<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Measurement and control systems in maritime engineering applications are quite similar to those in shore based engineering applications except for some unique features which differentiate between each of them. These features are either related to the specific nature and purpose of the maritime application (Various types of commercial ships, oil/gas rigs and others) or linked to the harsh environmental conditions such as salinity, corrosion and vibration which usually exist in higher levels than shore based applications. Accordingly and due to such a specific nature of maritime engineering applications, more requirements should be considered to ensure reliability and stability for measurement and control process avoiding any negative effects that might be associated with such a unique engineering environment. As was discussed in (Abotaleb, 2021), smart transmitters based on hybrid analogue-digital (HART) and digital (Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus PA) communication protocols with additional diagnostic information, they might be a possible wired alternative for analogue transmitters (mostly based on 4-20 mA analogue standard). Similarly, wireless HART protocol can be an alternative for 4-20 mA analogue transmitters. This article will discuss the possibility of replacing classical 4-20 mA analogue transmitters with wireless HART smart transmitters on commercial ships as an example for maritime engineering application. The first section of the discussion will include a theoretical background for the basic principles of wireless HART protocol among other wireless technologies used in industrial automation. The second section of the article will discuss the possibility of utilising wireless HART protocol in the most common measurement and control systems on any commercial ship in order to discover the degree to which wireless HART can be fully or partially integrated with maritime engineering applications. Afterwards, better realization for such a concept will be rendered by an analytical planning case study conducted for tank level measurement system on different types of commercial ships. Based on both the theoretical and the analytical sections, the experimental section will manifest the importance of some of the necessary key elements to implement a reliable wireless HART network. These key elements are RSSI levels, supply voltage stability and the capability of wireless HART adapters to integrate between wired HART protocol and wireless HART network.
</abstract>

Towards Reliability and Safety Improvement of Measurement and Control Processes on Ships: Implementation of Wireless Hart Protocol

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Individuals are highly accurate for visually understanding natural scenes. By extracting and extrapolating data we reach the highest stage of scene understanding. In the past few years it proved to be an essential part in computer vision applications. It goes further than object detection by bringing machine perceiving closer to the human one: integrates meaningful information and extracts semantic relationships and patterns. Researchers in computer vision focused on scene understanding algorithms, the aim being to obtain semantic knowledge from the environment and determine the properties of objects and the relations between them. For applications in robotics, gaming, assisted living, augmented reality, etc a fundamental task is to be aware of spatial position and capture depth information. First part of this paper focuses on deep learning solutions for scene recognition following the main leads: low-level features and object detection. In the second part we present extensively the most relevant datasets for visual scene understanding. We take into consideration both directions having in mind future applications.
</abstract>

Short Literature Review for Visual Scene Understanding

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents a cascade of preprocessing procedures aiming at enhancing the quality of images generated by gas-chromatography ion mobility spectrometers (GC-IMS). The methods successfully eliminate the Reactant Ion Peak (RIP) lines, while additionally filtering out noisy components. The resulting images enable better localization and matching of the peaks associated with the presence of distinct analytes in the samples under study.
</abstract>

Preprocessing Methods for GC-IMS Image Analysis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In this study, the performance analysis of waste heat recovery systems in a power generation system consisting of 13000 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) in a stack has been investigated. Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and Kalina Cycle System 11 (KCS11) as bottoming cycles to convert generated waste heat of stack into electricity were compared with each other in a defined hybrid system. The improvement of system with an exact energy and exergy analysis after utilizing the waste heat in the hybrid system has been analyzed. Results show that the energy efficiency of combined system using Organic Rankine Cycle and Kalina Cycle System 11 increase by about 5% and 1.75% respectively. In addition, exergy analysis results indicate that exergy efficiency of combined system using Organic Rankine Cycle and Kalina Cycle System 11 increases by about 4% and 1.5% respectively. The total exergy destruction rate obtained for the hybrid power systems is 235.5 kW when ORC is used and 329.7 kW when KCS11 is used respectively. Results show that in presented systems ORC has higher energy and exergy efficiencies than KCS11 but different used working fluids and equipment of systems must also be considered from an economical point of view.
</abstract>

A Comparative Energy and Exergy Analysis Between Organic Rankine Cycle and Kalina Cycle System 11 for the Waste Heat Recovery of a PEM Fuel Cell Power Station

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper is focused on presenting the simulated solution for synchronizing the CAN communication, which is signal based, with the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) for each LED connected to a LED matrix manager device. Using the presented solution, the user is able to read and verify each LEDand represents a very easy and fast testing approach for automotive lighting with LMM (LED Matrix Manager) devices. The information provided by the sniffer improves the error root cause detection time, offers an overview on the requirements compliance, and assures an efficient monitorisation of the LMM behaviour. The LMM sniffer is developed due to the missing of a dedicated standard solution for this purpose.
</abstract>

A Led Matrix Manager Sniffer

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are inspired from natural computing, modelling with high accuracy the interactions and processes between the synapses of the neurons focusing on low response time and energy efficiency. This novel paradigm of event-based processing opens new opportunities for discovering applications and developing efficient learning methods that should highlight the advantages of SNNs such as the large memory capacity and the fast adaptation, while preserving the easy-to-use and portability of the conventional computing architectures. In this paper, we do a brief review of the developments of the past decades in the field of SNNs. We start with a brief history of the SNN and summarize the most common models of spiking neurons and methods to implement synaptic plasticity. We also classify the SNNs according to the implemented learning rules and network topology. We present the computational advantages, liabilities, and applications suitable for using SNNs in terms of energy efficiency and response time. In addition, we briefly sweep through the existing platforms and simulation frameworks for SNNs exploration. The paper ends with conclusions that show predictions of future challenges and the emerging research topics associated with SNNs.
</abstract>

A Short Survey of the Development and Applications of Spiking Neural Networks of High Biological Plausibility

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The growing number of road accidents and fatalities created a necessity for applications exploiting communication between traffic actors like vehicles, vulnerable road users (VRUs), and infrastructure. To determine the vehicle position and to communicate this data to the traffic users, the vehicles and user’s smart devices are equipped with communication modules and positioning modules. The fifth generation (5G) cellular network promises to respond to the requirements of a city traffic management by: ultra-low latency, reliability, and position determined with high precision. The 3GPP Release 16 mobile communications standard details the use-cases of the industrial verticals and their requirements, the most important key performance indicators (KPIs), and technologies that the new radio (NR) architectural component uses to obtain the position information. 3GPP Release 16 targets a positioning accuracy between 1 and 3 meters for traffic monitoring and control, as well as for wearable devices. Moreover, the standard specifies the most common solutions that the 5G technology can support. This paper aims at presenting the context of the positioning essentials that the 5G NR can support, which are necessary to achieve road users’ protection and congestion avoidance within an urban area.
</abstract>

andreea-valentina.militaru@student.tuiasi.ro

Positioning Key Elements for Increasing Localization Precision of the VRUs in 5G NR Environments

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Current research responds to the need to add value to a product right from the conception phase and incrementally whenever the product’s customers demand it. Thus, this paper presents a hybrid method of adding value to a single-phase asynchronous motor by combining computerized modelling and simulation of a single-phase asynchronous motor with an incremental innovation technique based on value analysis and engineering for functional optimization of this device. The methodology combines these two techniques to obtain a customer-oriented product with optimally dimensioned functions that correspond to the needs of the device’s customers. The novelty of the work consists of the research methodology, which includes the application of functional analysis method during the design and redesign stages of a single-phase asynchronous motor.
</abstract>

Incremental Innovation Methodology that Combines Computerized Modelling and Simulation with Value Analysis and Engineering Method

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
In the paper are highlighted the main advantages of wireless monitoring methods present in the market for electrical equipment temperature surveillance. Also, are considerate the mandatory corrections applied to the thermographic image in order to adjust the electrical equipment temperature. In the final part, there are shown the resulted values of an infrared thermography inspection performed in industrial environment, which reveals the thermal stresses identification of the busbar’s connections from a medium voltage switch separator. In addition, the paper present why a highly reflexive surface is not suitable for infrared thermography, and in what manner affects the data obtained from the monitoring devices.
</abstract>

Considerations Regarding Electrical Equipment Monitoring Through Infrared Thermography

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper refers to an electric machine (motor/generator) with an adjustable magnetic field, because its rotor has a special construction that allows the deformation of its elastic permanent magnets. The permanent magnets deform due to a clamping stroke parameter and in this way the flux density of the magnetic field as well as the width and length of the permanent magnets are variable. The variable magnetic field crosses the stator coils which are supplied by the voltages and due to a variable magnetic flux density, a higher torque will result even at lower values of the currents. As a result, a higher efficiency will be obtained due to the increase in mechanical power and the decrease in losses (e.g., Joule effect) in the stator windings. The presented electric machine is a synchronous machine with variable geometry, belonging to the category of permanent magnet machines. Specific to this machine is the fact that the rotor magnets are elastic, being made of ferritic compound rubber with neodimium magnets N45.
</abstract>

The Synchronous Electric Machine with Variable Geometry Done by Elastic Permanent Magnets

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The switching of electrical equipment in normal operation conditions should be performed in optimal moments with regard to the variation of the voltage and current waveforms. Deviations from these ideal conditions will result in disruptive transient regimes, which, depending on their severity, can lead to equipment malfunctions or insulation damage. This paper continues a previous research study regarding the impact of the real switching moment regarding the known ideal conditions on various types of equipment. Previous efforts have concentrated on the study of the behavior of capacitor banks, power transformers and underground cable lines when switching is performed in different points on the voltage sine wave. This paper continues the research by studying high voltage overhead lines in the same conditions. The voltage and current waveforms are measured and analyzed for different switching times, using the EMTP software package. A comparison discussion with the previous results highlights the main findings.
</abstract>

florin-constantin.baiceanu@academic.tuiasi.ro

Overhead Line Swithcing Considering Circuit Breaker Standard Deviation Times

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
While privacy concerns remain the main challenge starting with the promulgation of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), for deep learning applications, Google introduced recently the Federated Learning (FL) technique to offer support for high privacy-sensitive data, which makes FL a hot research topic nowadays. Thus, it is a distributed machine learning technique in which multiple devices (clients) collaboratively train a global model to solve issues where the first concern is data privacy. This work provides a brief study of FL: an overview of this new topic, related works, a comparison with other machine learning techniques, an overview of algorithms that are currently used, and, in the end, some simulation results and new directions of research. The simulations show the distributed behavior of the FL algorithm and the way in which the Federated Averaging method can be applied. Through the performed analysis of the obtained results, it was figured out that approach would be beneficial for several applications in domains like automotive, 5G and others.
</abstract>

iuliana-alexandra.bejenar@academic.tuiasi.ro

A Brief Overview of Federated Learning - A New Perspective on Data Privacy

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The maritime industry makes a significant contribution to the globalized economy. One of the most important parts of the maritime industry is transport. Maritime transport by ships is the dominant means of transport for industrial products and food. Modern ships are increasingly automated. A characteristic feature of automation systems is the use of distributed monitoring and control systems with large distances between field devices and controllers. Among many methods of signal transmission, both in measurement and control, the dominant role in related to continuous signals is played by the two-wire 4-20 mA current standard. Despite its advantages, this standard has limitations mainly due to one-way transmission of information representing one measurement quantity. Programmable transducers are an alternative to analogue solutions. This carried out research concentrates on the full assessment of the properties of the considered methods of information transmission used so far with particular reference to the two-wire 4-20 mA standard. This assessment also takes into account the negative factors characterizing the sea-going ships, such as environmental conditions or problems resulting from the use of an isolated power grid. Additionally, a description of the available digital methods used for communication in ship automation systems will be presented. Firstly, description will be provided for HART protocol (Highway Addressable Remote Transducer), Foundation Fieldbus, Profibus PA and Modbus as communication protocols adopted by modern smart transducers as alternatives for classical analogue 4-20 mA transducers. Moreover, serial communication interfaces such as RS232, RS422 and RS485 will be discussed as means of communication between automation stations. In order to demonstrate the positive contribution for smart transmitters in measurement and control process, an experimental research has been conducted at the laboratories of Gdynia Maritime University, results of which will be discussed in detail in this article. Eventually, illustration will be provided for tank level measurement systems on a commercial ship as an example for measurement and control system mainly based on classical 4-20 mA current signal. Description will be provided for the problems associated with the system and their causes. Based on the conducted discussions, there will be recommendations of suggested solutions for such problems.
</abstract>

Digital Communication Links Cooperating with the Analog 4-20 mA Standard for Marine Applications

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents the deduction of a novel decoupled form (considering the differential current quantities) of the differential mathematical model in stator reference frame, useful for numeric simulation of control approaches for PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous machines) generalized for both IPMSM and SPMSM (salient and non-salient PMSM). The model is confirmed to be equivalent to the well-known model defined in the rotor synchronous reference frame using a Matlab-Simulink implementation that is verified and validated by simulation during which the power/energy conservation is monitored and the system states’ evolution is compared to the reference model in rotor reference frame using a generator structure.
</abstract>

Generalized Differential Mathematical Model in Stator Reference Frame for PMSM and VRSM Simulation

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This paper describes the basics of quantum computing and then focuses on the implementation of the Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm, which can be seen as an extension of the Deutsch-Josza problem (that solves the question on whether a function is balanced or not). The idea behind the B-V algorithm is that someone can find a secret number (sequence of bits) using only one measurement, unlike the classical counter-part, that requires n measurements, where n is the number of bits of the secret number. The implementation of this algorithm, using the Python programming language, along with the Qiskit framework (an open-source library for quantum operations from IBM), illustrates how to create and simulate a circuit for such an algorithm. The circuit is dynamically generated for the required number (which in practice is received from a different source) and is used to measure the probability of each qubit. The algorithm can also be extended for different types of data and can be used for signal or image processing, as well as applications in cryptography.
</abstract>

Implementation of the Bernstein-Vazirani Quantum Algorithm Using the Qiskit Framework

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Several precision technologies require video measuring systems that perform fast an extensive number of routine measurements and deliver high accuracy outcome. The quality of achievement is intrinsically determined by the measurement technique where with the applications that operate these systems are designed. The paper advances a simplified and at the same time comprehensive approach, proposing a new video distance measuring method using a single camera. It is designed to assess the distance at which the visual task is from the camera, using three adjacent focus positions. Practically, the method involves two stages: calibration and measurement. Calibration is realized only once for each camera type and involves setting the measuring range for all positions of the focus lens where maximum clarity is obtained. Distance measurement involves the use of the maximum sharpness position of the lens and the correlation with the sharpness values of the positions next to the maximum sharpness position.
</abstract>

Video Distance Measurement Method Based on Three Focus Positions

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents a new eye image segmentation method used to extract the pupil contour based on the modified U-Net CNN architecture. The analysis was performed using two databases which contain IR images with a spatial resolution of 640x480 pixels. The first database was acquired in our laboratory and contains 400 eye images and the second database is a selection of 400 images from the publicly available CASIA Iris Lamp database. The results obtained by applying the segmentation based on the CNN architecture were compared to manually-annotated ground truth data. The results obtained are comparable to the state of the art.
The purpose of the paper is to present the implementation of a robust segmentation algorithm based on the U-Net convolutional neural network that can be used in eye tracking applications such as human computer interface, communication devices for people with disabilities, marketing research or clinical studies.
The proposed method improves uppon existing U-Net CNN architectures in terms of efficiency, by reducing the total number of parameters used from 31 millions to 38k. The advantages of using a number of parameters approximatly 815 times lower than the original U-Net CNN architecture are reduced computing resources consumption and a lower inference time.
</abstract>

Eye Image Segmentation Method Based on the Modified U-Net CNN Architecture

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The paper presents a possibility to determine the electrical patterns for the electrical loads through nonintrusive monitoring of their operating regimes.
The electrical patterns are determined on the basis of the electrical parameters acquired for each load from the electrical network analysed. The determination of the electrical patterns is useful for the management of electrical energy consumption.
The easiness of the nonintrusive monitoring technique is determined by the possibility of acquiring the electrical parameters from a single measurement point from the electrical network. From the electrical parameters acquired can be obtained information for electrical loads consumption recognition and their operating regimes, for certain time intervals, and it can be established the technical condition for each load.
</abstract>

Nonintrusive Electrical Loads Pattern Determination

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Bulletin of the Polytechnic Institute of Iași. Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Electronics Section

Bultetinul Institutului Politehnic din Iasi. Sectia Electrotehnica, Energetica, Electronica

 The journal Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iaşi, Electrotehnicã. Energeticã. Electronicã (Bulletin of thE Polytechnic Institute of Iasi, Electrical Engineering, Power...

 The journal Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din Iaşi, Electrotehnicã. Energeticã. Electronicã (Bulletin of thE Polytechnic Institute of...