<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The article presents a historical review of the literature related to the empirical problem of excessive risk premium. The risk premium (the difference between the return on equities and risk-free rate) observed in financial markets cannot be reconciled with theoretical models of financial markets - it is too high (“excessive”). We present the original model from the seminal work of Mehra and Prescott (1985), where this problem has been signaled. The article gives an overview of the main trends in the literature concerning this problem, of the proposed solutions and of the extension to the model. Finally, we consider the problem in the Polish context, estimating the original Mehra-Prescott model using data from the Polish financial market.</abstract>

A Puzzle of Excessive Equity Risk Premium and the Case of Poland

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The common currency was created as a result of theoretical considerations regarding the functioning of optimum currency areas. This theory refers to a number of benefits as well as costs. It imposes a number of requirements that are necessary for the newly created structure to be considered optimum. The economies of Eurozone countries did not meet these requirements. In consequence, the present functioning of the Eurozone encounters many disturbances - the strong differentiation of the balance of payments is a significant example. The reforms initiated in the European Union and undertaken in response to the financial crisis encompassed the Eurozone countries, yet they only concern financial policy. The adopted strategy of action arouses questions as to its effectiveness. The aim of this article is to present one of the reasons for the Eurozone crisis and a proposal for changing the monetary policy, in particular the exchange rate. In view of this objective, the main hypothesis reads as follows: one of the methods of counteracting the crisis is to introduce currency competition within the Eurozone.</abstract>

Currency Competition in the Eurozone: An Answer to the Crisis

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Due to the constantly growing interest in alternative investments, the art market has become the subject of numerous studies. By publishing sales data, many services and auction houses provide a foundation for further research on the latest trends. Determining the definition of the artistic value or formalisation of appraisal may be considered quite complex. Statistical analysis, econometric methods or data mining techniques could pave the way towards better understanding of the mechanisms occurring on the art market. The goal of this paper is to identify, describe and compare solutions (and related challenges) that help to analyse, make decisions and define state of the art in the context of the intersection of econometrics on art markets and computer science. This work is also a starting point for further research.</abstract>

Department of Information Systems, Poznań University of Economics,

Department of Informati on Systems, Poznań University of Economics,

Towards Data Oriented Analysis of the Art Market: Survey and Outlook

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">In this study we investigate how bankruptcy affects the market behaviour of prices of stocks on Warsaw’s Stock Exchange. As the behaviour of prices can be seen in a myriad of ways, we investigate a particular aspect of this behaviour, namely the predictability of these price formation processes. We approximate their predictability as the structural complexity of logarithmic returns. This method of analysing predictability of price formation processes using information theory follows closely the mathematical definition of predictability, and is equal to the degree to which redundancy is present in the time series describing stock returns. We use Shannon’s entropy rate (approximating Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy) to measure this redundancy, and estimate it using the Lempel-Ziv algorithm, computing it with a running window approach over the entire price history of 50 companies listed on the Warsaw market which have gone bankrupt in the last few years. This enables us not only to compare the differences between predictability of price formation processes before and after their filing for bankruptcy, but also to compare the changes in predictability over time, as well as divided into different categories of companies and bankruptcies. There exists a large body of research analysing the efficiency of the whole market and the predictability of price changes en large, but only a few detailed studies analysing the influence of external stimulion the efficiency of price formation processes. This study fills this gap in the knowledge of financial markets, and their response to extreme external events.</abstract>

The Effects of Bankruptcy on the Predictability of Price Formation Processes on Warsaw’s Stock Market

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">This paper presents the impact of decreasing MFI interest rates on household deposits and saving goals in 12 Monetary Union member countries in the years 2009-2015. It analyses tendencies in household deposits (overnight, with agreed maturity and redeemable at notice), and attempts to link them with certain household saving motives (target, retirement and precautionary). The paper identifies those deposit categories which appeared as sensitive to declining interest rates and indicates the Eurozone countries whose populations are expected to revise their savings plans. Precise implications are drawn for target saving motives of households in Austria, Cyprus and Malta. However, in the case of two other motives, the analysis does not conclude on the impact of decreasing MFI interest rates.</abstract>

Low Interest Rates do they Revise Household Saving Motives in the Euro Area?

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">Existing literature has not yet defined a clear-cut relationship between ownership structure and capital structure. This study aims to contribute to this controversial argument by examining the impact of internal (managerial) ownership and external ownership on financing preferences using the case of non-financial firms listed on Karachi stock exchange during the period of 2008-2012. Our results suggest that the external ownership has a significant effect on capital structure in accordance with the presence of blockholders. In contrast, the internal ownership has a complicated effect; it shows significant positive and negative relationship to leverage at lower and certain higher proportion of managerial shareholding respectively. Besides, the combined analyses suggest that the presence of blockholders negates the impact of managerial ownership on capital structure. This implies that the presence of large and dominant shareholders in Pakistani firms may have caused a bias for debt financing to protect their voting power and returns.</abstract>

Ownership and Capital Structure of Pakistani Non Financial Firms

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The aim of the article is to analyze and identify the dividend policy adopted by real estate development companies listed on the WSE. The first regular dividend paid by these entities was in 2007. Only 12% of real estate companies listed on the WSE regularly paid dividends. 48% of the surveyed companies declared that their priority is development and recommended - due to the significant investment needs, and to provide liquidity - leaving their profits in the company. In 40% of the development companies, decisions regarding the distribution of profits bear the markings of residual dividend policy. The economic situation in the construction industry, observed in 2007-2013, was an important factor influencing the financial situation of these companies resulting in dividend policy decisions. Most realtor companies have taken the decision to pay dividends in the years 2008 and 2011. This means that the situation in the previous year was an important factor influencing the decisions regarding the distribution of real estate development company profit.</abstract>

The Dividend Policy of Real Estate Development Companies Listed on the WSE in Poland

<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">The aim of this article is to show that the New Institutional Economics is an interdisciplinary stream combining economics, law, organization theory, political sciences, sociology, and anthropology. The main theories which are part of the New Institutional Economics are: Agency Theory, Property Rights Theory and Transaction Costs Theory. The basic assumptions of these theories are mentioned in this paper. This article is an introduction to the New Institutional Economics and its main theories. For this purpose, it presents a brief guide for those who are interested in the New Institutional Economics. Finally, the article is accompanied by a short review of examples of empirical studies connected with these theories.</abstract>

The New Institutional Economics-Main Theories

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