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Figure 1
(A) XRD graph, (B) FT-IR data, (C) EDS and (D) DLS spectrum of the synthesized V2O5 NPs approving their precise chemical structure
Figure 2
(A) SEM and (B) TEM micrographs displaying the morphology and size of the V2O5
Figure 3
The concentration-dependent negative influences of V2O5 NPs on (A) cell number, and (B) fresh weight of C. vulgaris. The results are represented as mean averages ± SE (n = 3)
Figure 4
(A) Flow cytometry of untreated medium showed nearly 99% cell viability. (B) Application of 200 mg l-1 V2O5 NPs for 96 h resulted in viability lessening of C. vulgaris to ~91%.
Figure 5
SEM micrographs of control and treated algal cells. (A, B) Intact turgescent globular control cells. (C, D) Slight plasmolysis of cells after treatment with 100 mg l-1 of NPs and (E, F) notable shrinkage of cells after using 200 mg l-1 V2O5 NPs
Figure 6
Effects of different concentrations of V2O5 NPs on photosynthetic pigment contents in C. vulgaris after 96 h of exposure. Different letters show significant differences according to Duncan’s test at p < 0.05. The results are shown as mean averages ± SE (n = 3).
Figure 7
Influence of different concentrations of V2O5 NPs on the (A) phenol and (B) flavonoid content of C. vulgaris after 96 h of exposure. Different letters indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s test at p < 0.05. The results are presented as mean averages ± SE (n = 3).
Figure 8
Activity of (A) SOD, (B) CAT and (C) APX in algal cells after 96 h exposure to V2O5 NPs Different letters indicate significant differences according to Duncan’s test at p < 0.05. The results are displayed as mean averages ± SE (n = 3).