<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Self-myofascial release (SMR) is a well-known and popular therapy. Its growing popularity is based on high effectiveness and availability. However, there is a lack of agreement about which parameters should be used to optimize the effects of the therapy. The purpose of this review is to critically select and assess current literature and ascertain the values of the follow­ing parameters: (1) therapy duration, (2) volume of applied pressure, (3) speed and (4) frequency of roll, (5) type of roller, (6) the number of treatment applications during one session, (7) the duration of intervals between applications that yield the best results in terms of soft tissue.The authors launched their research in May 2018. The search strategy included the electronic databases EBSCOhost and PubMed. The following inclusion criteria were assessed:- English language, high quality manuscripts (evaluation in PEDro scale)- at least one of the groups using the foam roller, tennis ball or the stick to fascial release- basic parameters of therapy described.A total 55 articles met the inclusion criteria. Patients can usually withstand a maximum tolerable pressure for 30-120 seconds, repeated 1-3 times, separated by 30 seconds of rest. The intensity of a single rolling movement should be moderate, and the movement should last about 3 seconds. Keeping the roller on particularly sensitive areas is recommended to release tension and enhance blood perfusion.Currently, there is no consensus on an optimal FR programme. However, there is a tendency to use SMR tools with a physiol­ogy-based method to enhance therapeutic efficiency.</abstract>

The Parameters of Foam Rolling, Self-Myofascial Release Treatment: A Review of the Literature

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>External and internal sport motivations of young adults</title><italic>Study aim</italic>: To determine and evaluate the spectrum of sport motivation of young adults.<italic>Material and methods:</italic> A group of 600 subjects, aged 17 - 19 years, participated in the study. An <italic>ad hoc</italic> questionnaire was applied to assess the 4 motivational factors: competition and success-oriented motivation, external accommodation, physical fitness and health + sportsman-like attitude, and hedonistic.<italic>Results:</italic> Competition, contest, victory and beating own benchmark were the important factors for male students. The female students preferred external adequacy and others' opinion. They believed in the importance of healthy living, physical strength and sports give them better appearance. The motivational factors had more importance amongst active than inactive youths. Young active students believed that sport performance would guide them to success.<italic>Conclusions:</italic> It is important to keep healthy lifestyle and sport motivation before teenage years since it is a guidance to preserve the health and adequate personality development.</abstract>

Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest

Institute of Behavioural Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary

Department of Physical Education, Selye University, Komarno, Slovakia

External and internal sport motivations of young adults

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>Study aim: The purpose of the current study was to determine whether existing pre-performance routines had an effect on free throw shooting accuracy in high school pupils as compared to shooting without a pre-performance routine.
Materials and methods: Participants were 34 freshman high school basketball players. Twenty male (n = 20) and fourteen female (n = 14) of various ethnic backgrounds were randomly assigned to a condition and were asked to implement a pre-performance routine in one condition and a non-pre-performance routine in another condition for free throw shooting. A within subjects crossover design was used to analyse the data based on a pre-performance routine and a non-pre-performance routine framework. The pre-performance routine conditions were considered the experimental conditions. A Missed-Made Shots table was used to track performance (miss-made shots) for the shots in both conditions.
Results: There were differences between the experimental condition (pre-performance routine) and the comparison condition (non-pre-performance routine) Z(22) = –4.61, p &lt; 0.01 with the experimental condition’s median scores out-performing the comparison condition scores; however the differences were very small.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that there were differences between the experimental condition (pre-performance routine) and the comparison condition (non-pre-performance routine). Results suggest that there may be additional relevant factors in addition to pre-performance routines that should be considered in helping youth develop closed motor skills (e.g., mental imagery, physical exertion, outside factors – audience).</abstract>

Doctoral Student, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA

Pre-
performance routines followed by free throw shooting accuracy in secondary basketball players

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title><italic>Study aim:</italic> External focus of attention is considered as a critical factor in the OPTIMAL theory of motor learning. This theory proposes that external focus of attention facilitates motor performance and learning because it promotes focusing on the task goal. However, the effects of external focus of attention on focusing on the task goal are not well understood. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the effects of an external focus of attention versus an internal focus of attention on motor learning and promoting focus of the learner on the task goal.<italic>Material and methods:</italic> Thirty-six right-handed male students (mean age 21.16 ± 1.85 years old) with no prior experiences with the motor task were randomly assigned to three groups: external focus, internal focus, and control groups. Participants were asked to throw darts at a target during an acquisition phase (10 blocks of six trials each) and during subsequent retention and transfer tests. Throwing accuracy and focus on the task goal were measured as dependent variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures as well as a one-way ANOVA was used to analyze the differences in accuracy scores between groups during the acquisition phase as well as retention and transfer tests, respectively. The significance level was set at <italic>p</italic> &lt; .05. The author supervised all phases of the experiment.<italic>Results:</italic> The results showed that adopting an external focus promoted a focus on the task goal and resulted in significantly better motor learning than adopting an internal focus and control conditions (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05).<italic>Conclusions:</italic> The findings of the present study provided support for the propositions of the OPTIMAL theory and showed that adopting an external focus of attention promotes focus of the learner on the task goal. The results are discussed in terms of benefits of external focus instructions for facilitating motor learning and goal-action coupling.</abstract>

The effects of external and internal focus of attention on motor learning and promoting learner’s focus

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title> Study aim: Growth hormone, cortisol, and lactate play an effective role in regulating and stimulating the muscle building proc­ess. The current study aimed to investigate the impact of Panax ginseng supplementation on growth hormone, cortisol, and lactate response to intense resistance exercise in young female non-athletes. Materials and methods: Ten non-athlete girls participated in this double-blind counter-balanced crossover study. They were assigned to two groups: the ginseng group and the placebo group. In two 4-week periods, they received the supplement and the placebo. In the first four weeks, 5 participants received ginseng (100 mg daily) and 5 others received placebo (maltodextrin). At the end of the 4 weeks, blood samples (5 ml) were taken to measure blood levels of the factors. Afterwards, the resistance exercise protocol was implemented, and immediately after that blood samples were taken. In the second four-week period, the five participants who had taken ginseng received placebo, and the five subjects who had received placebo took ginseng. The same tests were administered again. Results: The results showed that except for cortisol in the ginseng group, there were significant pre - to post-exercise changes for all 3 indicators in both groups. No significant difference was observed in pre - to post-exercise changes in the levels of GH (p = 0.71), cortisol (p = 0.34), or lactate (p = 0.90) between groups. Conclusions: 100 mg ginseng consumption daily for 4 weeks does not have an impact on the response of GH, cortisol, or lac­tate to high-intensity resistance exercise in young female non-athletes.</abstract>

The effects of Panax ginseng supplementation on growth hormone, cortisol and lactate response to high-intensity resistance exercise

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Social and political factors affecting sporting success in small countries: The case of Cyprus</title><italic>Study aim:</italic> To examine the major social, cultural, and political factors determining sporting successes in very small countries at macro, meso, and micro levels through the example of Cyprus.<italic>Material and methods:</italic> The article is based partly on the analysis of statistics and documents and partly on a segment of a comprehensive investigation carried out by standardized questionnaire and in-depth interviews among all Cypriot Olympians participating in the summer Olympic Games (N=93). The response rate was 79.6%. Regarding some major characteristics (age, gender, sport) the researched population fairly represents the total population.<italic>Results:</italic> Little investment has been made in building sports facilities, the training of coaches, the support for sport science, and in the development of sport medicine. Elite sport has been reluctantly promoted by sport policy. Elite athletes had limited competition opportunities. Cypriot children with lower socioeconomic backgrounds and from villages had higher chances for becoming top-level athletes. Young girls hardly had any access to competitive sport.<bold>Conclusions:</bold> Based on the analysis of documents it can be stated that not only the smallness of the country and the small number of the population but also the poor sporting tradition and culture as well as inconsistent sport policy also contribute to the Cypriot elite athletes' sporting results. From the findings by questionnaire it might be concluded that the Cypriot children had no equal chances to become top athletes.</abstract>

Social and political factors affecting sporting success in small countries: The case of Cyprus

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>Study aim</italic>: The aim of this study was to examine the mediating role of secondary school students’ physical activity attitudes between health-related fitness knowledge (HRFK) and physical activity (PA).
<italic>Materials and methods</italic>: The research employed a quantitative research method, using the relational survey model. The participants of the study consisted of a total of 603 (female = 295, male = 308) secondary school students from six different secondary schools in Isparta and Burdur provinces in the fall semester of the 2023–2024 academic year. The data of the study were collected with a personal information form, the Turkish HRFK Test, the Physical Activity Attitude Scale for Secondary School Students and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). The analysis of the data was made using the Process Macro v3.3 plug-in with model 4 and 5000 resampling methods with a 95% confidence interval.
<italic>Results</italic>: It was found that students’ HRFK had significant positive effect on their physical activity attitudes and physical activities. It was observed that physical activity attitudes also positively affected physical activity. Additionally, physical activity attitudes were found to have a mediating role between HRFK and physical activity.
<italic>Conclusions</italic>: To conclude, it was found that secondary school students’ HRKF affected their participation in physical activity. However, our research showed that the effect of HRFK on physical activity of secondary school students may occur indirectly through physical activity attitudes. It can be concluded that the HRFK level of secondary school students is important for participation in physical activity.
</abstract>

Health-related fitness knowledge, physical activity attitude and physical activity in secondary school students: A mediation analysis

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>Study aim</italic>: This study aimed to compare the acute and prolonged effects of three different Kinesio Taping (KT) techniques (underactive/overactive muscle correction [UMC]/[OMC] and functional correction [FC]) on hip ROM in the sagittal plane and compare them to those of the placebo Kinesio Taping (PKT) application.
<italic>Materials and methods</italic>: The sample consisted of 56 young healthy participants of both genders who were randomly divided into four equal groups. Measurements were performed using Kinovea software for video analysis during the performance of an active straight leg raise and the modified Thomas test at three timepoints: before the intervention and 60 min and 48 h after the intervention.
<italic>Results</italic>: Mixed-model ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction between group and timepoint (F = 6.210; p &lt; 0.001; ηp2 = 0.285 for ipsilateral hip extension ROM; F = 2.064; p = 0.036; ηp2 = 0.117 for contralateral hip flexion ROM). The results revealed acute and prolonged ROM changes after the application of three different KT techniques compared to those after the control procedure, but these changes were not significant.
<italic>Conclusions</italic>: These findings support the use of KT as a modality for enhancing ROM. In muscle techniques, the factor of the anchor placement direction, with the same percentage of Kinesio tape tension, generates different effects. These effects were greater after 48 h than immediately after application. In changing the segmental posture or joint alignment, FC proved to be more intense than the KT muscle techniques, with an immediate effect that persisted even after two days.
</abstract>

Acute and prolonged hip kinematic changes after three different Kinesio Taping® interventions: A randomized placebo-controlled trial

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>Study aim</italic>: This study clarified the relationship between sex and dominant and non-dominant feet during landing movements in the vertical drop jump (VDJ).
<italic>Materials and methods</italic>: The participants were 16 healthy adults (8 men, 8 women) with no orthopedic history. A three-dimensional motion analyzer and a floor reaction force meter were used for measurement. The exercise task was a VDJ in which the participants jumped from a 30-cm-high platform, and the relationship between sex, dominant leg, and non-dominant leg was compared.
<italic>Results</italic>: In terms of joint angle, the main effect of sex on the internal/external knee joint angle was observed. No significant differences were observed in the other parameters.
<italic>Conclusions</italic>: A sex difference was found in the internal/external angles of the knee joint during the landing of the VDJ from 30 cm. However, there were no differences in the kinematic and kinetic data between the dominant and non-dominant legs.
</abstract>

Effects of kinematics and kinetics parameters of the vertical drop jump test on differences between the sexes and dominant and non-dominant feet

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>Study aim</italic>: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of milk consumption with different temperatures after resistance training on appetite and energy intake (EI) in active girls.
<italic>Material and methods</italic>: Ten healthy female athletes (age: 21.9 ± 3.07 years) completed 2 trials with 1 week apart in conter-balance and crossover fashion. In overnight fasting state, subjects did resistance exercise (70% of 1RM for 5 movements) and then consumed 250 ml of milk at 60°C or 2°C. One hour after exercise, a meal was served to all subjects for lunch. Subjects filled in the appetite questionnaire 4 times and calorie intake was measured on the day of exercise and 24 hours after.
<italic>Results</italic>: Paired t-test showed that the lunch EI after consuming cold milk was significantly lower than hot milk (p = 0.003). Also, the 24h EI in exercise day was significantly lower in cool vs. hot milk consumpion (p &lt; 0.001) and this reduction was not offset the next day. There was no significant difference in next 24h EI, macronutrient composition and appetite between the two situations.
<italic>Conclusions</italic>:The results of the present study showed that consuming low temperature milk after resistance exercise can be a useful strategy to reduce EI that can be used for weight loss programs.
</abstract>

The effect of milk consumption with different temperatures after resistance exercise on appetite and energy intake in active girls: A pilot study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>Study aim</italic>: The aim of this study was to explore empathy and mental toughness as predictors of match performance of young basketball players.
<italic>Material and methods</italic>: The correlation design was used in order to meet the research goals. The research was conducted on a sample of 40 female basketball players, with average age of 16.15 ± 1.02 years, members of the four best teams of the National First Women’s Cadet League. Half of the players in the sample were also national team members. The independent variables empathy and mental toughness were assessed with the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire. The dependent variable match performance was assessed through match performance analysis based on indicators from official league statistics by calculating the performance index rating (PIR).
<italic>Results</italic>: The results of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that by adding empathy to the model of mental toughness, the percentage of PIR variance explained increased from 21% to 46%.
<italic>Conclusion</italic>: Adding empathy to the model of mental toughness increased its predictive value. The model of mental toughness and empathy, as predictors of match performance of young basketball players, was found to be very effective. The results are not unambiguous and indicate the need for further research in this area, as it could have a positive impact on the selection system in sport. Also, the research represents a step towards greater integration of sports and collective creativity studies.
</abstract>

Mental toughness and empathy as match performance predictors of high-level female basketball players

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<italic>Study aim</italic>: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is the greatest rate at which the body can use oxygen and is an indicator of aerobic power. Although aerobic fitness is such a valuable determinant of health, there is limited research with established normative values for a healthy young adult Canadian population. The purpose of the study was to develop normative reference values for a Canadian young-adult population.
<italic>Material and methods</italic>: 550 undergraduate student (280 male and 270 female) participants, with a mean body mass (BM) of 72.08 ± 15.05 kg, mean age of 21.16 ± 1.26 years old and mean height of 171.95 ± 10.25 cm completed a VO2max test using the Bruce treadmill protocol. Male and female classifications were established for the total exercise time in minutes and for the measured VO2max using percentiles and a seven-category classification system.
<italic>Results</italic>: There were statistically significant differences between the sexes for VO2max values (p &lt; 0.001). The measured assessment for the healthy young Canadian adults showed a mean VO2max value of 40.90 ± 7.50 mL/kg/min for females and 49.89 ± 9.20 mL/kg/min for males. Females were able to withstand the exercise protocol for a mean of 11.92 ± 1.97 minutes, while males exercised for an average of 14.33 ± 2.40 minutes before the test was terminated.
<italic>Conclusions</italic>: This study provides specific normative values for the aerobic fitness of a university aged Canadian population which can be used as reference values for cardiovascular health and fitness assessments.
</abstract>

Determining cardiovascular fitness normative reference values in a university aged Canadian population using maximal exercise testing

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Teacher-coach role conflict in school-based physical education in USA: a literature review and suggestions for the future</title>Teaching and coaching are two different occupational roles, and teachers who also coach have stressful work environments common to all educational settings, but each occupational role has specific stress and burnout problems. The responsibilities of physical education (PE) teachers and coaches are distinguishable from one another. These different roles and role conflicts may create stress among PE teachers who also coach. The history of physical education shows that there are contextual factors that promote PE teacher-coach role conflict. The aim of this paper is to analyse these contextual factors via using a literature review analysis and to provide suggestions about teacher-coach role conflict for school-based physical education in USA.</abstract>

Department of Kinesiology, Sport Studies & Physical Education, The College at Brockport, State University of New York, USA

School of Sport Sciences & Technology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey

School of Physical Education and Sport, Turkish Republic of North Cyprus, The American University Girne

School of Physical Education and Sport, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey

School of Sport Sciences & Technology, Ankara, Turkey, Hacettepe University

School of Physical Education and Sport, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey

Teacher-coach role conflict in school-based physical education in USA: a literature review and suggestions for the future

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Study aim: To measure the effects of Pilates and aqua fitness training on functional fitness and quality of life in older individuals. Material and methods: A total of 54 participants (M = 66.4 ± 6.2 years) from a club for retired people in Eger, Hungary, were randomly assigned to 3 groups: one did Pilates 3 times/week (n = 22); one did aqua fitness 3 times/week (n = 17); and a control group (n = 15). The Fullerton Functional Fitness Test (FFFT) was used to measure functional fitness pre - and post-program. Quality of life was measured by WHO’s quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL). Results: In the FFFT, significant improvement was found in 5 out of 7 variables: lower and upper body strength, lower body flexibility, physical mobility (especially dynamic balance), and aerobic endurance by the Pilates group. Shoulder flexibility improved significantly in the Aqua fitness group. Lower body strength improved in the control group. BMI did not change significantly in any of the groups. WHOQOL showed improvement in perception and autonomy in the Pilates group; sociability in the Aqua group. The between-subject analyses yielded a significant main effect of the experimental group F(1, 52) = 4367 (p &lt; 0.001). Discussion: A 6-month intervention program is an appropriate tool to improve overall physical performance of healthy, inactive older adults, regardless of the type of exercise concerning Pilates or Aqua fitness, but might improve only some aspects of QOL. There is a strong need for well-designed intervention programs for the elderly.</abstract>

Eszterházy Károly College – Institute of Sport Sciences, Eger

Semmelweis University Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Budapest

University of Debrecen, Faculty of Child and Adult Education, Hajdúböszörmény, Hungary

Effects of Pilates and aqua fitness training on older adults’ physical functioning and quality of life

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title><italic>Study aim</italic>: Evidence supports female sex hormones have an influencing effect on amultitude of physiological and psychological systems related to exercise. Little is known, however, whether is effect persist into the recovery from exercise. Our objective was to examine aspects of muscle damage/inflammation process during recovery in healthy, exercise-trained women following endurance activity at the mid-follicular (MF; low sex hormone level) and mid-luteal (ML; elevated sex hormone levels) phases of their menstrual cycle.<italic>Material and methods</italic>: The MF and ML exercise sessions consisted of running for 90 minutes at 70% VO2max on atreadmill in a controlled laboratory environment. Menstrual cycle phase was hormonally confirmed, diet and physical activity was control throughout the study. Outcome measures were: blood creatine kinase (CK) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) assessed at immediate-post exercise (IP), 24-hour and 72-hour into recovery. Statistics involved ANOVA procedures.<italic>Results</italic>: At 24-hours and 72-hour into recovery CK activity was greater in MF than ML (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05) while for IL-6 at IP, 24-hour and 72-hour responses were significantly greater at MF than at ML (<italic>p</italic> &lt; 0.05).<italic>Conclusions</italic>: Amore robust recovery CK and IL-6 response occur in the MF of the menstrual cycle when female sex hormones are reduced. This finding suggests female sex hormone changes due to menstrual cycle phase affect the physiologic responses during the extended recovery period from intensive exercise in eumenorrheic women.</abstract>

Female sex hormones and the recovery from exercise: Menstrual cycle phase affects responses

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>The influence of juggling on mental rotation performance in children</title><italic>Study aim:</italic> To assess the influence of juggling training on mental rotation performance in children.<italic>Material and methods:</italic> Two groups of girls aged 6 - 14 years were studied: experimental (EG; n = 26) and control (CG; n = 24). All girls solved a mental rotation task with 3-D block figures on computer screen (pre-test). After the initial test, EG girls participated in juggling training for 3 months; the CG girls participated in light strength training with theraband stretch bands. After 3 months, all girls solved the mental rotation task again (post-test). The post-pre differences in the mental rotation performance were recorded.<italic>Results:</italic> Children who learned juggling performed the mental rotation task significantly (p&lt;0.05 - 0.01) faster, in terms of reaction time, at non-zero angular disparity than their mates who were strength-trained.<italic>Conclusions:</italic> Since mental rotation skills enhance spatial imagination, problem solving and mathematical skills, it may be assumed that juggling training enhances also other cognitive domains and is worth implementing in the education process.</abstract>

Institute of Sport Science, University of Regensburg

Department of Anaesthesiology, Charité University of Medicine, Berlin

Institute of Experimental Psychology, University of Düsseldorf, Germany

The influence of juggling on mental rotation performance in children

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Summary</title>Study aim: The aim of the present study was twofold: firstly, to examine the effect of age on a 20 m sprint performance; and secondly, to establish normative data for the 20 m sprint performance by age in football players.
Material and methods: The anthropometric characteristics of 474 football players (aged 16.81 ± 5.35 yrs, range 9.02–35.41 yrs) were examined and their 20 m sprint performance (with 0–10 and 10–20 m splits) was monitored by a photocell system (Brower Timing Systems, Utah, USA).
Results: A one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the yearly age groups with regards to the sprint time (p &lt; 0.001, η2 = 0.584), as well as the 0–10 m (p &lt; 0.001, η2 = 0.361) and 10–20 m split times (p &lt; 0.001, η2 = 0.635). The older groups scored better than the younger groups. The time attained in the 20 m sprint, and the 0–10 m and 10–20 m splits correlated moderately to largely with the athlete’s age (r = –0.53, –0.40 and –0.57, respectively, p &lt; 0.001).
Conclusions: In summary, the speed ability of the football players improved with age until 15 years old, where it reached its peak. On the other hand, the other age groups U16 to U35 revealed no major differences in the speed over a 20 m sprint. The reference values presented in this study might help football coaches and fitness trainers in monitoring training and in the selection of players. Moreover, since this is the first study of this kind to compare adult age groups, sport scientists focusing on relevant topics might use it as a reference in future studies.</abstract>

Department of Physical and Cultural Education, Hellenic Army Academy, Greece

Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece

Instutute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland

Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Portugal

Area of Corporal Express, Faculty of Humanities and Science Education, University of Jaen, Spain

Reference values for the sprint performance in male football players aged from 9–35 years

<abstract xml:lang="en"><title style='display:none'>Postural variables in girls practicing volleyball</title><italic>Study aim:</italic> To assess body posture of young female volleyball players in relation to their untrained mates.<italic>Material and methods:</italic> A group of 42 volleyball players and another of 43 untrained girls, all aged 13 - 16 years were studied with respect to their body posture indices by using computer posturography. Spinal angles and curvatures were measured, and asymmetry and body posture type were assessed. Body height and mass, BMI and body fat content (by bioimpedance technique) were determined.<italic>Results:</italic> As compared with untrained girls, the volleyball players were more slender, the positions of shoulders and pelvis being more symmetrical, and shoulder blades and waist triangles were more asymmetrical. Volleyball players were predominantly kyphotic, their lumbar lordosis was flattened and head protruded, especially in those having longer training experience.<italic>Conclusions:</italic> The observed asymmetries brought about by unilateral training loads and progressing thoracic kyphosis call for applying corrective and/or yoga exercises to adolescent female volleyball players.</abstract>

Postural variables in girls practicing volleyball

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Biomedical Human Kinetics

The Journal of University of Physical Education, Warsaw

Indexed in Clarivate Analytics (ESCI).  The leading idea is the health-directed quality of life. The journal thus covers many biomedical areas related to physical activity, e.g. physiology,...

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Indexed in Clarivate Analytics (ESCI).  The leading idea is the health-directed quality of life. The journal thus covers many biomedical areas...