<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In professional negligence the most challenging and arduous is medical negligence, which consists of various claims. Medical negligence will usually involve doctors and other medical practitioners. In medical negligence the claimant is allowed to bring a personal injury claim to a court which has the jurisdiction under adversarial system. However it is evident from reported cases that medical negligence claims were mostly unsuccessful. The reason lies on the notion of the burden of proof, which cast a heavy burden on the plaintiff according to the fault system. In medical negligence claims, plaintiffs will more often than not, find it very difficult to discharge their burden of proof. In most countries, professional negligence claims are recommended to be dealt with by way of mediation under Alternative Dispute resolution (ADR). Mediation is believed to be easier than litigation and is less complicated. Malaysia is among those countries which has enhanced significantly the utility of ADR. This paper will endeavour to address the problems in proving medical negligence cases by using one of the strongest tools of ADR which is mediation.
</abstract>

Medical Negligence Dispute in Malaysia: Choosing Mediation as the Best Constructive Approach to Address the Paradoxes in Medical Negligence Claims

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This research paper aims to explore the field of patient satisfaction in health care, by performing a literature review on existing healthcare articles that analyse determinants of patient’s satisfaction and theories on patient satisfaction assessment. Patient satisfaction is one of the most important factors to determine the success of health care providers. Determining the exact definition, determinants and characteristics of patients that influence satisfaction, as well as different theories on satisfaction, are highly discussed elements in the literature for a long period of time. The research instrument was a literature review by combining different view from many researchers. The literature was searched in databases such as Emerald, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus. Patient satisfaction appears to play an important role in evaluation of service quality. From the literature review, it was observed that the main determinants of patient satisfaction were the demographic characteristics, expectations and experiences of the patients. Communication is also an extremely important element that affects patient satisfaction. Other research should be conducted to delve even more into this very important area of health care.
</abstract>

Determinants of Patient Satisfaction with Health Care: A Literature Review

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The PSA test is used primarily to screen for prostate cancer. A PSA test measures the amount of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in your blood. PSA is a protein produced in the prostate, a small gland that sits below a man's bladder. PSA is mostly found in semen, which also is produced in the prostate. Small amounts of PSA ordinarily circulate in the blood. The PSA test can detect high levels of PSA that may indicate the presence of prostate cancer. However, many other conditions, such as an enlarged or inflamed prostate, can also increase PSA levels. We use ImmunoAssay for Quantitative Measurement of PSA in Human Blood / Serum / Plasma with i-CHROMA TM Reader System with high sensitivity and specifity. We have analysed 120 patients and only 2 of them had very high value of PSA so we can determine for a prostate cancer. Additional factors increase the accuracy of PSA testing and it is not sufficient only the PSA to determine a prostate cancer so we need a rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound.
</abstract>

The Prostate Gland and PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of infected cases, the international community has been confronted with one of the most urgent health crises in recent decades. With the COVID-19 pandemic, we confronted a new phenomenon known as an "Infodemic" or "epidemic of misleading information" regarding COVID-19. Presently, a large amount of unsubstantiated material on various elements of the COVID-19 disease, disease control and prevention techniques and its effects is being distributed via social media, news agencies and television networks. Due to their accessibility, social networks are increasingly becoming an integral part of our lives. They provide avenues where anybody can convey their ideas and post information without impeding or regulating their publishing validation. As a consequence, it facilitates the spread of "Fake News," material that is deliberately false. Because of the amount of social media users and the volume of followers, fake social media news could have major adverse social repercussions. Misinformation and disinformation can have detrimental effects on people's mental and physical health, increase stigma, jeopardize valuable health gains, and result in poor adherence to public health measures, hence reducing their efficiency and jeopardizing their ability to manage the pandemic. Misinformation can result in death. Without trust and accurate information, diagnostic tests go unutilized, immunization campaigns (or initiatives to enhance effectiveness of vaccines) fall short of their goals, and the virus thrives. What's more, disinformation is creating a rift in public debate on COVID-19-related issues, intensifying hate speech, increasing the chances of conflict, violent acts, and violations of human rights, and jeopardizing long-term prospects for advancing social cohesion, human rights, and democracy.
</abstract>

Fighting Infodemic Becomes Must After Covid-19 Pandemic's Onslaught on Truth, Knowledge

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Background:</bold> The management of the Institute of Pathological Anatomy in Kosovo is the only institution providing tertiary diagnostic services for the population of Kosovo. In the diagnosis and treatment of patients in the IPA, the priority is to manage the quality and accuracy of the diagnostic results. The IPA mission is to improve workflow management, reduce diagnostic errors, increase speed and diagnose quality.
<bold>Purpose:</bold> The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of quality of care diagnostic services in IPA and to assess to the management of IPA to change the factors that have affected the management of the institution so far. These factors relate to centralization, lack of autonomy, lack of financial resources for facility maintenance, lack of modern diagnostic equipment, lack of clinical specialties, lack of medical reagents, lack of clinical protocols. Bureaucratic hacks designed by health policy makers in Kosovo have influenced the progress of the IPA, so slowly to date.
<bold>Method:</bold> With a random sampling, 250 patients with different health problems (tumors) were recruited into the IPA for the period January 2018. The average age of participating subjects (n=250) by random sampling was 56.6 ± 11.6 years, where age group the youngest of patients ranging from 20 to 35 years old, which accounts for 6, 40% of the total number of patients diagnosed, the age group 36-50 is 32.80%, the age group of 51-65 years old 42% and the age group&gt; 65 years old represents 18.80% of the total number of patients diagnosed in IPA.
<bold>Results:</bold> The abstract concludes with a list of evidences facing the public IPA in Kosovo. IPA’s management role is a new approach, important to Kosovo and the health of its population. Increasing and timely provision of patient diagnosis is the achievement of institution management and the advancement of diagnostic quality of examinations in this institution. The evidence, that collaboration between IPA's internal and external clinicians and the use of advanced technology will significantly increase the patient's diagnostic activity. Finding outcomes will have a theoretical and practical impact on improving IPA work by recommending a research with some key findings for IPA management.
</abstract>

The Effect of Care Quality by Managing the Institute of Anatomy Pathology in Kosovo

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The COVID-19 pandemic and the issues related to health emergency management have raised concerns about fundamental rights protection. One of the most complex and contentious issues in doctrine and jurisprudence is the introduction of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for specified categories of subjects, such as healthcare workers and individuals of a specific age range, as occurred in Italy. The debate in Italy over the mandatory COVID-19 vaccination requirement focuses on whether this obligation interferes with the individual’s fundamental right to free self-determination as guaranteed by Article 32 of the Italian Constitution. In jurisprudence and doctrine, conflicting opinions are noted concerning this topic. Part of the doctrine argue that mandatory COVID-19 vaccination compromises some fundamental rights guaranteed by the Italian Constitution, such as the right to free self-determination and respect for human dignity. Other opinions find the basis of the vaccination in the community’s best interests, citing Article 32 of the Italian Constitution, which allows for the imposition of compulsory health treatment to safeguard citizens’ health. In this regard, the issue of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination requires a reflection on the balance of two fundamental rights: the individual right to free self-determination and the community’s interest in terms of protecting public health.
</abstract>

Mandatory COVID-19 Vaccination and Free Self-Determination in the Health Field in Italy

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Although subsidiarity is dipolar, preference has been for the “lower” pole at the early stages of its development as a principle in <italic>Quadragesimo Anno</italic>: the “higher” administrative unit should act only if the “lower” unit could not deal with the issue. But in a generation, <italic>Pacem in Terris</italic> posited a nuance that put the preference on the “higher” unit. The capabilities of “higher” units could supersede the rights of “lower” units because the “on reserve” aid from “higher” units leads to more effectivity. Then, applying integral ecology, <italic>Laudato Si’</italic> put the preference on the “higher” pole when issues are environmental in character. This stems from an understanding of complex and interconnected mechanisms in the interaction between populations and the environment. Because Nature has predetermined ways of acting and reacting to events like those caused by populations, Nature relays the impact of actions, such as environmental backlash, to other locations, sections, or later generations; it can also “slap back” at the local agents of events. Thus, the default option should be for the “higher” units to act when it comes to researching the complex interconnections of actions at the ecological level. But this option can lead to gaming the deliberations on public policy with questions of uncertainty or risk because valid understanding is needed to guide actions or policies. Perspectives broader than the local in terms of understanding and of values to be shared are needed.
</abstract>

Subsidiarity in Environmental Issues: Nuances and Shifts

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Over the past years, a multi-disciplinary literature on the significance of personal narratives in autobiography and identity has emerged. This subject has been of interest to authors in the fields of humanities, psychology, and medicine alike. In this paper, we are proposing the term Identity Narrative (IdN) to define a cognitive and emotional framework that serves as an implicit (unconscious) scaffolding of memory on which to build human autobiography. The authors first classify narratives into external (universal history, the humanities, culture) and internal (autobiography, based on personal experiences, both directly and indirectly, through identification and education). All philosophy and social commentary has utilized history for the purposes of prediction and meaning-making. Personalities including Aristotle, St. Augustine, Rousseau, Freud, Marx, Spengler, and Benjamin Franklin have reread history to gain insight about human nature. History has inspired the enlightenment and renaissance of a new reality for humanity. It is widely known that history can also be misused to justify aggression and human suffering. The use of history to create deep convictions that annihilate moral imperatives is only possible because of unconsciously consolidated internal narratives, the IdN. IdN is reshaped through life, both by “bottom-up” acquisition of information, as well as a “top-down” learning model, which includes the following circumstances: (a) sudden insight and awareness; (b) experiences with high emotional valence; (c) high frequency of repetition; and (d) prolonged duration of exposure. In this way, IdN, a form of relatively stable unconscious, anoetic memory, provides a “first-person” experience to autobiography. Autobiography then, becomes part of auto-noetic consciousness, the human ability to mentally time travel and have self-knowledge. IdN parallels lifelong growth and development, language acquisition, and maturing of attachment. The extensive brain activation during communication and speech, revealed by neuroimaging studies, will be referred to as the “communication beltway.” We hypothesize that the alternation in activation between the default mode (midline structures) of the brain (previously associated with the Self) and the language brain creates a platform that encodes crucial components of IdN throughout life. In this way, IdN, autobiographical memory, and the language brain are parts of a larger biological substrate of social affiliations.
</abstract>

Identity Narrative as an Unconscious Scaffold for Human Autobiography

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Background: The opioid epidemic in the United States is a national public health crisis. Driven by an increase in availability of pharmaceutical opioids and by an increase in their consumption, specifically, for pain treatment, more so in the past twenty years, it has led to an economic cost of prescription opioid abuse, overdose, and dependence in the United States estimated to be 78.5 billion USD. Methods: A thorough evaluation of the relevant extracted literature has been used to answer the question of the most effective ways to regulate health markets to decrease the opioid crisis in the United States, using keywords and phrases such as opioid epidemic in the US, prescription drug abuse, prescription medication abuse in US, medication misuse, cost-effective ways to health market regulation, drug monitoring programs, prescriber continuing education, provider continuing education, and pain management optimization. Results: Overcoming this epidemic nationwide requires improvement in patient utilization of and access to safe and effective treatment options for opioid abuse and overdose, addressing the stigma correlated with opioid use, considering appropriate use of abuse deterrent formulations (ADF) along with patient education, and improving prescribing practices via utilization of drug monitoring programs, CDC opioid prescribing guidelines and provider continuing education. Conclusion: Utilizing and implementing the aforementioned steps has shown to be a challenge. Further and repeated attempts are needed, while at the same time considering possible new steps that could help reinforce their utilization further.
</abstract>

Public health strategies to combat opioid crisis in the United States

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The study presents a new approach to understand the mind of the persons in order to drive desired action in crisis situation, specifically the COVID-19 pandemic. Understand the mind of the shopper in a pandemic situation, with massive uncertainty, should provide direction for governments and the retail trade to adopt practices and communications which will reassure their customers. This study investigates the nature of what people will do to reassure themselves in the pandemic, and has been executed during the period of the pandemic, making the study relevant to the actual events taking place. The focus of the study is on the likelihood of buying ordinary food, given certain descriptions. The study revealed three mind-sets, clusters of individuals who respond to the pandemic in one of three ways. These are: Mind-Set 1: Focus on sanitation &amp; supply; Mind-Set 2: Focus on budget for lifestyle; Mind-Set 3: Focus on shopping, personal needs, consumption. These mind-sets are distributed through the population, and are not limited to specific age or gender. The paper closes with the PVI, personal viewpoint identifier, to assign a new person to one of the three mind-sets.
</abstract>

A Mind Genomics Cartography of Shopping Behavior for Food Products during the Covid -19 Pandemic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Background: Globally, chronic low back pain (LBP) contributes significantly to the overall burden of disease, placing a heavy load on society through absenteeism and associated healthcare costs. Finding cost-effective measures to treat and prevent low back pain is therefore of utmost importance. Methods: A critical assessment of the study by Williams et al 2018 was performed by using a variation of the well-known Drummond’s checklist for the critical appraisal of economic evaluations. Results: The authors performed appropriate statistical analyses using the available data. Means and proportions of baseline characteristics of the intervention group were compared to those of the control group to evaluate their comparability. Conclusion: Upon thorough assessment of the appropriateness of the economic evaluation methods used by Williams et al., it is conclusive that the validity of their results is valuable and trusted to a degree, soundly achieving many of the listed Drummond et al requirements, yet failing to take into account a few aspects that grant some weaknesses to the study.
</abstract>

Critical Assessment of An Economic Evaluation of a Healthy Lifestyle Intervention for Chronic Low Back Pain (LBP)

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Background: ADRs and ADEs have a great potential to hospitalize and/or re-hospitalize patients. According to McDonnell and Jacobs, one ADR or ADE could lead a patient to a hospital length of stay of an average of 6.1 days. This can lead to lost days of work, a longer recovery time and even economic implications.
Methods: A thorough evaluation of the relevant extracted literature has been analyzed thoroughly in order to find out how ADRs and ADEs impact the levels of hospitalization and re-hospitalization of patients and whether strategies, such as reporting systems, can aide in decreasing their overall occurrence.
Results: As the level of hospital admissions/re-hospitalizations due to ADRs and ADEs depends on different factors, such as age and location, the data is separated in the following categories: pediatric population, general adult populations and geriatric population. Where data were available, location has been specified within each category as well. Conclusion: ADR and ADE-related hospital admission and readmission rates are age-group related, elderly being at the highest risk. However, these rates are not dependent on whether a country is developed or developing. Also, there are strategies that can be utilized by healthcare providers in order to decrease these rates in the future, such as to provide medication reviews and follow-ups.
</abstract>

Effects of Adverse Drug Reactions and Adverse Drug Events in Hospital Admission Rates and Re-Hospitalization of Patients

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The coffee tree belongs to the Rubiaceae family, genus <italic>Coffea</italic>. Although more than 80 species of coffee have been identified worldwide, only two are economically important. Coffea Arabica, also known as Arabica coffee, is responsible for about 70% of the world coffee market, and Coffea Canephora or Robusta coffee represents the rest. Due to the strong physiological effects of caffeine on human physiology, the caffeine content is a very important quality parameter of processed coffee. Routine analysis of caffeine in the food industry can be facilitated using fast and reliable tests. In this article, we quantitatively determined the caffeine content using the chloroform isolation method and we also performed the qualitative determination of caffeine in green coffee of Indian origin by the UV-VIS spectrophotometric method. Following the analysis of caffeine isolate with chloroform, we obtained a caffeine content of 182 mg / 100 g for the Robusta green coffee sample and 154 mg / 100 g for the Arabica green coffee sample. Thus we can confirm the presence of a higher caffeine content in the Robusta India green coffee sample than in the Arabica India green coffee sample. In the spectrophotometric analysis we used 4 coffee samples obtained by extraction with hot distilled water and by extraction with cold distilled water. The spectral analysis confirms the presence of caffeine in both studied coffee species and agrees with the data in the literature.
</abstract>

Determination of Caffeine Content in Arabica and Robusta Green Coffee of Indian Origin

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Willofleaf cotoneaster (<italic>Cotoneaster salicifolius</italic> Franch.) is a low, prostrate shrub, grown in Romania as an ornamental plant. Its fruits are small, ovoid pomes. Fruit tissues were analyzed for total carotenoid content (through acetone extraction and spectrophotometry), flavonoid content (methanol extraction and spectrophotometry) and total concentration of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds (methanol extraction and spectrophotometric Folin-Ciocâlteu method). <italic>C. salicifolius</italic> fruits analyzed contained an average of 311.50 mg/kg DW carotenoids (heat-dried fruits – only 100.25 mg/kg). Average flavonoid concentration was 9,777.62 mg/kg in fresh frozen fruits and 4,574 mg/kg in dried ones. 25,056.09 mg/kg GAE was the average concentration of total phenolics in fresh fruits, while dry fruit powder contained 5,271 mg/kg GAE. These concentrations of bioactive compounds are comparable, or even have a higher than in pomes belonging to related species, including domestic cultivars of rowanberry (<italic>Sorbus</italic> sp.), wild <italic>Sorbus</italic> species, firethorns (<italic>Pyracantha</italic> sp.), or other studied cotoneasters. This shows a significant potential for these pomes, requiring further investigation. However, heat-drying was found to be an unsuitable processing method for these fruits, since it led to a 53.22-78.94% decrease in bioactive compounds concentrations.
</abstract>

Total Carotenoid, Flavonoid and Phenolic Compounds Concentration in Willowleaf Cotoneaster (<italic>Cotoneaster Salicifolius</italic> Franch.) Fruits

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Recently in science, seaweeds are widely used because of their relevant compounds and potential origin of antimicrobial, antiviral and antioxidant activity. Seaweeds are rich in the trace elements and essential minerals that are hard to find in terrestrial plants. <italic>Ceramium rubrum</italic> is one of the red seaweeds that can be found in the Black Sea on the Romanian coast that has not been enough studied for their bioactive compounds. Identification and quantification of the biomolecules is carried out by specific methods. The compounds that have been found are cumarines, sterols, flavonoic aglicoles, triterpenes and polysaccharides. Is well known that this kind of biomolecules are very important in the pharmaceutical industry. Ozes and poliozes, reducing compounds and catehic tanin we’re also identified from the red algae.
</abstract>

Valuable Bioactive Compounds Extracted from <italic>Ceramium rubrum</italic> on the Romanian Seaside with Medical Interest

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European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine

Print ISSN 2601-8705  European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine (EJNSM) is a multidisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal dedicated to recent research and studies...

Print ISSN 2601-8705  European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine (EJNSM) is a multidisciplinary, open-access, peer-reviewed journal...