<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Increased geopolitical competition and growing economic nationalism after 2014 have gradually started to slow the trend of liberalization of international trade. Relations among certain national states have turned into trade wars – a hybrid phenomenon shaped at the intersection of geopolitics and geoeconomics. The paper explores global and regional trends in trade regulations introduced by the world's largest economies and, at the same time, its major military powers. The G20 countries’ role in these processes was illustrated through references to empirical data on the dynamics of the introduced trade regulations in 2009–2018. The effectiveness of the regulations index is proposed. Apart from the harm that deepening such negative trends in the global geostrategic balance does to broader bilateral relations, the role of trade wars in re-shaping globalization's established conditions is also discussed.
</abstract>

<bold>Trade wars and the changing international order:</bold> a crisis of globalization?

Location of Capitals of the World and the Boundaries of Vegetation Zones

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The island of Cyprus has been occupied by various powers, during which time the historical and cultural contexts of the main cities of the island have changed and left behind material traces. One of these cities is the main port city of the island Famagusta, where the various ruling powers affected its fabric and the different historic structures of the city combine with modern in the contemporary city. These multicultural structures and historical layers can be followed on the maps. The aim of this paper is to follow the changing urban fabric of Famagusta by examining the selected maps from the 16th century to modern times. How much the city undergoes spatial alteration and how much of the historical structure and developments can be followed on the cartographic records? The paper will question the perspective of the cartographers towards Famagusta and their priorities in depicting this multicultural city.</abstract>

Past and present: cartographic history of Famagusta

Industrialization and Urbanization

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Geography and Social Sciences in Transdisciplinary Science</title>The subject of the paper is the status and relationships of geography, especially human geography, with the social sciences on the background of the evolution of science from multidisciplinary to transdisciplinary. Progressive hybridization of disciplines and specialties upset the identity of geography in modern science, but geography (human geography), as she was, so it is hardly accepted as a social science among scientists. An important role is played by the traditional assignment of the entire geography to natural sciences and greater isolation of human geography in flows of knowledge within the social sciences. The article presents the specificities of the social sciences in the classification of the sciences, the impact of social sciences on past development of geography and contemporary impact of geography on <italic>spatial turn</italic> in the social sciences.</abstract>

Geography and Social Sciences in Transdisciplinary Science

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>This paper looks at the changes that occurred in the rural area of the Sai Kung Peninsula in Hong Kong’s New Territories from the 16th century, and uses it as a case-study to show the complex range of forces that can act on a locale. Throughout its history, land use and economic activities on the Sai Kung Peninsula have been driven to a great extent by non-local factors, including distant warfare leading to mass immigration and political decisions leading to mass emigration. However, once Hong Kong became an important outpost of Britain’s colonial empire it became integrated into a global trade network and thus became sensitive to economic and technological changes taking place thousands of miles away. In the 20th century, the Sai Kung Peninsula developed in response to Hong Kong’s growth as an international trade hub, finding its agricultural output overwhelmed by cheap foreign products, and its industry challenged by foreign technological advances.</abstract>

Local livelihoods and global process: complex causalities in Hong Kong’s Sai Kung Peninsula

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper presents five sites located in the marginal zone of the Wartanian stadial within the Odranian Glaciation (MIS6a) on the border of the Central Polish Uplands and Lowlands, representing different glacial forms and geological structures: terminal moraine hill, undulating moraine hill, sedimentary margin of the ice sheet, kame hill, and outwash plain. This differentiation is also reflected in the petrographic composition of the gravels and the interesting surface microstructures of the Scandinavian erratic boulders. This small study area, with its high geodiversity, which we have identified and investigated, has considerable potential for sustainable development. Geotourism is a tool for this development in a peripheral tourist region, providing both economic benefits for the local population and conservation services for the geoecosystem.
</abstract>

<bold>Wartanian glacial sediments:</bold> insights into deglaciation of Polish Lowlands and Highlands border for geotourism

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study delves into the synergy between remote sensing and satellite gravimetry, focusing on the utilization of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) data for modeling delta Total Water Storage (ΔTWS) values derived from the GRACE mission. Various machine learning algorithms were employed to investigate the concordance between Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and AMSR-E observations. Despite the limited correlation in circumpolar permafrost areas, ΔTWS was successfully modeled with an accuracy of a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 3.5 cm. The Amazon region exhibited a notable model error, attributed to significant ΔTWS amplitude; the overall model quality was affirmed by Normalized Root Mean Square Error (NRMSE) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) metrics. Importantly, the effectiveness of AMSR-E Soil Moisture (SM) data, encompassing C (frequency of 4–8 GHz) and X (frequency of 8–12 GHz) ranges (~0.04 m and ~0.03 m wavelength, respectively) in modeling ΔTWS, even in heavily forested equatorial regions, was demonstrated.
</abstract>

<bold>Using machine learning techniques</bold> to reconstruct the signal observed by the GRACE mission based on AMSR-E microwave data

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper provides a comprehensive description of preserved copper plates used for map printing in order to enrich the existing knowledge and, at the same time, contribute with new knowledge on the topic of the engraving of old maps. The dimensions, thickness, and weight of individual printing plates were measured. Qualitative indicators of the material were also examined. Printing plates originating from countries north of the Alps (former Czech lands) and from Mediterranean regions (Malta and Italy) are represented. For the purpose of the study, the term printing plate refers to a copperplate on which the engraving was made using the burin or line etching technique. These are some of the oldest reproduction techniques used for printing old maps. The period studied covers the 18th century, approximately. Studies dealing with a large set of printing plates and their classification are rather an exception (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="j_mgrsd-2023-0028_ref_014">Hameleers 1989</xref>). The issue of the qualitative properties of printing plates has not yet been comprehensively addressed in the literature focusing on the history of cartography.
</abstract>

<bold>Cartographic analysis of two centuries</bold> of map printing using copperplates – examples from the Czech Republic and Malta collections

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The aim of this study is to assess the importance of geotourism before, during and after the eruption of the Tajogaite Volcano (September to December 2021) on La Palma, Spain. The methodology applied consisted of identifying the geotourism products on the island before the eruption, the importance of the volcano for geotourism – by means of a survey – and the geotourism products developed after the eruption. The findings show that, before the eruption, La Palma's tourism products (hiking, archaeology, stargazing and volcano tourism) were closely related to its volcanic heritage. During the eruption, Tajogaite became a tourist attraction for the island, drawing thousands of visitors and scientists. Lastly, now that the eruption has ended, geotourism is playing a key role in the various island recovery plans through the evaluation of sites of geotourism interest and the design of geotrails in natural and urban areas.
</abstract>

<bold>Geotourism on an active volcanic island</bold> (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this article, we introduce a new dataset to complement the existing evidence on economic inequalities in Poland’s rural areas. This important dataset uses annual information on the beneficiaries of income support, which is paid to farmers within the European Common Agricultural Policy and covers the period 2014–2021. The data can be used to analyse the changing distribution of this support at municipality level using conventional inequality measures. Since part of the support is granted per eligible hectare, our data can also serve as a good approximation of land use distribution, and thus allow researchers to scrutinise the changes in the distribution of an important component of the wealth of many people living in rural areas. The paper presents selected findings on the distribution of income support granted to land users in the studied period and suggests potential research areas, for which the presented dataset can provide useful insights.
</abstract>

<bold>New dataset on income support</bold> in Poland’s rural areas

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
ChatGPT, along with its applications, possibilities, limitations and future development, is currently one of the most often discussed topics worldwide. One of the issues raised in those discussions is its ethically questionable role in science and education.
The goal of this paper is to assess the accuracy and correctness of the responses given by ChatGPT, using climate change in Poland as an example. Eight questions related to this topic were posed to ChatGPT, and each answer was subsequently verified and assigned a grade on a scale of 0–10. The overall grade obtained was 3.8, indicating that only 30–40% of the information provided by ChatGPT was accurate. This poor result can be attributed to fake references, inaccurate data, overgeneralizations and simplification. Nevertheless, with proper training and development, ChatGPT has tremendous potential to serve as a valuable tool for ethically sound applications in the field of science.
</abstract>

<bold>Climate change in Poland</bold> – the assessment of the conversation with ChatGPT

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>During the last century about 100 indices were developed to assess influences of the atmosphere on human being. However, most of them have not close relationships with physiological reactions in man. In 1999 International Society of Biometeorology established special study group do develop new Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Since 2005 these efforts have been reinforced by the COST Action 730 (<underline>Co</underline>operation in <underline>S</underline>cience and <underline>T</underline>echnical Development). In February 2009 the Action was terminated and UTCI was developed.The new UTCI index represents air temperature of the reference condition with the same physiological response as the actual condition. The index base on Fiala model that is one of the most advanced multi-node thermophysiological models and include the capability to predict both whole body thermal effects (hypothermia and hyperthermia; heat and cold discomfort), and local effects (facial, hands and feet cooling and frostbite). The model consists of two interacting systems: the controlling active system; and the controlled passive system. The assessment scale of UTCI bases on the intensity of objective physiological reactions to environmental heat stress in wide range of weather and climates. The index can be applicable in various research, for example in weather forecasts, bioclimatological assessments, bioclimatic mapping in all scales (from micro to macro), urban design, engineering of outdoor spaces, consultancy for where to live, outdoor recreation and climatotherapy, epidemiology and climate impact research.The paper presents thermophysiological principles of UTCI as well as some examples of its application to assess bioclimatic differentiation of Europe.</abstract>

Principles of the New Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) and its Application to Bioclimatic Research in European Scale

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Municipal amalgamation reforms have been advocated as ways to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance capacity in local government service provision. Research on the consequences of amalgamations has reached maturity in terms of theories, research designs and methods, justifying a systematic survey of results. This article provides a synthesis of the empirical literature published over the last 20 years, organizing the effects of amalgamations into three categories: economic efficiency and cost savings, managerial implications, and democratic outcomes. Despite the significant variation across countries and reforms, some regularities emerge: cost savings being primarily limited to general administration expenditures (wages, office supplies, and so on), few changes in the quality of local services, and the diminished quality of local democracy. Several studies point to amalgamation reforms experiencing a trade-off between efficiency and democracy.</abstract>

Municipal amalgamations and their effects: a literature review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of this article is to show that Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) can be applied in agriculture as a sustainable development tool. This paper shows the connections between CSR and the Common Agricultural Policy; opinions on socially responsible agriculture expressed by EU citizens are mentioned, and the application of the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility in agriculture is described.Both CSR and the Common Agricultural Policy are included in the Europe 2020 Strategy. Farmers should take the CSR concept into account when running their farms, a practice that would be welcomed by European citizens. Applying Corporate Social Responsibility in agriculture would contribute to improving the image of farmers as perceived by stakeholders, as well as bringing notable economic, social and environmental benefits. This article is based on the available literature and the results of European public opinion surveys.</abstract>

The Application of Corporate Social Responsibility in European Agriculture

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Regional (economic) resilience and resilient thinking have gained considerable attention in recent years. My aim with this work is to throw light on some of the underlying aspects of regional economic resilience and resilient thinking. In the current study I give an overview of the notion, key concepts, main empirical results and planning tasks concerning regional (economic) resilience as well as outlining some of the criticisms. Finally, I provide some suggestions for studies in resilience and resilient thinking for future research agendas. The main results of the study is my own belief in the concept of regional economic resilience, and an overview and comparison of regional (economic) resilience literature and empirics that lead me to highlight some of the shortcomings of the research topic.</abstract>

Regional economic resilience: concepts, empirics and a critical review

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Evidence of climatic health hazards on the general population has been discussed in many studies but limited focus is placed on developing a relationship between climate and its effects on occupational health. Long working hours with high physical activity can cause health problems for workers ranging from mild heat cramps to severe heat stroke leading to death. The paper presents the possible risk of heat hazard to outdoor workers, using the example of Warsaw. The heat stress hazard, defined by WBGT values above 26 and 28°C and UTCI above 32 and 38°C, is assessed from two perspectives: its spatial distribution on a local scale and its temporal changes during the 21st century due to climate change. City centre and industrial districts were identified as the places with the greatest heat stress hazard. The number of heat stress days in a year (as predicted for the 21st century) is increasing, meaning that heat-related illnesses are more likely to have a direct impact on workers’ health.</abstract>

Department of Climatology Institute of Phisical Geography Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies University of Warsaw

Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences

Bioklimatologia. Laboratory of Bioclimatology and Environmental Ergonomics

Heat stress and occupational health and safety – spatial and temporal differentiation

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Assessment of Regional Bioclimatic Contrasts in Poland</title>Traveling is one of most popular tourism activity. Usually it is associated with the change of climate conditions. In a short time we can move to different environment and our organisms are under great pressure of atmospheric stimuli which have diverse level and range of variability in comparison to home location. The general climate information seem to be insufficient to be prepared to new conditions. The paper presents new complex index which can be used to assess contrasts of bioclimatic conditions (<italic>BCI</italic>). It was applied to compare differences in bioclimatic conditions in six stations represented various bioclimate regions of Poland: Koszalin (Coastal region), Białystok (North-East region), Warszawa and Wrocław (Central region), Rzeszów (South-East region) and Hala Gąsienicowa (Tatras, Carpathians region).</abstract>

Assessment of Regional Bioclimatic Contrasts in Poland

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Miscellanea Geographica

Regional Studies on Development

Print ISSN: 0867-6046 Journal's original version: Electronic version/digital media version.  The journal is indexed in:   Scopus (CiteScore - 1.5)...

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Volume 25 (2021): Issue 1 (January 2021) Thematic Issue: Re-inventing territorial organization of the local tier: municipal splits in Central and Eastern Europe. Guest Editors: Pawel Swianiewicz, Katarzyna Szmigiel-Rawska

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Volume 24 (2020): Issue 3 (July 2020) Thematic Issue: UTCI application in different spatial and temporal scales. Editors: Krzysztof Błażejczyk, Bożena Kicińska.

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Volume 23 (2019): Issue 3 (July 2019) Thematic Issue: History and space: challenges, methods, applications. Editors: Piotr Werner, Izabela Gołębiowska, Izabela Karsznia

Volume 23 (2019): Issue 2 (April 2019)

Volume 23 (2019): Issue 1 (January 2019)

Volume 22 (2018): Issue 4 (December 2018) Thematic Issue: Organisation of Contemporary Urban Space. Towards Planning, Arrangement and Management of Cities. Guest Editors: Mikołaj Madurowicz, Andrzej Lisowski

Volume 22 (2018): Issue 3 (September 2018)

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Miscellanea Geographica

Regional Studies on Development

Wartanian glacial sediments: insights into deglaciation of Polish Lowlands and Highlands border for geotourism

Using machine learning techniques to reconstruct the signal observed by the GRACE mission based on AMSR-E microwave data

Cartographic analysis of two centuries of map printing using copperplates – examples from the Czech Republic and Malta collections

Geotourism on an active volcanic island (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain)

New dataset on income support in Poland’s rural areas

Climate change in Poland – the assessment of the conversation with ChatGPT