<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
Exchange of and access to spatial data is the principal goal of any Spatial Data Infrastructure, therefore, one of the key concepts of SDI is interoperability, especially semantic and syntactic. Whereas application schemas and quality issues are one of the aspects that have to be considered to ensure a successful data interchange in SDI.
Two types of application schema are widely used in the European SDI as well as in the Polish SDI. They cover both semantic and syntactic interoperability and are an integral parts of spatial data specifications and relevant regulations in the form of data models. However, working out accurate and correct application schemas may be a challenge.
Additionally, faulty or too complex application schemas can influence the ability for valid data interchange, and consequently, prevent achieving interoperability within SDI. Therefore, the capability to examine and estimate the UML and GML application schemas quality seems to be a worthwhile and important issue in the context of semantic and syntactic interoperability in SDI.
The main subject of this article it to set out the context of performed studies, among others, the role of application schema in the interoperable data exchange, issues related to the concept of quality and its measures.
</abstract>

Considerations about the quality of UML and GML application schemas

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Currently the number of solar farms, as a type of renewable sources of energy, is growing rapidly. Photovoltaic power stations have many advantages, which is an incentive for their building and development. Solar energy is readily available and inexhaustible, and its production is environmentally friendly. In the present study multiple environmental and economic criteria were taken into account to select a potential photovoltaic farm location, with particular emphasis on: protected areas, land cover, solar radiation, slope angle, proximity to roads, built-up areas, and power lines. Advanced data analysis were used because of the multiplicity of criteria and their diverse influence on the choice of a potential location. They included the spatial analysis, the Weighted Linear Combination Technique (WLC), and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a decisionmaking method. The analysis was divided into two stages. In the first one, the areas where the location of solar farms was not possible were excluded. In the second one, the best locations meeting all environmental and economic criteria were selected. The research was conducted for the Legionowo District, using data from national surveying and mapping resources such as: BDOT10k (Database of Topographic Objects), NMT (Numerical Terrain Model), and lands and buildings register. Finally, several areas meeting the criteria were chosen. The research deals with solar farms with up to 40 kW power. The results of the study are presented as thematic maps. The advantage of the method is its versatility. It can be used not only for any area, but with little modification of the criteria, it can also be applied to choose a location for wind farms.</abstract>

Multi-Criteria Analysis for Solar Farm Location Suitability

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Proposals of algorithms for solving Navigation faculty’s problems regarding navigation along rhumb line (loxodrome), for officer trainees and civil students of Faculty of Navigation and Naval Weapons and for deck seamen on operational level, are presented in this paper. Proposals of calculation algorithms given in the article cover simple mathematical totting based on plane sailing (navigational) triangle and Mercator triangle (Mercator sailing). The algorithms refer to traditional methods of solving problems and they do not cover solutions applicable in automated (integrated) navigational systems. The formulas enable to solve the tasks with a use of electronic calculator and application of traditional methods on plane and sphere, and they also take the Earth’s ellipsoidal shape into consideration.</abstract>

Rhumb-Line Sailing by Computation

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> For many years, cartographers are involved in designing GIS and navigation systems. Most GIS applications use the outdoor data. Increasingly, similar applications are used inside buildings. Therefore it is important to find the proper model of indoor spatial database. The development of indoor navigation systems should utilize advanced teleinformation, geoinformatics, geodetic and cartographical knowledge. The authors present the fundamental requirements for the indoor data model for navigation purposes. Presenting some of the solutions adopted in the world they emphasize that navigation applications require specific data to present the navigation routes in the right way. There is presented original solution for indoor data model created by authors on the basis of BISDM model. Its purpose is to expand the opportunities for use in indoor navigation.</abstract>

SPATIAL DATABASE MODELING FOR INDOOR NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The article presents an original optical system to measure displacements across joints or cracks in building structures. It describes the concept of system operation, algorithms to be followed and results of practical tests that have been performed.
The proposed solution is based on digital photos taken with a non-metric digital camera, modified by defining its internal orientation elements and correction of lens distortion during calibration, constituting the measurement instrument registering the pictures of markers. QR (Quick Response) codes are proposed to be the markers. Being digitally processed, a set of registered images allow visualising the measured size of occurred displacements.
Owing to this solution, it is possible to obtain data on a mutual position of two or more QR codes in the form of translation elements in 3D space and appropriate three orientation angles. Appointed elements are unequivocal in spatial interpretation and not limited by dimension.
As the tests performed by the authors show, the results are more than satisfactory. The proposed measurement technology is an objective system of data acquisition, suitable for automating the whole monitoring process of displacements of building structure elements concerning joints and cracks.
</abstract>

MarQR technology for measuring relative displacements of building structure elements with regard to joints and cracks

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>In navigation practice, there are various navigational architecture and integration strategies of measuring instruments that affect the choice of the Kalman filtering algorithm. The analysis of different methods of Kalman filtration and associated smoothers applied in object tracing was made on the grounds of simulation tests of algorithms designed and presented in this paper. EKF (Extended Kalman Filter) filter based on approximation with (jacobians) partial derivations and derivative-free filters like UKF (Unscented Kalman Filter) and CDKF (Central Difference Kalman Filter) were implemented in comparison. For each method of filtration, appropriate smoothers EKS (Extended Kalman Smoother), UKS (Unscented Kalman Smoother) and CDKS (Central Difference Kalman Smoother) were presented as well. Algorithms performance is discussed on the theoretical base and simulation results of two cases are presented.</abstract>

Study of the Effectiveness of Different Kalman Filtering Methods and Smoothers in Object Tracking Based on Simulation Tests

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The spatial data sets of soil resources are essential for the interpretation of the site-specific ecosystems, not only concerning process investigations, but also for sustainable soil management The objective of the study was to attempt identification of the primary parameters influencing the rational management of soils available without the necessity of carrying out time-consuming and costly field and laboratory research. The research was carried out in the Pawłów commune (north-eastern part of the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland). The research included the application of different methods and interpretation of source materials, including (i) digital soil-agricultural map, (ii) annex to the soil-agricultural map at a scale of 1:5000, (iii) soil quality contours, (iv) digital terrain model, and (v) orthophotomaps. Obtaining data concerning soil type and/or agricultural usefulness complexes would require conducting a generalisation process. Publicly available ortophotomaps and cartographic materials in the form of topographic maps and a numerical terrain model were analysed to determine the extent of soils to be protected. The rational management of space and soil resources can be visualised and documented using BIM technology; however, relying on GIS data is not the most straightforward task due to the lack of integration on the BIM-GIS line. This paper presents the current state of the art and attempts to address selected problems in this area.
</abstract>

Site-specific efficient management of soil resources using GIS and BIM technologies

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The development of modern surveying methods, particularly, Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), has found wide application in protecting and monitoring engineering and objects and sites of cultural heritage. For this reason, it is crucial that several factors a˛ecting the correctness of point cloud registration are considered, including the correctness of the distribution of control points (both signalised and natural), the quality of the process, and robustness analysis. The aim of this article is to evaluate the quality and correctness of TLS registration based on point clouds converted to raster form (in spherical mapping) and hand-crafted detectors. The expanded Structure-from-Motion (SfM) was used to detect the tie points for TLS registration and reliability assessment. The results demonstrated that affine detectors are useful in detecting a high number of key points (increased for point detectors by 8–12 times and for blob detectors by about 10–24 times), improving the quality and TLS registration completeness. For the registration accuracy of point cloud on signalised check points, the lower values can be noted for maximum RMSE errors for blob affine detectors than detectors and larger values for corner detectors and affine detectors (not more than 4 mm in the extreme cases, typically 2 mm). The commonly-applied target-based registration method yields similar results (di˛erences do not exceed – in extreme cases – 3.5 mm, typically less than 2 mm), proving that using affine detectors in the TLS registration process is and reasonable and can be recommended.
</abstract>

Evaluation of 2D affine — hand-crafted detectors for feature-based TLS point cloud registration

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The “Kłodawa” salt mine, due to geological conditions and continuous salt extraction, is subject to a range of measurements documenting the speed of changes in the geometry of the chambers. Cyclic surveys are conducted under challenging conditions several hundred metres underground. Consequently, measurement methods used for determining the parameters of the ongoing clamping should be of high precision but also be resistant to dense dust (in fields of active mining) and strong gusts (near ventilation shafts).
The research presented here concerns the analysis of the possibilities of solutions offered by modern technologies in mine conditions. Test measurements were conducted at observation stations using linear bases stabilized with metal pins. The base points were located in the aisles, ceiling, and bottom of the chamber in Field 1 of “Kłodawa” salt mine at the depth of 600m. Point clouds mapping the object were acquired using a Leica RTC360 3D laser scanner and two mobile devices: Motorola G100 smartphone and iPad Pro with LiDAR technology using the Pix4Dcatch application. The accuracy of the point cloud from the Leica RTC360 3D laser scanner was determined by comparing it with classic measurements taken with a Leica Disto laser rangefinder. The repeatability and accuracy of the point cloud from a smartphone were examined using statistical analysis based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient and cross-correlation. An attempt was also made to approximate the correlation between the obtained errors and two parameters: the number of images and the size of the object.
</abstract>

Accuracy of the application of mobile technologies for measurements made in headings of the Kłodawa Salt Mine

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
This study presents a short-term forecast of UT1-UTC and LOD using two methods, i.e. Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) and combination of Least-Squares and Vector Autoregression (LS+VAR). The prediction experiments were performed separately for yearly time spans, 2018-2022. The prediction procedure started on January 1 and ended on December 31, with 7-day shifts between subsequent 30-day forecasts. Atmospheric Angular Momentum data (AAM) were used as an auxiliary time series to potentially improve the prediction accuracy of UT1-UTC and LOD in LS+VAR procedure. An experiment was also conducted with and without elimination of effect of zonal tides from UT1-UTC and LOD time series. Two approaches to using the best steering parameters for the methods were applied:. First, an adaptive approach, which observes the rule that before every single forecast, a preliminary one must be performed on the pre-selected sets of parameters, and the one with the smallest prediction error is then used for the final prediction; and second, an averaged approach, whereby several forecasts are made with different sets of parameters (the same parameters as in adaptive approach) and the final values are calculated as the averages of these predictions. Depending on the method and data combination mean absolute prediction errors (MAPE) for UT1-UTC vary from 0.63 ms to 1.43ms for the 10th day and from 3.07 ms to 8.05ms for the 30th day of the forecast. Corresponding values for LOD vary from 0.110 ms to 0.245 ms for the 10th day and from 0.148 ms to 0.325 ms for the 30th day.
</abstract>

Short-term prediction of UT1-UTC and LOD via Dynamic Mode Decomposition and combination of least-squares and vector autoregressive model

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The launch of dedicated satellite gravity missions (CHAMP, GRACE, GOCE, and GRACE–FO), as well as the availability of gravity data from satellite altimetry and terrestrial/airborne gravity measurements have led to a growing number of Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) developed. Thus, the evaluation of GGMs is necessary to ensure their accuracy in recovering the Earth’s gravity field on local, regional, and global scales. The main objective of this research is to assess the accuracy of recent GGMs over Poland in Central Europe and Ethiopia in East Africa.
Combined GGMs of high (degree and order (d/o) 2190) and ultra high-resolution (d/o 5540) as well as five satellite-only GGMs were evaluated using gravity data from absolute gravity measurements and airborne gravity surveys over Poland and Ethiopia, respectively. Based on this evaluation, the estimated accuracy of the high-resolution combined GGM is at the level of 2 mGal. The estimated accuracy for the ultra-high-resolution combined GGM is ~2.5 times lower. The satellite-only GGMs investigated recover the gravity signal at an accuracy level of 10 mGal and 26 mGal, for the areas of Poland and Ethiopia, respectively. When compensating for the omitted gravity signal using a high-resolution combined GGM and the topography model, an accuracy of 2 mGal can be achieved.
</abstract>

Accuracy assessment of high and ultra high-resolution combined GGMs, and recent satellite-only GGMs – Case studies of Poland and Ethiopia

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
The determination of a lake or natural watercourse shoreline is the subject of various administrative proceedings relating to, among others, the engineering of riverbeds, construction of hydro-technical facilities, remediation work, land division, or delimitation of parcels. The provisions of law, while laying out the rules for determining shorelines, do not explicitly specify the measurement method to follow. All the more so, as many shores of lakes and watercourses are among terrain details that are difficult to measure due to their varied accessibility, which depends on the terrain, vegetation, and water conditions. The purpose of this paper is to compare selected methods for determining the shoreline of watercourses and lakes in terms of their applicability under different environmental conditions under current legislation. This study comprises an assessment of the suitability of the applied methods of shoreline measurement under varying field conditions and their applicability in surveying work on shoreline determination. Surveys were conducted on 3 reservoirs and one watercourse using geodetic, photogrammetric, and remote sensing techniques, and the suitability of the various methods was evaluated with respect to the field conditions of the measurements.
</abstract>

Selected methods for determining inconclusively identifiable shorelines of watercourses and lakes

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The study area is focused on the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, North Pacific Ocean. This region is geologically complex, notable for the lithosphere activity, tectonic plates subduction and active volcanism. The submarine geomorphology is complicated through terraces, slopes, seamounts and erosional processes. Understanding geomorphic features of such a region requires precise modelling and effective visualization of the high-resolution data sets. Therefore, current research presents a Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) based algorithm proposing a solution for effective data processing and precise mapping: iterative module-based scripting for the automated digitizing and modelling. Methodology consists of the following steps: topographic mapping of the raster grids, marine gravity and geoid; semi-automatic digitizing of the orthogonal cross-section profiles; modelling geomorphic trends of the gradient slopes; computing raster surfaces from the xyz data sets by modules nearneighbor and XYZ2grd. Several types of the cartographic projections were used: oblique Mercator, Mercator cylindrical, conic equal-area Albers, conic equidistant. The cross-section geomorphic profiles in a perpendicular direction across the two selected segments of the trench were automatically digitized. Developed algorithm of the semi-automated digitizing of the profiles enabled to visualize gradients of the slope steepness of the trench. The data were then modelled to show gradient variations in its two segments. The results of the comparative geomorphic analysis of northern and southern transects revealed variations in different parts of the trench. Presented research provided more quantitative insights into the structure and settings of the submarine landforms of the hadal trench that still remains a question for the marine geology. The research demonstrated the effectiveness of the GMT: a variety of modules, approaches and tools that can be used to produce high-quality mapping and graphics. The GMT listings are provided for repeatability.</abstract>

Topographic surface modelling using raster grid datasets by GMT: example of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, Pacific Ocean

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>The aim of this paper is to present the need for changes of geodetic-legal procedures for the cadastre and real estate management. This problem was analyzed both in theoretical and practical terms. In order to better present the analyzed technical and legal procedures, a study of several cases of surveying documentation was made. On their example the problems associated with the surveying services were shows and the formal and legal procedures, on the basis of which described surveying works were done were verified. The problem presented is current and valid not only for the comfort of the surveyor's work, but also from the point of view of the structure and modernization of the real estate cadastre, constituting the backbone of the real estate management. The article emphasized the need to unify the databases of state registers and the digitization of the National Geodetic and Cartographic Resources (PZDGiK). Research has shown that despite the continuous changes of legislation, there are still many shortcomings and gaps, which often complicate the surveying works. The surveyor must analyze and verify all materials he uses, including those obtained from the Centre of Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation (ODGiK). The quality of the geodetic and cartographic elaboration depends largely on the work of the Centre of Geodetic and Cartographic Documentation. The need of modernization of the Land and Buildings Registry, which acts as a cadastre in Poland, has been demonstrated. Furthermore, the unification of data used as reference systems both for plane coordinates and elevation has been proposed.</abstract>

Proposals for Changes in Surveying-Legal Procedures for the Needs of Cadastre in Poland

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>Precise Point Positioning (PPP) is a technique used to determine the position of receiver antenna without communication with the reference station. It may be an alternative solution to differential measurements, where maintaining a connection with a single RTK station or a regional network of reference stations RTN is necessary. This situation is especially common in areas with poorly developed infrastructure of ground stations. A lot of research conducted so far on the use of the PPP technique has been concerned about the development of entire day observation sessions. However, this paper presents the results of a comparative analysis of accuracy of absolute determination of position from observations which last between 1 to 7 hours with the use of four permanent services which execute calculations with PPP technique such as: Automatic Precise Positioning Service (APPS), Canadian Spatial Reference System Precise Point Positioning (CSRS-PPP), GNSS Analysis and Positioning Software (GAPS) and magicPPP - Precise Point Positioning Solution (magicGNSS). On the basis of acquired results of measurements, it can be concluded that at least two-hour long measurements allow acquiring an absolute position with an accuracy of 2-4 cm. An evaluation of the impact on the accuracy of simultaneous positioning of three points test network on the change of the horizontal distance and the relative height difference between measured triangle vertices was also conducted. Distances and relative height differences between points of the triangular test network measured with a laser station Leica TDRA6000 were adopted as references. The analyses of results show that at least two hours long measurement sessions can be used to determine the horizontal distance or the difference in height with an accuracy of 1-2 cm. Rapid products employed in calculations conducted with PPP technique reached the accuracy of determining coordinates on a close level as in elaborations which employ Final products.</abstract>

A Comparative Study of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Accuracy Using Online Services

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> This paper presents the accuracy investigation results and functionality of Ubisense RTLS positioning system. Three kinds of studies were conducted: test of calibration accuracy, analysis of theoretical accuracy of the coordinates determination as well as accuracy measurements in field conditions. Test of calibration accuracy was made with several different geometric constellation of reference points (tag positions). We determined changes of orientation parameters of receivers and disturbance of positioning points coordinates against chosen reference points constellations. Analysis of theoretical accuracy was made for several receivers spatial positions and their orientations. It allowed to indicate favourable and unfavourable measurement area considering accuracy and reliability. Real positioning accuracy of the Ubisense system was determined by comparison with coordinates measured using precise tacheometer TCRP1201+. Results of conducted experiments and accuracy analysis of test measurement were presented in figures and diagrams.</abstract>

INVESTIGATION OF PRACTICAL AND THEORETICAL ACCURACY OF WIRELESS INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM UBISENSE

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> In this paper is given an information about complex geodetic research in Ukrainian Antarctic station “Academician Vernadsky”. Research were carried by Lviv polytechnic scientists, during Antarctic expeditions in years 2002 - 2005, 2013, 2014. Main objectives of the studies were: (a) study of the islands glaciers surface volumes changes in Antarctic archipelago and Antarctic Peninsula using terestrial laser scaning and digital terrestrial stereophotogrammetry survey; (b) investigation of Penola strain tectonic fault, using the results of precise GNSS observations.</abstract>

Institute of Geodesy National University Lviv Polytechnic, Lviv, Ukraine ,79013 Lviv, 12 Bandera street, Ukraine

Institute of Geodesy National University Lviv Polytechnic, Lviv, Ukraine, 79013 Lviv, 12 Bandera street, Ukraine

Complex Geodetic Research in Ukrainian Antarctic Station “Academician Vernadsky” (Years 2002 - 2005, 2013-2014)

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