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Marine Sediment Recovered Salinispora sp. Inhibits the Growth of Emerging Bacterial Pathogens and other Multi-Drug-Resistant Bacteria

LUIS CONTRERAS-CASTRO
LUIS CONTRERAS-CASTRO
, 
SERGIO MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA
SERGIO MARTÍNEZ-GARCÍA
, 
JUAN C. CANCINO-DIAZ
JUAN C. CANCINO-DIAZ
, 
LUIS A. MALDONADO
LUIS A. MALDONADO
, 
CLAUDIA J. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRERO
CLAUDIA J. HERNÁNDEZ-GUERRERO
, 
SERGIO F. MARTÍNEZ-DÍAZ
SERGIO F. MARTÍNEZ-DÍAZ
, 
BÁRBARA GONZÁLEZ-ACOSTA
BÁRBARA GONZÁLEZ-ACOSTA
 e 
ERIKA T. QUINTANA
ERIKA T. QUINTANA
   | 08 set 2020
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Article Category: original-paper
Pubblicato online: 08 set 2020
Pagine: 321 - 330
Ricevuto: 19 mar 2020
Accettato: 25 lug 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2020-035
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© 2020 Luis Contreras-Castro et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Fig. 1.

The Bayesian inference tree of 1,175 bp of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from strains that composed the genus Salinispora, and the Salinispora strains isolated from Punta Arena de la Ventana sediments, with Micromonospora viridifaciens as outgroup. The posterior probability is indicated. Colored dots indicate groups previously determined by morphological properties. Blue: Group 1; Red: Group 2; Black: Undetermined.
The Bayesian inference tree of 1,175 bp of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from strains that composed the genus Salinispora, and the Salinispora strains isolated from Punta Arena de la Ventana sediments, with Micromonospora viridifaciens as outgroup. The posterior probability is indicated. Colored dots indicate groups previously determined by morphological properties. Blue: Group 1; Red: Group 2; Black: Undetermined.

Fig. 2.

The Bayesian inference tree of the 4,349 bp concatenated gene sequences (16S rRNA-atpD-gyrB-rpoB-secY) from the strains within the genus Salinispora, and the Salinispora strains isolated from Punta Arena de la Ventana sediment with Micromonospora viridifaciens as outgroup. The posterior probability is indicated. Colored dots indicate groups previously determined by morphological properties. The asterisk represents clades supported by ML. Blue: Group 1; Red: Group 2
The Bayesian inference tree of the 4,349 bp concatenated gene sequences (16S rRNA-atpD-gyrB-rpoB-secY) from the strains within the genus Salinispora, and the Salinispora strains isolated from Punta Arena de la Ventana sediment with Micromonospora viridifaciens as outgroup. The posterior probability is indicated. Colored dots indicate groups previously determined by morphological properties. The asterisk represents clades supported by ML. Blue: Group 1; Red: Group 2

Fig. 3.

The inhibition of the growth of S. epidermidis and ESKAPE bacteria.a) the Salinispora sp. supernatants tested against ten isolates of S. epidermidis from prosthetic joint infections. b) inhibition of the growth of ESKAPE bacteria by the supernatants strains 9’4 and 33’5 of Salinispora sp. Significant differences compared with the control are marked with an asterisk (p < 0.05). Results of a) and b) are expressed as the average of triplicates, and the standard deviation is represented by error bars.
The inhibition of the growth of S. epidermidis and ESKAPE bacteria.a) the Salinispora sp. supernatants tested against ten isolates of S. epidermidis from prosthetic joint infections. b) inhibition of the growth of ESKAPE bacteria by the supernatants strains 9’4 and 33’5 of Salinispora sp. Significant differences compared with the control are marked with an asterisk (p < 0.05). Results of a) and b) are expressed as the average of triplicates, and the standard deviation is represented by error bars.

Characteristics of clinical isolates.

Clinical isolateSource of infectionAntibiotic resistance
Staphylococcus epidermidis 146Corneal ulcerOxacillin, ofloxacin, tobramycin, cefalotin, ceftriaxone, sulfisoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 144Corneal ulcerNeomycin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 199Corneal ulcerNorfloxacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, polymyxin B, sulfisoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 2022Corneal ulcerGentamicin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 1654Corneal ulcerNorfloxacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone
Staphylococcus epidermidis 2050ConjunctivitisOfloxacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, cefalotin, ceftazidime, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 2038EndophthalmitisOxacillin, tobramycin, gentamicin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, tetracycline
Staphylococcus epidermidis 63EndophthalmitisOfloxacin, tobramycin, gentamicin, norfloxacin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, polymyxin B, tetracycline, sulfisoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 112IPHipOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 675IPKneeOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline, rifampin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 085IPHipOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline
Staphylococcus epidermidis 1302IPHipOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin
Staphylococcus epidermidis 583IPHipOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 563IPHipOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Staphylococcus epidermidis 536IPHipOxacillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin
Staphylococcus epidermidis 274IPHipOxacillin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin
Staphylococcus epidermidis 587IPHipOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin
Staphylococcus epidermidis 848IPHipOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin
Klebsiella pneumoniaeUrine sampleCeftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, doripenem, etapenem, meropenem,
imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, rifamycin
Enterobacter cloacaeWound infectionCeftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, doripenem, etapenem, meropenem, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, rifamycin
Acinetobacter baumanniiBlood samplePiperaciline, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, doripenem, etapenem, meropenem, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, rifamycin
Pseudomonas aeruginosaBlood samplePiperaciline, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefepime, doripenem, etapenem, meropenem, imipenem, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, rifamycin
Staphylococcus aureusWound infectionOxacillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, penicillin, rifamycin
Enterococcus faeciumUrine sampleErythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, penicillin, rifamycin

Primers for the MLSA amplification.

GenePrimer sequence (5’-3’)Product size (bp)Reference
atpDATPDF2 – CTTGCGGTGYATSGACCA910Rong and Huang 2014
ATPDR3 – GAAGAASGCCTGYTCNGG
gyrBGYRBF – GAGGTCGTGCTGACCGTGCTGCACGCGGGCGGCAAGTTCGGC781
GYRBR – ATGGCGGACGCCGACGTCGACGGCCAGCACATCAAC
rpoBMYCOF – GGYAAGGTCACSCCSAAGGG730
MYCOR – ARCGGCTGCTGGGTRATC
secYSECYF – GGCATCATGCCCTACATCAC797Adekambi et al. 2011
SECYR – AAACCGCCGTACTTCTTCAT
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