Q1 (0-36.09%) N=39 (Mean±SD) | Q2 (36.10-45.23%) N=39 (Mean±SD) | Q3 (45.24-54.73%) N=39 (Mean±SD) | Q4 (54.74-75.25%) N=39 (Mean±SD) | Total N=156 Mean±SD | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Week 14 | Mean Week 35 | Mean Week 14 | Mean Week 35 | Mean Week 14 | Mean Week 35 | Mean Week 14 | Mean Week 35 | Mean Week 14 | Mean Week 35 | |
48.5±14.9 | 54.6±13.2 | 41.1±17.4 | 44.6±17.8 | 37.5±13.0 | 34.8±10.4 | 25.9±12.4 | 30.8±13.2 | 38.2 ±16.6 | 41.2±16.6 | |
5.6±6.2 | 7.5±7.2 | 7.3±9.9 | 4.1±4.4* | 5.1±6.4 | 4.6±4.4 | 2.6±3.2 | 4.6±5.8* | 5.1±7.0 | 5.2±5.7 | |
14.8±14.1 | 11.4±9.9 | 9.4±8.5 | 12.1±10.6 | 10.8±9.8 | 7.9±9.3 | 6.9±6.4 | 6.8±5.3 | 10.5±10.4 | 9.5±9.2 | |
31.1±14.2 | 26.6±15.3 | 42.2±14.2 | 39.2±13.7 | 46.5±12.9 | 52.7±13.1 | 64.6±15.6 | 57.7±16.8 | 46.1±18.6 | 44.0±19.0 | |
2004.7± | 1747.1± | 1881.4± | 1845.9± | 2042.1± | 1863.9± | 1856.2± | 1987.4± | 1946 ± | 1861 ±1 | |
927.2 | 918.9 | 975.9 | 1440.9 | 962.9 | 806.2 | 811.7 | 808.4 | 916 | 021 | |
62.1±13.4 | 63.2±17.1 | 58.3±18.4 | 60.2±18.6 | 55.9±10.9 | 56.3±12.7 | 49.3±15.0 | 56.4±14.7* | 56.4±15.3 | 59.0±16.0 |
Maternal+ | PEI-UPF Quartiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (0-36.09%) N=39 Mean+SD | Q2 (36.10-45.23%) N=39 Mean+SD | Q3 (45.24-54.73%) N=39 Mean+SD | Q4 (54.74-75.25%) N=39 Mean+SD | ||
%G1a | 51.5±14.0 | 42.8±17.5 | 36.2±11.8 | 28.4±13 | |
%G2a | 6.5±6.8 | 5.8±7.8 | 4.9±5.5 | 3.6±4.7 | |
%G3a | 13.1±12.2 | 10.7±9.7 | 9.4±9.6 | 6.9±5.8 | |
%G4a | 28.8±14.8 | 40.7±14.0 | 49.6±13.3 | 61.2±16.5 | |
Total kcalsa | 1875.9±926.2 | 1863.6±1222.7 | 1953±886.8 | 1921.8±807.5 | 0.78 |
HEI 0-100a | 62.7±12 | 59.2±15.4 | 56.1±8.3 | 52.9±11.9 | |
Gestational Age (week)a | 14.5±0.72 | 14.6±0.59 | 14.4±0.80 | 14.2±0.84 | 0.17 |
Maternal Age (years)a | 34.1±3.9 | 33.7±4.5 | 33.5±3.2 | 32.5±4.8 | 0.35 |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2)a | 29.8±4.0 | 30.2±4.0 | 31.2±5.8 | 30.3±4.9 | 0.33 |
Parity (%)b | 0.45 | ||||
1 | 25.6 | 43.6 | 30.8 | 33.3 | |
2 | 33.3 | 30.8 | 25.6 | 38.5 | |
3+ | 41.1 | 25.6 | 43.6 | 28.2 | |
Race (%)b | 0.68 | ||||
White | 38.5 | 51.3 | 40.0 | 46.2 | |
Non-white | 61.5 | 48.7 | 60.0 | 53.8 | |
Income (%)b | 0.96 | ||||
≤$75,000 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 35.9 | 38.5 | |
>$75,000 | 66.7 | 66.7 | 64.1 | 61.4 | |
College (%)b | 0.12 | ||||
No | 23.1 | 12.8 | 25.6 | 7.7 | |
Yes | 76.9 | 87.2 | 74.4 | 92.3 | |
Group (%)b | 0.77 | ||||
Usual Care | 40.0 | 51.3 | 46.2 | 51.3 | |
Lifestyle Intervention | 60.0 | 48.7 | 53.8 | 48.7 | |
Length (cm) (mean±SD)a | 49.8±1.9 | 49.85±2.0 | 50.08±1.8 | 49.55±2.3 | 0.79 |
Age (days) (mean±SD)a | 2.75±2.1 | 2.62±2.0 | 2.16±1.8 | 2.45±1.9 | 0.65 |
Sex (%)b | |||||
Female | 15 (46.9) | 21 (67.7) | 12 (37.5) | 11 (35.5) | |
Male | 17 (53.1) | 10 (32.3) | 20 (62.5) | 20 (64.5) | |
Race (%)b | 0.76 | ||||
White | 59.4 | 51.6 | 62.5 | 51.6 | |
Non-white | 40.6 | 49.4 | 37.5 | 49.4 |
Maternal+ | GWG N=156 | Mean Difference ±SE | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
<7.4kg (n=61) | >7.4kg (n=95) | |||
14.5±0.70 | 14.35±0.80 | 0.194±.13 | 0.06 | |
33.6±4.5 | 33.3±4.0 | 0.257±.68 | 0.35 | |
54.3.1±10.4 | 59.9±13.5 | 5.63+2.0 | <0.01* | |
Parity (%)b | 1.56 | 0.46 | ||
28 | 37 | |||
33 | 32 | |||
39 | 31 | |||
Race (%)b | 10.87 | 0.001* | ||
28 | 55 | |||
78 | 45 | |||
Income (%)b | 0.03 | 0.865 | ||
≤ |
36 | 35 | ||
64 | 65 | |||
College (%) | 3.71 | 0.05* | ||
25 | 13 | |||
75 | 87 | |||
Group (%)b | 5.19 | 0.02* | ||
36 | 55 | |||
64 | 45 | |||
NOVA PEI | ||||
39.7±15 | 42.3±.17 | 2.4±3.0 | 0.37 | |
5.3±5.7 | 5.1±6.0 | 0.1±.0.09 | 0.43 | |
8.0±8.0 | 10.0±10.0 | 2.4±1.0 | 0.06 | |
46.9±17.6 | 42.2±19.8 | 4.7±3.1 | 0.07 | |
4.87±1.9 | 11.44±3.1 | 6.57±0.44 | 0.001** | |
29.5 | 0.000* | |||
34 | 78 | |||
66 | 22 |
Maternal+ | Gestational Weight Gain | Lean Mass (QMR) | Fat Mass (QMR) | Total Body Water (QMR) | Fat Free Mass (ADP) | Fat Mass (ADP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Kcals | 0.05 | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
HEI Average Score 0-100 a | -0.03 | -0.03 | -0.06 | -0.11 | 0.02 | |
Gestational Age (week)a | -0.004 | -0.10 | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.07 | 0.02 |
Maternal Age (years)a | -0.06 | -0.16 | -0.12 | -0.20 | -0.16 | |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2)a | 0.11 | 0.17 | 0.12 | 0.10 | ||
Parityb | -0.15 | -0.06 | 0.12 | 0.03 | -0.05 | 0.14 |
Racec | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.07 | -0.14 | ||
Incomec | 0.03 | 0.04 | -0.12 | -0.02 | 0.006 | -0.13 |
Collegec | -0.08 | -0.14 | -0.07 | |||
Groupc | 0.06 | -0.16 | -0.12 | -0.08 | ||
Lengtha (cm) | -- | |||||
Agea (years) | -0.03 | -0.07 | -0.01 | 0.02 | -0.09 | |
Sexc | -- |
Intervention (n=82) | Usual Care (n=74) | Test statistic | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
33.62± 3.96 | 33.21 ± 4.37 | -0.616a | 0.539 | |
14.41 ± .753 | 14.43 ± .795 | 0.144a | 0.886 | |
164.58± 5.43 | 163.80 ± 6.78 | -0.973a | 0.431 | |
80.88 ± 12.14 | 83.24 ± 15.86 | 1.049a | 0.296 | |
29.86 ± 3.88 | 31.0 ± 5.4 | 1.551a | 0.117 | |
54 (65.1%) | 41 (55.4%) | 1.783c | 0.182 | |
29 (34.9%) | 33 (44.6%) | |||
3.042c | 0.804 | |||
26 (31.7%) | 26 (35.1%) | |||
25 (30.5%) | 25 (33.8%) | |||
31 (37.8%) | 23 (31.1%) | |||
1.208c | 0.751 | |||
25 (30.5%) | 17 (23.0%) | |||
16 (19.5%) | 16 (21.6%) | |||
35 (42.7%) | 34 (45.9%) | |||
6 (7.3%) | 7 (9.5%) | |||
1.967d | 0.579 | |||
4 (4.9%) | 5 (6.8%) | |||
26 (31.7%) | 20 (27.0%) | |||
52 (63.4%) | 49 (66.2%) | |||
1.416c | 0.291 | |||
17 (20.7%) | 10 (13.5%) | |||
65 (79.3%) | 64 (86.5%) |
Intervention (n=82) | Usual Care (n=74) | Test statistic | Mean Difference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean±SD | Mean±SD | Mean±SE | |||
8.04±3.85 | 9.8±4.4 | 2.658a | 1.76±0.66 | 0.009* | |
Gestational Weight Gain: adherence to Institute of Medicine guidelines | |||||
Gained Adequately | 51 (62.2%) | 33 (44.6%) | --- | --- | |
Gained Excessively | 31 (37.8%) | 41 (55.4%) | --- | --- | |
Gestational Weight Gain:defined by median (7.4kg) | |||||
Gained Adequately | 39(47.6%) | 22(29.7%) | --- | --- | |
Gained Excessively | 43(52.4%) | 52(70.3%) | --- | --- | |
N=82 | N=74 | ||||
Total Calories (Kcal) | 1817.16±737.4 | 2088.97 ± 1067.4 | 1.865a | 271.8±148.4 | 0.069 |
Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010 Score (0-100) | 56.69 ±14.31 | 56.09 ±16.32 | -0.245a | -0.60±2.45 | 0.807 |
Total Fruit (0-5)c | 3.47±1.88 | 3.39±1.98 | 2999b | -0.78±0.31 | 0.896 |
Whole Fruit (0-5)c | 3.47±2.13 | 3.12±2.19 | 3289b | -0.35±0.35 | 0.318 |
Solid Fats, Alcohol, Added Sugars (SOFAAS) (0-10)d | 14.06±5.07 | 13.51±6.01 | 2511b | -0.55±0.89 | 0.060 |
N=82 | N=74 | ||||
Total calories | 1843.4±979.5 | 1880.7±1072 | 0.227a | 37.3±164.3 | 0.837 |
62±16 | 55.8±15.5 | -2.465a | -6.23±2.52 | 0.015* | |
3.83±1.69 | 3.05±1.96 | 3735b | -0.83±0.29 | 0.009* | |
3.87±2 | 3.00±2.24 | 3764b | -0.79±0.34 | 0.004* | |
14.53±5.67 | 12.8±5.67 | 3624b | -1.87±0.90 | 0.036* | |
Group 1 | 40.0±16.3 | 36.3±16.7 | -1.374 a | -0.036±0.03 | 0.171 |
Group 2 | 4.9±5.5 | 5.8±8.4 | 0.551 a | 0.006±0.01 | 0.582 |
Group 3 | 10.6±8.9 | 10.4±11.9 | -0.121 a | -0.002±0.02 | 0.904 |
Group 4 | 44.6±18.7 | 47.8±18.4 | 1.080 a | 0.03±0.03 | 0.282 |
Group 1 | 40.5±15.8 | 42.0±17.5 | 0.569 a | 0.151±0.03 | 0.570 |
Group 2 | 5.2±5.9 | 5.1±5.3 | -0.025 a | -0.003±0.01 | 0.980 |
Group 3 | 9.4±8.4 | 9.7±10.0 | 0.156 a | 0.002±0.01 | 0.876 |
Group 4 | 44.9±18.2 | 43.1±20.1 | -0.562 a | -0.017±0.03 | 0.575 |
PEI-UPF1 Q1 | PEI-UPF1 Q2 | PEI-UPF1 Q3 | PEI-UPF1 Q4 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marginal Means | 95% CI | Marginal Means | 95% CI | Marginal Means | 95% CI | Marginal Means | 95% CI | ||||||
Unadjusted | 8.84 | 7.5 | 10.2 | 10.05 | 8.7 | 11.4 | 8.26 | 6.9 | 9.6 | 8.34 | 7.0 | 9.7 | 0.213 |
Adjusteda2 | 8.82 | 7.2 | 10.4 | 10.09 | 8.5 | 11.7 | 8.33 | 6.7 | 9.9 | 8.26 | 6.7 | 9.8 | 0.215 |
Unadjusted | 2.30 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.28 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.38 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.29 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 0.414 |
Adjusteda3 | 2.30 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.30 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.34 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.32 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.423 |
Unadjusted | .558 | .50 | .62 | .559 | .50 | .62 | .568 | .51 | .62 | .503 | .44 | .56 | 0.224 |
Adjusteda4 | .554 | .48 | .63 | .544 | .47 | .62 | .569 | .50 | .64 | .521 | .45 | .60 | 0.816 |
Unadjusted | 2.42 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.39 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.52 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.41 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 0.457 |
Adjusteda5 | 2.42 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.41 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 2.49 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.43 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 0.573 |
Unadjusted | 2.89 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.81 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.96 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 2.85 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 0.568 |
Adjusteda6 | 2.90 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.82 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.92 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 2.88 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 0.835 |
Unadjusted | .353 | .30 | .41 | .366 | .31 | .42 | .357 | .30 | .41 | .294 | .24 | .35 | 0.119 |
Adjusteda7 | .350 | .29 | .41 | .340 | .28 | .40 | .351 | .29 | .41 | .327 | .26 | .39 | 0.482 |
Intervention (n = 68) | Usual Care (n = 61) | T-Test Statistic | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Birth weight (g) | 3280±421 | 3160 ±468 | -1.465 | 0.146 |
Birth length (cm) | 49.84±1.983 | 49.8±2.034 | -0.325 | 0.746 |
Age at measurement | 2.54 ±2.1 | 2.34±1.8 | -0.589 | 0.557 |
(days) | ||||
Weight for length z score | -0.22±0.7 | -0.43±0.8 | -1.57 | 0.119 |
FM (g) | 352.5 ±172 | 329 ±155 | -0.806 | 0.422 |
FFM (g) | 2920±335 | 2830 ±383 | -1.433 | 0.151 |
FM (g) | 555±171 | 535± 164 | -0.676 | 0.500 |
LM (g) | 2360± 262 | 2260±293 | -2.149 | 0.034* |
TBW (g) | 2480 ± 282 | 2390 ± 308 | -1.827 | 0.070 |