<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In navigation practice, there are various navigational architecture and integration strategies of measuring instruments that affect the choice of the Kalman filtering algorithm. The analysis of different methods of Kalman filtration and associated smoothers applied in object tracing was made on the grounds of simulation tests of algorithms designed and presented in this paper. EKF (Extended Kalman Filter) filter based on approximation with (jacobians) partial derivations and derivative-free filters like UKF (Unscented Kalman Filter) and CDKF (Central Difference Kalman Filter) were implemented in comparison. For each method of filtration, appropriate smoothers EKS (Extended Kalman Smoother), UKS (Unscented Kalman Smoother) and CDKS (Central Difference Kalman Smoother) were presented as well. Algorithms performance is discussed on the theoretical base and simulation results of two cases are presented.</abstract>

Study of the Effectiveness of Different Kalman Filtering Methods and Smoothers in Object Tracking Based on Simulation Tests

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper presents a least squares collocation - based alternative to Helmert’s transformation with Hausbrandt’s post – transformation correction. The least squares collocation is used as an exact predictor i.e. it honors the data, thus the problem of zero residuals on transformation control points is overcome and zero residuals are assured by the method applied. Despite the fact that the procedure is presented for Helmert’s transformation it may easily be copied to any other form of coordinate transformation. A numerical example is provided within the content of the paper.</abstract>

Least Squares Collocation Alternative to Helmert’s Transformation with Hausbrandt’s Post – Transformation Correction

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper presents technology and results of measurements of the steel construction of the skylight of the Main Hall of the Warsaw University of Technology. The new version of the automated measuring system has been used for measurements. This system is based on Leica TCRP1201+ total station and the TCcalc1200 software application, developed by the author, which operates on a laptop computer connected with the total station by the wire. Two test measurements were performed. Each of them consisted of cyclic measurement using the polar method, from one station; points located on the skylight construction, as well as control points located on concrete, bearing poles, were successively measured. Besides geometrical values (such as Hz, V angles and the slope distance D), the changes of temperature and atmospheric pressure, were also recorded. Processed results of measurements contained information concerning the behaviour of the skylight; asymmetry of horizontal displacements with respect to the X axis have been proved. Changes of parameters of the instrument telescope and changes of the instrument orientation were also stated; they were connected with changes of the temperature. The most important results of works have been presented in the form of diagrams.</abstract>

Analysis of Deformations of the Skylight Construction at the Main Hall of the Warsaw University of Technology

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">As a result of traditional geodetic surveying we usually achieve observations which are then used for calculating rectangular coordinates onto a plane along with precision evaluation. In this article the surveying methods are presented in which the situation is different. Test measurements were carried out, consisting in the measurement of a fragment of detailed control network in RTK (Real Time Kinematic) and RTX (Real Time Extended) mode with xFill function. First, the rectangular coordinates onto a plane (through the transformation of data ellipsoidal) were obtained, on the basis of which the conversion observations were determined and they were compared with each other, as well as with reference parameters - conversion observations out of detailed control network adjustment with use of the method of least squares. The results of the study allow to verify the precision and application possibilities of conversion observations obtained thanks to Trimble RTX technology with xFill function. Application of this surveying method in typical geodetic tasks is fully justifiable. Nevertheless, it is recommendable to be aware of the correlations of absolute or relative values obtained in RTX procedure to reference parameters, which in turn will enable conclusive verification of the possibilities of Trimble RTX technology application in certain geodetic surveys.</abstract>

Precision Analysis of Trimble Rtx Surveying Technology with Xfill Function in the Context of Obtained Conversion Observations

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Electronic tacheometers are currently the standard instruments used in geodetic work, including also geodetic engineering measurements. The main advantage connected with this equipment is among others high accuracy of the measurement and thus high accuracy of the final determinations represented for example by the points’ coordinates. One of many applications of the tacheometers is the measurement of crane rail axes. This measurement is based on polar method and it allows to get the spatial coordinates of points in 3D local system. The standard technology of measurement of crane rail axes and development of its calculations’ results is well-known and widely presented in the subject literature. At the same time new methods of observations results evaluation are developing.Some new proposals for the development of measurement results were already presented in (Kamiński, 2013).This paper is a generalisation of the paper quoted above. The authors developed the concept which was presented there by a proposal for determining rectification corrections for semi gantry crane rail axes. To carried out the task, the parametric method with conditions on parameters was used. Moreover the practical tests on simulated measurement results were conducted. The results obtained from alignment confirmed the theoretical assumptions.Despite the fact that analyses were carried out only on the simulated data, it is already possible to say that presented method for determination of rectification corrections for crane rail axes can be used for development of the observations from real measurement.</abstract>

Department of Geodesy, University of Technology in Gdańsk, Poland

Institute of Geodesy, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Poland

Determination of Rectification Corrections for Semi Gantry Crane Rail Axes in the Local 3D Coordinate System

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This paper presents results of a research of potential utilisation of the intensity of laser beam reflection recorded by ground-based lasers, for an initial classification of rock formations within the Czatkowice Limestone Quarry. As part of the research, spectrometric analysis in visible (VIS), near-infrared (NIR) and Short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) bands was carried out for rock samples typical for the Czatkowice Quarry. Moreover, the rock samples were scanned using equipment working within different wavelengths. The reflected intensity of the laser beam recorded for each rock sample with several different scanners were analysed to assess their potential use for rock classification. The results of this analysis were then compared with spectral curves of each sample. The relationship between the intensity of the laser beam reflection and the spectral curves can be used for selection of most suitable scanner for rock classification.</abstract>

The Possibilities of Using the Terrestrial Scanning Data for Classification of Rocks in Limestone Mine “Czatkowice”

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The paper presents control periodic measurements of movements and survey of concrete dam on Dunajec River in Rożnów, Poland. Topographical survey was conducted using laser scanning technique. The goal of survey was data collection and creation of a geometrical model. Acquired cross- and horizontal sections were utilised to create a numerical model of object behaviour at various load depending of changing level of water in reservoir. Modelling was accomplished using finite elements technique. During the project an assessment was conducted to terrestrial laser scanning techniques for such type of research of large hydrotechnical objects such as gravitational water dams. Developed model can be used to define deformations and displacement prognosis.</abstract>

Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography, Warsaw University of Technology

Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology

Development of Large Concrete Object Geometrical Model Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The study concerns computation of the gravity potential difference between the Kronsztadt86 datum and the global vertical datum. This method is based on the use of ellipsoidal heights from satellite observations, normal heights obtained from the conducted leveling campaign and quasigeoid/ellipsoid separations computed based on the EGM2008 model. The obtained results indicate that there are substantial differences in the estimated value of the parameter ΔW, computed from three different satellite networks: POLREF, EUVN-DA and ASG-EUPOS. The parameter was determined with sufficient accuracy and the applied systematic error model has low efficiency. The computations reveal that the best value of ΔW for the territory of Poland is 0.43 m2s-2.</abstract>

Preliminary Unification of Kronsztadt86 Local Vertical Datum with Global Vertical Datum

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This research is devoted to the study of vertical movements of the European crust on the basis of two independent methods, namely tide gauge and GNSS observations results. The description and classification of factors affecting sea level change has been made. The precision with which the movement of the earth's crust according to the results of tide gauge observations can be explored has been calculated . A methodology to identify the duration of tide gauge observations required for studies of vertical movements of the earth 's crust has been presented. Approximation of tide gauge time series with the help of Fourier series has been implemented, the need for long-term observations in certain areas has been explained. The diagram of the velocities of the vertical movements of the European crust on the basis of the tide gauge data and GNSS observations has been built and the anomalous areas where the observations do not coincide have been identified.</abstract>

Study of Vertical Movements of the European Crust Using Tide Gauge and Gnss Observations

AHEAD OF PRINT

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Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

 Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics (formerly Reports on Geodesy) is recognized as a semi-annual scientific journal that has appeared since 1991. The volumes of this journal had been prepared and edited by the staff of the Institute of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy until 2008 and then during the reorganization of the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography between years 2008-2011 the volumes were edited and printed by the scientists of the Department of Geodesy and Geodetic Astronomy of Warsaw University of Technology (WUT). Since 2012 the journal has been edited by the scientific staff of the Faculty of Geodesy and Cartography of WUT.  Each paper submitted for publishing in Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics is peer-reviewed. The list of our revisers contains more than 200 scientists both from Poland as well as from other countries. Our revisers are recognized specialists from different branches of geodesy and cartography. In some issues of Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics there are presented contents of papers announced at international conferences and such volumes may be recognized as the proceedings from these scientific meetings.  All papers published in Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics are available in an open access formula. All of them have been also distributed among over 110 libraries in Poland as well as foreign institutions and are considered to be very well acknowledged by the international geodetic community.  Peer-review. The journal uses single-blind peer review (the authors do not know the reviewers) to avoid bias. See more information &lt;Peer Review&gt;.  Journal policies. The journal provides its’ policies, which include detailed information about submission, editorial and publishing processes and guidelines for authors and reviewers. All parties are being introduced to their rights and responsibilities to ensure smooth and ethical publishing process. See more information &lt;Journal Policies&gt;  Fees and Charges. The journal operates as open access journal, the process is completely free of charges to both authors and readers. All publication fees are covered by Warsaw University of Technology.　  Publication schedule. The journal is semi-annual (2 Issues per year in June and December). All articles are published online under CC BY-NC-ND licence 4.0 within four weeks after acceptance as a continuous publication (Online first) to avoid any delays.　  Copyright. Individual articles are published Open Access under the Creative Commons Licence: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0, which permits non-commercial use, distribute, display and perform only original copies of the work in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Authors retain copyright in their articles, but grant RGG the right of the first publication. The journal is copyright RGG © Warsaw University of Technology (WUT), all rights reserved.   Aims and ScopeReports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics in keeping with tradition, is intent on presenting the whole of technological and scientific progress taking place in modern geodesy and cartography, where research and implementation of geoinformatic character play an exceptionally important role in accelerating the development of our discipline. It is for this reason that we have decided to expand the journal’s formula so as to encourage a broader group of scientists and specialists in the realms of geodesy, computer science, cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geography, geology, and related sciences who are developing new methods and technologies of geovisualization and are involved in the modeling of space applying GIS technology to collaborate with us. At the same time, the journal’s profile shall maintain the importance of other theoretical, industrial, and development research in the areas of theoretical geodesy, geodetic astronomy, navigation, and studies on displacements and the classic problems facing geodesic surveying.  Journal PoliciesThe journal provides its’ policies, which include detailed information about submission, editorial and publishing processes and guidelines for authors and reviewers. All parties are being introduced with their rights and responsibilities to ensure smooth and ethical publishing process. Visit following subsections for more details on each policy:    Publication Ethics and Publication Malpractice Statement  Open Access  Privacy Statement   Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics (formerly Reports on Geodesy) in keeping with tradition, is intent on presenting the whole of technological and scientific progress taking place in modern geodesy and cartography, where research and implementation of geoinformatic character play an exceptionally important role in accelerating the development of our discipline. It is for this reason that we have decided to expand the journal's formula so as to encourage a broader group of scientists and specialists in the realms of geodesy, computer science, cartography, photogrammetry, remote sensing, geography, geology, and related sciences who are developing new methods and technologies of geovisualization and are involved in the modeling of space applying GIS technology to collaborate with us. At the same time, the journal's profile shall maintain the importance of other theoretical, industrial, and development research in the areas of theoretical geodesy, geodetic astronomy, navigation, and studies on displacements and the classic problems facing geodesic surveying.Internet access to complete articles in an "open access" formula will significantly facilitate use by those who are interested as well as expand the circle of readers.  Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 