<abstract xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

Due to rapid urbanization, urban open spaces are becoming increasingly significant, both in the inhabitants’ daily and societal lives. This significance is even more applicable for the densely populated city of Dhaka, which has historically overseen numerous urban migrations. Regretfully, the inhabitants of Dhaka can access only a few urban recreational facilities, public open spaces in particular. Due to illegal encroachment, low maintenance, and rigid policymaking, those limited number of open spaces are becoming gradually deteriorated and are in the potential danger of greater extinction soon. The Hatirjheel wetland area inside Dhaka has recently been restored as an important public open space to connect the city’s green-blue network. Accessibility is a significant spatial parameter to judge its potential success. This research analysed how accessibility would optimize the multi-scalar relationship between neighbourhoods and urban activities. With use a series of syntactic analyses, it was also searched for the Hatirjheel wetland’s potentials as an active urban open space to accelerate local and global activity. The possible weaknesses behind those open spaces’ inactiveness were investigated both theoretically and practically. Finally, some recommendations were suggested by analysing these circumstances in aim to improve the current conditions and obtain optimum benefits from the existing open space.
</abstract>

Optimizing the Spatial Configurations of an Urban Open Space: Syntactic Analysis of the Restored Hatirjheel Wetland, Dhaka

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In the present paper the variant of computational methods of stability and initial post-buckling behavior of isotropic shells was generalized with respect to laminated composite shells. Using methods of the asymptotic analysis of the Timoshenko–Mindlin theory, the relationships for calculation of shells with the small geometrical imperfections of the different shapes have been produced. On the basis of obtained equations, the technique of calculation of a non-linear pre-buckling state, limiting loads and bifurcation, and also initial post-buckling behavior of laminated cylindrical shells at an axial compression and external pressure have been worked out. The results of calculation for the shells made of glass fiber-reinforced plastic and carbon fiber-reinforced plastic with multimodal imperfections and dimple imperfections have been presented. The features of transformation of the interacting modes of imperfections have been researched.
</abstract>

Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW

National University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use

On the Method of Calculation of Buckling and Post-Buckling Behavior of Laminated Shells with Small Arbitrary Imperfections

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An incremental solution of a member in bending and compression by displacement method with shear force impact is presented, wherein individual incremental steps, both the geometrical characteristics of the cross--section and the position of the neutral axis, can be changed. Functions of loads, internal forces and displacements are represented by trigonometric series. In every load step internal forces and deformation state is memorised, therefore history of the load and stiffness is taken into account. This solution is useful both in static calculations of structures being strengthened as well as in structures, in which degradation of stiffness under load occurs as a result of wall stability loss. The member may be loaded by uniformly distributed load, any number of concentrated forces and nodal moments.
</abstract>

Static Analysis of a Variable Cross-Section Element Under Load

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This study discusses the application of 3D terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in the evaluation of the technical condition of a historical building – a brewery located in the town of Szczytno (Poland). The digital database was obtained entirely by means of a Leica ScanStation C10 laser scanner. The works involved obtaining and connecting the scanning data, followed by their application in determination of the extent of damages on a virtual model of the building. The study discusses the efficiency of a laser scanner in surveying damages to a historical building. The measurements were hampered by numerous factors, such as the location of measuring points, street traffic, by standers and adverse weather conditions. However, application of TLS method using an impulse scanner allows quick digitization of an entire object, what is of great importance when it comes to examining large buildings. It should be pointed out that this is one of the few methods which allow points located in poorly accessible places, e.g. on top of a roof or a tower, to be recorded from the ground level. A laser scanner is ideal for digital capturing of details of historical buildings. It is particularly useful in measuring damages or architectural details. Digital data so obtained can then be analysed using a computer in comfortable conditions. A disadvantage of the laser scanning is a large amount of accidental and undesired data, which requires a time-consuming filtration of a point cloud. Digitized data facilitates the research procedure as it allows detailed measuring of complex objects in comfortable conditions.
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Digital Survey of Damages on the Façade of a Historical Building

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This article discusses the issue of renovation of buildings having damp and salted walls. The results of conservation research on the walls of two historical buildings from the beginning of the 20th century are presented. It was determined that the walls of the buildings are burdened with moisture and salts. The use of traditional cement and limestone plaster for renovation of such walls, due to their low diffusivity, is a temporary and short-term solution. A suitable material is a renovation plaster, which should be selected depending on the properties of the wall. Various approaches to the renovation of these two buildings were presented. Where moisture was caused by capillary rise, the moisture barrier was first restored and a system of renovation plasters consisting of rough coat, undercoat plaster, hydrophobic plaster and paint coating was used. In the second case, due to only a partial replacement of the plasters, after protection of the facade against rainwater, the plasters will be supplemented with renovation rough coat and hydrophobic renovation plaster. Before applying the paint coating, the entire surface will be covered with a renovating lime putty.
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Renovation of Buildings Having Damp and Salted Walls – Case Analyses

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The aim of the article is an analysis of the possibility of introducing housing construction into a more sustainable and ecological level, through the concept of circular economy (CE) in the construction industry. Housing is an important part of the economy and construction sector. Development of this sector results from a growing population in urban areas and the need of modernization of existing residential buildings. Contemporary realizations of housing environments should consider the reduction of the negative impact on the natural environment. This is possible to achieve by reducing the use of natural resources and start using recycled materials. This assumption belongs to the basic CE task, which allows a recirculation of building materials. To discuss the basic work, the assumptions used a non-reactive desk research method. The review of scientific publications and reports included a subject: (i) concept of CE, (ii) CE in construction sector, (iii) CE in housing construction. The second part of the study analysed innovative ways of using recycled materials and their implementation in new building materials (used in residential construction). Eco-innovation overview includes: (i) bricks from plastic waste, (ii) 3D printing of buildings from recycled materials, (iii) facade plates made of recycling materials. In discussion, the research revealed a number of barriers preventing the effective implementation of CE in the construction industry. The discussion indicates three potential barriers to the implementation of CE in housing environments: (i) social responsibility of the construction industry, (ii) recycling of building materials, (iii) building material resulting from recycling. Final paper conclusions confirming the rightness to implement CE concept in housing construction, thanks to which it will be possible to reduce the negative impact on the environment.
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Circular Economy in Housing Architecture: Methods of Implementation

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The article presents an analysis of the impact of solar radiation on the temperature changes in the external three-layer partition of a smart building. Data for analysis were taken from temperature sensors located in individual layers of the wall and from a weather station on the roof of a building. The data were recorded 24 h in 5- and 15-minute intervals. The analysis period was one month in a winter season. The purpose of the analysis was to determine the correlation between the solar radiation measured as the illuminance and the temperature inside the wall. In the analysed period of one month the correlation was very weak. Also, considering only the illuminance over 10,000 lx, the correlation was noticeable, but still very weak. The use of innovative fiber optic technology with fibre Bragg grating was proposed to avoid incorrect measurements.
</abstract>

Influence of Solar Radiation to the Temperature Inside a Three-Layer Partition in Winter Season

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This paper examines the importance of empirical formulas for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of non--cohesive soils, taking into account their compaction. Empirical formulas are often used in practice to quickly and cost-effectively determine hydraulic conductivity of soil. Verification of calculation of this parameter was performed for five formulas taking into account the characteristic diameters of grains and porosity. The results obtained by calculations were compared with the results of laboratory tests performed on soil samples with the same porosity coefficients (at different density index) as assumed in the calculation method. An empirical formula has been proposed to correct the hydraulic conductivity of soils obtained from the Hazen formula by taking into account the density index of a given soil.
</abstract>

Verification of Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity for Coarse Soils by Empirical Formulas Based on the Density Index

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The introduction of geosynthetics into road construction significantly facilitated fulfilment of the set of requirements for modern road building technologies. The fact that geosynthetic materials can be implemented at all stages, from earthwork through land drainage to the construction of layers of roads, new, repaired or strengthened ones, means that geosynthetics now occupy an important place in contemporary road building technologies. Industry supplies numerous materials classified as geosynthetics. In line with the standard PN-EN ISO 10318:2007, we distinguish four principal groups of these products: geotextiles, geotextile derivatives, geosynthetic barriers and geocomposites. The industrially produced materials have various properties, which means they have different applicability. This paper analyses basic characteristics, which decide how geosynthetics can be used. Because of a large number of features and factors that could apply to an evaluation of specific solutions, it is necessary to include a large group of criteria. Their analysis might be cumbersome, and therefore an approach is suggested which will greatly facilitate making a complex assessment and selection of a solution which will best meet the customer’s expectations. The assessment of the extent to which specific criteria are met by the geosynthetic materials selected for an analysis allows us to gain better understanding of their suitability and proper choice, supported by multifactorial analytical methods. The theme of the article is a preliminary step which is to prepare and organize the relevant characteristics of geosynthetics and define the major groups of criteria and sub-criteria.
</abstract>

Problem of Selection of Suitable Geosynthetics for the Strengthening of Subgrade in Road Construction, Selection of Assessment Criteria

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Due to the global problem related to the excessive amount of waste, measures are also taken in the construction industry to protect the environment and implement recycled waste for the production of building materials. Due to the high popularity of composite materials in construction, a brief overview of modern ecological solutions using recycling was presented. The presented solutions are divided into three groups: the use of recycled aggregates for the production of concrete, the use of recycled aggregates for structures reinforced with geo-synthetics, and the use of recycled plastic for the production of wood-plastic composites (WPCs). The division into these three groups was determined on the basis of the selection of solutions most widely discussed in scientific articles in the field of recycling. The strength of the elements was mainly analyzed. The most widely used and showing the best strength values is the solution based on the use of recycled aggregate. The use of plastic waste is possible, but requires further research.
</abstract>

Ecological Material Solutions with Use of Composites

AHEAD OF PRINT

Volume 21 (2022): Issue 2 (June 2022)

Volume 21 (2022): Issue 1 (March 2022)

Volume 20 (2021): Issue 4 (December 2021)

Volume 20 (2021): Issue 3 (September 2021)

Volume 20 (2021): Issue 2 (June 2021)

Volume 20 (2021): Issue 1 (March 2021)

Volume 19 (2020): Issue 4 (December 2020)

Volume 19 (2020): Issue 3 (September 2020)

Volume 19 (2020): Issue 2 (June 2020)

Volume 19 (2020): Issue 1 (March 2020)

Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Architectura

 Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Architectura aims to provide a multidisciplinary forum for researchers, designers, engineers and administration staff, involved in different fields of architecture and civil engineering. The topics include but are not limited to:    sustainable architecture  construction materials and products  mathematical modelling  soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering  environmental aspects of civil engineering  technology &amp; management of construction processes  spatial development and land use planning   Archiving  Sciendo archives the contents of this journal in Portico - digital long-term preservation service of scholarly books, journals and collections.  Plagiarism Policy  The editorial board is participating in a growing community of Similarity Check System's users in order to ensure that the content published is original and trustworthy. Similarity Check is a medium that allows for comprehensive manuscripts screening, aimed to eliminate plagiarism and provide a high standard and quality peer-review process. 