<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. The international standard for nursing terminology included in the ICNP®, recommended by many organizations and associations, can be used in the daily professional practice to facilitate the nurses’ selection of appropriate diagnoses and nursing interventions.Aim. The aim of the study is an attempt to show the possibilities of using the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) in the nursing care of patients with pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammatory process located within lung tissue situated peripherally in relation to the terminal bronchiole, leading to the accumulation of inflammatory cells and an exudate within alveoli, interalveolar septa and/or in the interstitial lung tissue. Usually, patients experience: cough, shortness of breath, pleuritic chest pain, and systemic symptoms: fever, chills, tachycardia, increased sweating, muscle and joint pain, headaches, fatigue, and sometimes nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Common nursing problems/diagnoses in the group of patients with pneumonia are: dyspnea, impaired respiratory system process, impaired airway clearance, fever, lack of appetite, risk for hypovolemia, lack of knowledge about the disease.Summary. The International Classification for Nursing Practice contains the most basic terms describing nursing diagnoses and interventions that are crucial in providing nursing care to patients with pneumonia.</abstract>

Can ICNP® be used in the nursing care of a patient with pneumonia?

<abstract>
				<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
				 The profession of a paramedic involves a constant contact with traumatic events - road accidents, disasters, acts of violence and so on. As a consequence of such frequent and long-lasting exposure to traumatic events, paramedics are prone to developing PTSD (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder). This is a chronic disorder impacting cognitive, emotional, behavioral and somatic experiences. As a result of a prolonged exposure to stressful events, such condition can be life threatening. There are two ways of diagnosing PTSD: structured interviews and self-rating questionnaires (self-rating scales). The researcher should choose the best method possible relying not only on its procedure. In addition, merit based factors and psychometric parameters should be taken into consideration. The present article provides an overview of both Polish as well as foreign PTSD assessment methods, which could be incorporated into the research conducted in a group of paramedics.
			</abstract>

Katedra Ratownictwa Medycznego Wydziału Medycznego Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego

Kliniczny Oddział Chirurgii Szczękowo-Twarzowej Wojewódzkiego Szpitala Specjalistycznego w Rzeszowie

Przegląd narzędzi diagnostycznych i metod pomiaru zespołu stresu pourazowego (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD) z możliwością wykorzystania wśród ratowników medycznych / Overview of diagnostic tools and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) measurement methods with the possibility of use among paramedics

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. Urinary incontinence refers to men and women, no matter what age they are. Due to the anatomical structure and biological function of women, they suffer from urinary incontinence more often than men. This disorder occurs widely, affecting many women, mainly in the perimenopausal age, and it increases with age. Aim. Analysis of the problem of urinary incontinence among women on the base of not systematic review of the literature. Summary. In the literature, it is highlighted that urinary incontinence of women is linked between the quality of life and the onset of symptoms, including functioning limitations on daily basis. It is a serious health and social problem among women. Conservative treatment in early stage of urinary incontinence may be an effective form of therapy. There is a need to prevent and educate the society in terms of shaping appropriate attitudes and behavioral health, including conservative methods in the treatment of urinary incontinence.</abstract>

The social aspects of urinary incontinence of women

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases still remain the chief life-threatening condition in Poland. They are one of the main causes of sickness absences at work, as well as reasons for hospitalization and disabilities. The professionals responsible for providing nursing services to people suffering from cardiovascular diseases should take into account the activities addressing all spheres of patient’s life. Most attention should be paid to preventing complications, as well as interventions enabling both the patients to perform selfmonitoring and self-care and their relatives to provide unprofessional care.Aim. The aim of this work was to formulate a nursing care plan for a patient suffering from cardiovascular diseases, using the International Classification for Nursing Practice.Material and methods. For the purpose of this article, an individual case study method and literature analysis were used. The research was conducted in November 2015 at the Clinic of Hypertension and Diabetes of the University Clinical Centre at the Medical University of Gdańsk. Written consents were obtained from every patient.Results. In the process of providing nursing care to the patients, phrases describing “ready” diagnoses and nursing interventions included in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP®) were used. The care plans included the following nursing diagnoses: impaired cardiovascular system, altered blood pressure, pain, functional dyspnea, peripheral edema, impaired sleep, risk of infection, obesity, lack of knowledge about the disease/ poor self-control.Conclusions. The plan of nursing care for patients with cardiovascular diseases was based on the ICNP® reference terminology that fully reflects the key problems of the patient and the scope of interventions made by nurses.</abstract>

Katedra Pielęgniarstwa Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny ul. Dębinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk,

Katedra Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu z Oddziałem Pielęgniarstwa i Instytutem Medycyny Morskiej i Tropikalnej, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny,

The care of a patient with cardiovascular disorders - a case study based on ICNP®

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Introduction.</bold> Urinary incontinence consists in an involuntary leakage of urine from the urethra. It affects both women and men, but women get ill more often. Although the morbidity peak falls on perimenopausal age, urinary incontinence can occur at any age. The highest percentage of patients is the elderly population.
<bold>Aim.</bold> Assessment of women’s awareness of urinary incontinence.
<bold>Materiala and methods.</bold> The group of study participants comprised 130 women aged between 18 and 89. The tool used in the study was the authors’ own questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of 31 questions, including, among others, demographic questions about age, marital status, education, occupational situation, number of births, number of children as well as definitions, risk factors, prevention and treatment of urinary incontinence.
<bold>Results.</bold> The women subjected to the study self-assessed their state of knowledge on urinary incontinence. The study showed that 37 people (28.5%) assessed their state of knowledge as good, 42 people (32.3%) as sufficient and 51 (39.2%) as insufficient. For 56.15% (n=73) of the surveyed women, the most common source of knowledge about urinary incontinence was non-professional literature (magazines and newspapers). The study showed a statistically significant relationship between knowledge of urinary incontinence and education (Chi square X2=24.472; p≤0.0004). People with higher education had a better knowledge about urinary incontinence.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> The level of knowledge of the research participants about urinary incontinence is insufficient. A sense of shame and lack of time are the main reasons for low reporting of the UI problem to the doctor or nurse. There is a need to run an educational campaign to make the public aware of treatment options and IU prevention.
</abstract>

Women’s awareness of urinary incontinence

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title> Aim. The objective of the study was presentation of the needs of the elderly in the context of changes of these needs conditioned by the demographic processes. Analyses also covered the projected demographic changes and a wider context, e.g. social and cultural.Material and methods. Statistical, demographic and medical data were analyzed by the methods of descriptive statistics with particular consideration of the population aged over 65. Analyses also covered the relevant literature concerning problems of the elderly. On account of the wide thematic range, the content was selected concerning seniors’ health needs and the development of their changes; subsequently, the effects of these changes were analyzed with particular emphasis on the population aged over 65.Results. The development of changes concerning the Polish population aged over 65 within five analysed years (2011-2015) showed an upward tendency (by 14.12%). It is estimated that this tendency will continue within the next 35 years (2015-2050). In 2015, the percentage of the population aged over 65 was 15.81%, while in 2020 and 2050 it is projected to be 18.87% and 32.69% respectively. The ultimate demand for health care is affected not only by the demography and morbidity - related factors, but also by social and cultural ones. The lack of acceptance for the process of ageing, old age and death does not build space for culture, in which care of the elderly is a natural part of life. Increasingly more often, for various reasons, the family does not undertake care of an elderly person. The lack of consideration of these reasons, their complexity and therefore, the lack of attempts to change them, may result in an increased demand for an institutional care.</abstract>

Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ul. Staszica 4-6 (Collegium Maximum), 20-081 Lublin,

Instytut Psychologii Stosowanej, Akademia Pedagogiki Specjalnej, Warszawa,

The Needs of the Elderly in Health Care – Contexts

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The primary purpose was to map the opinions and experiences nurses acquired during the COVID-19 pandemic, identify significant problems that need to be addressed before the next pandemic, and determine the prestige of nurses before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The design was descriptive and cross-sectional. A representative sample using sociological research methods was conducted using a non-standardized questionnaire. The sample of nurses was constructed using quota sampling; its structure corresponded to the composition of the overall nursing population in terms of age, sex, and region. The sample consisted of 1197 nurses.
<bold>Results.</bold> The most significant changes reported by nurses during this period include increased physical workload (89.6%), changes in social (88.4%), and personal lives (76.7%). According to respondents, the prestige of their profession increased during the pandemic compared to the period before the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the two-tailed t-test, the prestige of the nursing profession increased statistically significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> During the COVID-19 pandemic, nurses experienced increased physical stress and changes in their social and personal lives. However, the prestige of nurses increased due to their crucial role in the fight against the pandemic.
</abstract>

Nurses’ views and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Introduction.</bold> Consumerism refers to people who adopt attitudes characterised by unnecessary consumption and excessive accumulation of material goods, which are the most important, essential in life, and are a determinant of quality. Consumerism has brought noticeable positive effects in the area of health services due to the observance of patients’ rights, the provision of ever higher quality medical services, allowing the patient to decide on certain issues concerning their life and health, and the choice of doctor or medical facility.
<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the work was to analyze the scientific literature on consumerism in health care.
<bold>Method.</bold> Scopus, PubMed databases and Google Scholar were searched in accordance with the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta Analyzes (PRISMA 2020).Ultimately, 14 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included for detailed analysis.
<bold>Results.</bold> Comprehensive, high-quality nursing care in a hospital, upgrading the skills of health care professionals and appropriate behaviour of medical staff contribute to the positive assessment of a particular facility, and thus attract other customers (patients) to use medical services.
</abstract>

Consumerism in health care – review of Polish and world literature

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study was to analyse the level of cultural intelligence and multicultural personality profile of novice nurses in Poland in the context of the increase of migration and refugee crises.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> A cross-sectional study of 234 novice nurses working in clinical, district or city hospitals was conducted. The Polish version of the Cultural Intelligence Scale and the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire were used. Statistica™ 13.3 software was used for analysis.
<bold>Results.</bold> The results indicate a moderate level of cultural intelligence and diversity in the levels of intensity of the multicultural personality traits. The highest levels were found in cultural empathy. A positive correlation was found between cultural intelligence and multicultural personality. The global dimension of cultural intelligence and its four domains were found to be related to three multicultural personality traits – cultural sensitivity, social initiative and open-mindedness.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> The study highlights the importance of cultural competence in healthcare and the need to strengthen it among novice nurses, especially amidst contemporary social changes and challenges associated with migration. The implementation of systematic training programmes aimed at increasing cultural competence among nurses is recommended to enhance and develop these skills.
</abstract>

Cultural intelligence and multicultural personality of novice nurses in the midst of the refugee crisis in Poland – a preliminary report

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> To explore the association of rationed nursing care and the level of teamwork from the perspective of nurses working in an acute care setting in Slovakia.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2022 and February 2023. Data collection was carried out using a set of questionnaires that involved the Basel Extent of Rationing of Nursing Care – Revised (BERNCA-R) and the Nursing Teamwork Survey (NTS) to explore the level of teamwork. The sample consisted of 206 nurses from three district hospitals from Slovakia.
<bold>Results.</bold> The mean score of the BERNCA-R was 2.11 (SD = 0.65) and for NTS, it was 3.64 (SD = 0.35). A statistically significant association was found between rationed nursing care and the level of teamwork, more specifically, Trust (r = -0.583), Team orientation (r = -0.381), Backup (r = -0.657), Shared mental model (r = -0.768), and Team leader (r = -0.535) and the overall score of the NTS (r = -0.174).
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> These findings underscore the importance of addressing the phenomenon of rationed nursing care among registered and practical nurses to foster better teamwork and enhance patient care outcomes in acute care settings.
</abstract>

The association of rationed nursing care and the level of teamwork in acute care setting: a cross-sectional study

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> The main aim of the study was to test the Morse Fall Scale (MFS) in the Czech population of hospitalized patients and to determine the predictive validity of the scale by assessing its specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and cut-off points.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The study was a prospective follow-up study. Ten acute and long-term care units in two selected hospitals participated in the study. The sample consisted of 4383 patients. To assess the patients’ risk of falls, the MFS was chosen. The patients were assessed on admission.
<bold>Results.</bold> The reliability of the Morse Fall Scale measured by Cronbach’s alpha was 0.484. Using a cut-off point of 35, the sensitivity was 61.1% and the specificity was 53%. The positive predictive value was 10.5% and the negative predictive value was 90.6%.
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Results of the study revealed only moderate predictive accuracy of the Morse Fall Scale.
</abstract>

The predictive validity of the Morse Fall Scale in hospitalized patients in the Czech Republic

<abstract>
<title style='display:none'>Abstract</title>
<bold>Aim.</bold> Life satisfaction is an important driver of life and an important factor in the personal stability of a person. With the research, we wanted to find which of the holistic factors is most related to life satisfaction in old age.
<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The research is based on the quantitative method of research, the method of description, compilation and causal non-experimental method. We used the survey technique. A total number of 656 older adults between the age of 65 and 98 participated in the survey. We obtained the data using various standardised measuring instruments. In order to determine the strength of the connection between holistic factors and life satisfaction in older adults, we used advanced statistical methods for the analysis of causal effects and conditional associations (propensity score methods).
<bold>Results.</bold> We found that the most important factor for life satisfaction in older adults is the spiritual factor (R²=0.37) and the self-esteem index (R²=0.488) within it. The spiritual factor is followed by a psychological factor (R²=0.21), social factor (R²=0.19) and finally the physical factor (R²=0.05).
<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Spirituality directs the lives of older adults and helps them to overcome various life problems. Since spirituality is a multidimensional concept, this research is an important starting point for further research in this field.
</abstract>

Spirituality as an influential holistic factor in life satisfaction in older adults: descriptive research

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> The concept of health literacy is often used as “health competence”, “health ability. It involves the skills and motivation of people to obtain and understand health information. To improve health understanding and assessment of health literacy, many instruments have been developed to measure health competences in different populations. Among them there is the multidimensional, comprehensive questionnaire HLS-EU-Q16, developed by the Consortium of European Countries.<bold>Aim.</bold> Review of health literacy studies using the European Health Competence Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) based on literature analysis.<bold>Method.</bold> Thematic review, unsystematic literature covering the years 2010-2018. The number of 17 source items was analyzed by the authors.<bold>Results.</bold> The overall level of health literacy was higher in European research than in non-European research. Low levels of health literacy were found in the elderly and chronically ill, immigrants and prisoners, as well as people with low education. The analysis of the research shows that the limited health skills of the respondents are related to the deterioration of the functional state and cognitive skills in the elderly. The decisive determinant of the low level of health literacy among immigrants and prisoners is unemployment and low level of education. Adequate health education plays a key role in improving the social level of health awareness and contributes to the long-term health of the entire population.</abstract>

Health Literacy – a review of research using the European Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) in 2010-2018

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Folic acid is a compound classified as B group vitamins. In the body it is subject to processes that transfer its inactive form into a form responsible for biological effects of folic acid, i.e. 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF). It is, in particular, responsible for processes of the correct biosynthesis of purine and pyridine bases present in the formation of DNA and RNA molecules. Humans do not synthesize the endogenous form of folic acid; therefore, it is vital to supplement this vitamin in its natural form or multivitamin preparations. The most folic acid is found in the green leafy vegetables (spinach, peas, asparagus) and in offal (liver). An adequate supply of folic acid is especially indicated in pregnant women with a reduced amount of folic acid due to its use by an intensively developing foetus. The recommended dose of folic acid during this period is 0.4 mg/24h and this dose varies depending on the patient’s and her family’s medical history. The updated state of knowledge on the role of vitamin B9 in the body has been presented. The importance of its supplementation in specific clinical cases was analyzed.<bold>Summary.</bold> Many studies indicate an important role of the folic acid in the prevention of congenital defects of the nervous, cardiovascular and urogenital systems. Its deficiency increases the risk of complications in pregnancy, such as recurrent miscarriages, pre-eclampsia or postpartum haemorrhage. For this reason, a prophylactic folic acid supplementation is recommended, in women with increased risk of its deficiency, in particular.</abstract>

Folic acid – role in the body, recommendations and clinical significance

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Satisfaction with life is a general assessment of satisfaction with one’s own achievements and living conditions on many levels. This includes human cognitive processes, expressing the emotional state that occurs as a result of achieving a specific goal. According to Juczyński, the assessment of life satisfaction is the result of confronting one’s own situation with the adopted criteria. If the result of the comparison is positive, the implication is the feeling of satisfaction. Satisfaction with life of pregnant women is dependent on many factors, including: personality traits, emotions, sociodemographic, factors as well as numerous physiological and psychological changes occurring during pregnancy.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study is to assess the level of life satisfaction of pregnant women depending on sociodemographic factors.<bold>Material and methods.</bold> The research was conducted on 415 women hospitalized and receiving care in counseling centers for pregnant women. The research was carried out by means of a diagnostic survey using a standardized Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and an original questionnaire to collect demographic data.<bold>Results.</bold> Based on the average assessment of life satisfaction, it was found that 48.43% (n = 201) of the surveyed pregnant women was characterized by a high degree of life satisfaction, 35.18% (n = 146) average, and 16.39% (n = 68) of the respondents experienced a low level of life satisfaction.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Sociodemographic factors conditioned the feeling of satisfaction with life of pregnant women. Pregnant women who had a greater sense of life satisfaction were: those in relationship rather than those who were single; women with higher education than those with basic, vocational or secondary education; pregnant women working mentally rather than those not working.</abstract>

Life satisfaction of the pregnant women

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Currently we observe a change in the labor market. It is caused by the new developments in the field of artificial Intelligence.<bold>Aim.</bold> We would like to present current trends affecting the work of nurses and midwives around the world in order to raise the social awareness of these changes among Polish healthcare workers. Moreover, we want to emphasize the fact that it is necessary to involve them as the stakeholders in the ongoing discussions and research projects in order to better understand their needs and expectations.<bold>Discussion.</bold> The article revolves around the current state of technology. We begin by outlining the framework of the perceived changes in the nurses’ structures and tasks around the world. Then we provide the examples of a variety of robots already executing those tasks. We start with the robots whose purpose is the elimination of simple, routine activities such as <italic>TUG</italic> or <italic>HOMER</italic>. After doing so, we move on to possible solutions how to eliminate the need for personal involvement in invasive (such as BloodBot) and non-invasive procedures (<italic>CLARA</italic>). We finish by introducing the machines used to replicate animal therapy, which can be used to treat patients who have difficulties with communicating their needs.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> We would like to present the future of nursing closely related to machines. We want to emphasize the element of complementarity of this relation and the fact that performing some tasks by robots is not connected with replacing people, but rather with enabling them to shift their focus from the performance of arduous duties to spending more time on empathic work with the patient.</abstract>

The role of robots in the improving work of nurses

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Introduction.</bold> Nurses need to encourage patients to lead a healthy lifestyle, hence it is important that as nursing students they are already aware of the importance of physical activity. The purpose of the study was to investigate the physical activities of nursing students.<bold>Aim.</bold> The aim of the study was to find out in what state physical activity of nursing students is and to find out what are their main reasons for lack of physical activity.<bold>Material and methods.</bold> We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using a mixed methods design. The quantitative data was collected using the survey method with a convenience sample of 123 students and used descriptive and inferential statistics for the analysis. For the qualitative data we used a Grounded Theory Method with semi-structured interviews on purposive samples of four students.<bold>Results and conclusions.</bold> In the quantitative part of this study we found a significantly higher proportion of outdoor physical activity in comparison to indoor physical activity (p &lt; 0.001). The qualitative part contains the main categories of physical activity implementation, as well as three sub-categories: attitude to physical activity, barriers and incentives. Nursing students do not do physical activities regularly due to lack of time, obligations at the university, time of the year and finances.</abstract>

Physical activity among nursing students

<abstract><title style='display:none'>Abstract</title><bold>Aim.</bold> Analysis of the impact of educational simulation on the level of knowledge, skills and competences of nursing students.<bold>Methods.</bold> The research used a non-systematic literature analysis method. Literature was classified for analysis, from which the contents on the impact of educational simulation on the education process of nursing students were selected. During the qualification of the magazines Google Scholar was used. Articles published in electronic databases were used: EBSCOhost, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect.<bold>Conclusions.</bold> Education conducted using educational simulation in nursing not only increases the level of knowledge, skills and competences of students but also increases the quality of patient care and their security.</abstract>

Medical simulation – innovation in nursing education

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Pielegniarstwo  XXI wieku / Nursing in the 21st Century

Journal of Nursing in the 21st Century is an international, peer reviewed, scientific journal published continuously since 2002. The Journal aim is to promote...

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Journal of Nursing in the 21st Century is an international, peer reviewed, scientific journal published continuously...