first Christian writers during the II-III century, and then during the conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in the centuries XVI-XVII.
On the other hand, it was encouraged and elaborated by the great theorists of the freedom of scientific research (just think of Descartes and Galileo) and of political freedom (such as Milton). Later, the right of Freedom of Expression was elaborated by philosophers of the XVIII-XIX centuries such as Voltaire, Fichte, Benthan. In this sense, John Stuart Mill said that freedom of expression protects us from corrupt power, tyranny, and this freedom is one of the basic guarantees for an open and pluralistic society (Mihajllova, Bacovaska and Shekerxhiev, 2013). Since the circulation of ideas is a prerequisite for the communication of thought, the freedom of expression or manifestation of thought has always been considered by Italian constitutional jurisprudence as the cornerstone of the democratic system (Bin and Pitruzzella, 2012). Main objective of this manuscript is the analysis of the Albanian legislation and jurisprudence about the freedom of expression.
</abstract>

The right to freedom of expression and its limitations according to Albanian legislation

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Innovation has always been one of the drivers of competition and for the long-term success of companies. The implementation of new digital technologies stimulates the development and acquisition of new skills, competences and knowledge, which are relevant factors in companies’ innovation activities, especially in SME’s.
Albania stays between the first 10 European Countries where its citizens take 95% of public services online. Also, Albania is the first country not only in the region but also in Europe to have a dedicated law for the development of start-ups. The study purpose is to present a comparative analysis for the level of digital innovation for EU Countries and Albania.
The research question is: Are there differences between Albania and European Countries regarding the Key indicators of Digital Economy and Society Index?
We have conducted a review of the literature and a secondary data analysis. This study has a descriptive nature, and its main contribution is to present the comparative results between EU Countries and Albania regarding digital innovation. The results show that there are differences between Albania and European Countries regarding these indicators.
</abstract>

Digital Innovation in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A comparative analysis between Albania and EU countries

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Traffic accidents are unexpected and unpleasant cases on the road, which often have consequences of damage to cars, people’s injuries and in more severe cases lead to death. These events occur for various reasons and can be the result of factors such as high speed, disregard for traffic signals, alcohol, unused safety belt, technical vehicle problems, bad weather conditions and dangerous drivers’ behavior. The consequences of traffic accidents can be very serious, including serious physical injuries, material damage to the vehicle, and in some cases loss of life. Some of the preventive measures to reduce the risk of traffic accidents include the respect for traffic rules, use of seat belts, non-consumption of alcohol at the time of driving, car maintenance, education and information. Road safety is a common challenge that requires cooperation and dedication from drivers, road authorities and the community in general. This challenge is faced by law enforcement institutions to perform the tasks and obligations deriving from the legislation in terms of discouraging legal violations by traffic participants. Therefore, this paper is intended for the discovery and interpretation of any stagnation or negligence that can lead to the encouragement of traffic participants to neglect traffic rules and laws. The analysis of this manuscript is accompanied with statistics, tables and graphs from 116 cases from a population of about 150,000 inhabitants.
</abstract>

Road traffic accidents, sanctions and delays in judgments in Court proceedings in Prizren - Republic of Kosovo

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The literary style of modernist authors like James Joyce (1882-1941) and William Faulkner (1897-1962) is deeply experimental. Their complexity is intertwined with the desire to retell local, national stories as seen through the eyes of losers from which small literary cosmoses are the desires result to re-adapt domestic spaces. This research does not leave a path for the use of language as a transparent means of expression, but at the same time makes it impossible to express fiction through more linear and elaborative methods, leaving the direct elaboration subordinate, shown from the viewpoint of the marginalized, the oppressed. Their speaking variety is conveyed through repetitions, fixations, alienations, and disturbing endings. The two authors create neologisms that signal dissatisfaction with the limitations of conventional language. Joyce includes Hiberno-English in <italic>Ulysses (1920)</italic> as a means of cacophonous addition to the voices and styles, just as Faulkner includes the African American speech of the American South. They operate on the differences of their traditions. Joyce attacks the use of syntax, being more interested in the order of words within the sentence, the same concern with syntactic structure that we also see in Faulkner.
</abstract>

Discourse analysis in Ulysses and The Sound and the Fury

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
English contract law pays great attention to the terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability that the parties may provide in a contract. This is due to the fact that these terms can be considered as a social problem, since they are a means by which the contracting parties seek to avoid liability for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations. In this sense, these terms constitute an easy way for the contracting party, which is stronger, to exclude itself from liability to the other party. This is especially true in consumer related contracts.
The purpose of this paper is to address how these terms are regulated by doctrine and jurisprudence in England. This paper consists of two main cases. In the first case, the content and features of the terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability will be analyzed according to common law or judicial practice in England. It is understood that in this case, at the center of attention will be the analysis of the decisions of courts of different levels or the analysis of judicial precedents, since it is the latter that gives the meaning and content of these terms.
In the second case, the terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability will be analyzed in general, according to the English law: <italic>“The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977”.</italic> Here we will specifically analyze the reasons that drove the legislators in England to pass this law, as well as address some of the main provisions of this law, as well as the impact they have had on judicial practice. Also, special attention will be paid to the cases of English judicial practice in relation to the correct and exact meaning of the concrete provisions of this law.
</abstract>

Terms of exclusion or limitation of contractual liability under English civil law

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This article will be focused on the Chapter 27 “Environment &amp; Climate Change” and during this desk study the new EU Enlargement Methodology will be analysed with a focus on the Chapter 27 and its transposition in Albania. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive understanding of EU Integration and especially of the environmental sector. With the opening of the EU negotiations, the responsibility has been moved to the Government of Albania and to the Albanian’s citizens. The Ministry of Tourism and Environment is the leading authority for Chapter 27 - Environment and Climate Action.
Chapter 27 is included in cluster “Green agenda and sustainable connectivity” and it is considered as one of the most comprehensive and challenging to implement, including being the most-expensive chapter in terms of costs. This study will review the new enlargement methodology together with its application, which will be applied for the first time during the negotiation process and also will identify the level of transposition regarding the sub chapters of chapter 27 “Environment and Climate change”.
</abstract>

EU Integration of Chapter 27 “Environment and Climate change” in Albania

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The demographic transition means the transition from a traditional mode of demographic balance with high mortality and fertility, to a different mode of balance (modern) with low mortality and fertility throughout the course of the modernization of demographic processes. The demographic transition is associated with changing the indicators of population reproduction and the demographic balance regime. It is a process that the population of every country goes through. What is the demographic transition model based on historical stages? What are the global population trends? What are the characteristics of the demographic transition in Albania? The methods used in this manuscript are those of analysis, synthesis, comparison, etc. The demographic transition model has a global historical-geographical analysis value as it provides a global population assessment trend. The global population trend is towards the phenomenon of aging through decline or birth control and includes both central and semi-central countries. The analysis of the overpopulation in the territory has in essence the interventions by means of different measures to regulate the demographic regimes in function of the well-being of the population. In Albania, the transition has been accompanied by a large drop in births and high emigration. The time has come for this transition to be treated with priority as it affects the country’s economy and its perspective.
</abstract>

Demographic transition - Global population patterns and trends: The case of Albania

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Trust and the feeling of being protected is the core value of the legal process. Trust should not be confused with the idea of goodwill. Goodwill is not normative of the criminal law, but it is a concept of the private law. A similar principle of trust in criminal law is the intent, which terminologically has a better connotation with criminal law than goodwill. Nevertheless, there is still a part that this definition does not include and leaves gaps in which the word trust is better used as a definition. The principles of legality and lex stricta are values in criminal law and also have their interpretations widely used. Main topic of this paper is the usage of the word trust and the need to trust the criminal law and have faith in it. A faith which is built in centuries and cases after cases which have led to a general conclusion. The conclusion is not to question the criminal process, the lawyers or judges and its paragraphs but to accept it as it is and follow its directions. Examples, case studies and other central topics can lead to a better understanding of the good faith in criminal law.
</abstract>

The Role of Trust in the Criminal Procedure

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The contract concluded by the parties, in addition to the essential conditions, which must necessarily exist in every contract; otherwise, it is invalid, also contains the usual conditions and the incidental conditions. This paper consists of two main issues. In the first case, the usual conditions and the incidental conditions will be treated according to contractual law in Albania. In the second case, these conditions will be addressed in accordance with English contract law, which is commonly referred to as “conditions negotiated by the parties”. The issues to be addressed in the first case pertain to the fundamental features that characterize the usual and incidental conditions under Albanian contract law, their content, and the consequences of their omission in the contract.
In the second part of this paper, we will delve into the interpretation of miscellaneous clauses, both ordinary and incidental, under English contract law. We will explore the evolution in their interpretation within English judicial practice and examine the consequences of parties anticipating these terms. Particular attention will be paid to the challenges that have arisen in English judicial practice when resolving disputes between parties. In this manuscript, we will not only discuss the various positions held by different authors on this matter but also reference select decisions from English courts.
In conclusion, we will provide a summary of results, focusing on the disparities between contractual law in Albania and UK concerning typical and incidental contract conditions. We will also address the issues that have arisen in the judicial practices of both countries, emphasizing the need for a fair and accurate interpretation of such conditions. 
</abstract>

Comparative Analysis of Usual and Incidental Contractual Conditions in the  Albanian and English Contract Law

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Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences

 Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences is an international journal published in Austria focused on interdisciplinary research. Our Journal is interested in...

 Academic Journal of Business, Administration, Law and Social Sciences is an international journal published in Austria focused on...