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The Assessment of Health Risk from Heavy Metals with Water Indices for Irrigation and the Portability of Munzur Stream: A Case Study of the Ovacık Area (Ramsar Site), Türkiye

Banu Kutlu
Banu Kutlu
 e 
Ali Sarıgül
Ali Sarıgül
   | 20 mar 2023
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Article Category: Original research paper
Pubblicato online: 20 mar 2023
Pagine: 111 - 123
Ricevuto: 11 ago 2022
Accettato: 06 dic 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26881/oahs-2023.1.09
© 2023 Banu Kutlu et al., published by Sciendo.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

The location of stations on Munzur Stream
The location of stations on Munzur Stream

Figure 2

Temporal and spatial change of HPI and HEI values in Munzur Stream
Temporal and spatial change of HPI and HEI values in Munzur Stream

Correlation coefficient matrix

pH EC TDS Alk TH Cl DO Ca Mg Mn Cu Cd Pb Ni Zn As
pH 1
EC 0.13
TDS 0.09 0.76**
Alk 0.62* 0.06 0.88**
TH −0.46 0.88** 0.18 0.68
Cl −0.07 −0.29 −0.57* −0.54* −0.48
DO 0.18 −0.24 −0.16 −0.18 −0.31 0.65*
Ca 0.58 0.32 0.60* 0.97** 0.24 0.23 0.00
Mg 0.46 0.29 0.36 0.59* 0.14 0.88** 0.67** 0.20
Mn 0.89** 0.76** 0.47 0.50* 0.46 0.52* 0.16 0.34 0.51*
Cu 0.44 0.85** 0.11 0.63* 0.49 0.86** 0.53* 0.56* 0.34 0.01
Cd 0.90** 0.65** 0.03 0.6 0.17 0.08 0.10 0.05 0.13 0.55* 0.32
Pb 0.89** 0.83** 0.12 0.59 0.54 0.36 0.40 0.33 0.68** 0.23 0.15 0.33
Ni 0.48 0.48 0.23 0.22 0.26 0.86** 0.72 0.84** 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.65*
Zn 0.51* 0.52* 0.74** 0.99** 0.83** 0.64* 0.63* 0.41 0.75** 0.25 0.01 0.85** 0.91** 0.08
As 0.50* 0.99** 0.09 0.38 0.40 0.67** 0.30 0.29 0.51 0.01 0.0 0.4 0.01 0.02 0.10 1

Varimax rotated component matrix for selected variables

PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5
pH 0.07 0.21 −0.43 −0.14 0.28
EC 0.10 −0.31 0.42 −0.02 0.03
TDS 0.30 −0.05 −0.42 −0.07 −0.08
Alk 0.19 −0.17 0.29 −0.47 0.27
TH 0.24 −0.32 0.29 −0.01 −0.04
Cl −0.15 0.31 0.23 0.40 −0.05
DO 0.031 0.40 0.22 −0.04 −0.28
Ca −0.01 −0.42 −0.18 0.27 0.12
Mg 0.19 −0.18 0.01 0.54 −0.29
Mn 0.33 0.17 0.21 0.11 −0.05
Cu 0.39 0.15 −0.04 0.13 0.09
Cd 0.25 −0.28 −0.27 0.11 −0.14
Pb −0.27 −0.07 0.07 0.29 0.54
Ni 0.36 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.36
Zn 0.20 0.23 0.00 0.24 0.41
As 0.40 0.16 0.01 −0.08 −0.09
Eigenvalues 5.30 4.20 2.33 1.62 1.29
% of variance 33.17 26.27 14.52 10.14 8.11
Cumulative 33.17 59.44 74.03 84.17 92.28

Toxicological parameters of selected metals used for health risk assessment (USEPA 2004, Wang et al. 2017)

Units Mean Min. Max WHO (2011) TSWQR*
pH 9.01 ± 0.38 8.27 9.45 7.5 III
T °C 9.15 ± 2.05 5.2 14.8 I
DO 8.33 ± 0.55 8 9.67 I
EC µS c−1 324 ± 79.5 202.4 467 2500 I
TDS mg l−1 80.7 ± 44.75 20.3 138.4 600 I
TH 26.6 ± 584 19 34.87 100 I
Salinity 0.16 ± 0.09 0.07 0.34 -
ORP 324 ± 79 202.4 467 -
NO2-N mg l−1 0.14 ± 0.0.11 0.002 0.035 0.9 IV
NO3-N 0.12 ± 0.1 0.03 0.34 I
Si2 2430 ± 1449 4437 520 I
TP 0.718 ± 0.5 1.87 0.13 III
Ca mg l−1 142.2 ± 57.6 218.5 54.75 75
Mg 125.7 ± 39.2 184.2 69.9 50
Na 4.04 1.85 6.74 200 I
Al µg l−1 50.5 ± 122.6 4 372 200 I
Cr 9 ± 4.08 2.8 6.6 50 I
Mn 0.04 ± 0.012 0.02 0.04 400 I
Fe 31.55 ± 63.54 10 201 300 I
Co 0.04 ± 0.04 0.02 0.16 50 I
Ni 0.75 ± 0.1 0.2 3 70 I
Cu 0.9 ± 0.72 0.4 2.8 2000 I
Zn 2.07 ± 1.53 0.5 6.0 3000 I
As 0.68 ± 0.65 0.2 2.3 10 I
Cd 6.88 ± 0.60 6.0 8.0 3 III
Hg 0.07 ± 0.02 0.06 0.1 I
Pb 12.44 ± 5.81 2.2 21.5 10 II

Health risk assessment for metals in water, for adults and children via ingestion and dermal intake

Metal Adult Child Adult Child Adult Child
HQIngestion HQdermal HI
Pb 0.029704 0.02970367 0.02970367 0.02970367 0.059407 0.059407
Cd 0.019657 0.000736 0.00137211 0.003036 0.021029 0.003772
Fe 1.8E-05 1.2032E-06 2.0028E-06 4.4317E-06 2E-05 5.63E-06
Cu 0.000366 0.00218424 8.9299E-05 0.000199759 0.000456 0.002382
Zn 3.94E-05 0.00022229 1.5541E-05 3.4386E-05 5.5E-05 0.000257
Ni 4.29E-05 0.000288 0.00016779 3.7125E-05 0.000211 0.000325
Hg 0.000533 3.7333E-05 3.551E-05 7.857E-05 0.000569 0.000116
Total 1.8E-05 1.2032E-06 2.0028E-06 4.4314E-06 0.031368 0.027927

Temporal and spatial variation values of the irrigation water quality indices of Munzur Stream

Station WQI MH Na% SAR PI RSC IWQI
S1 37 26.16 43.71 0.01 5.49 −216.22 2.28
S2 46 23.37 51.11 0.01 5.23 251.17 2.86
S3 50 24.48 50.60 0.01 5.29 251.75 3.13
S4 38 26.77 45.96 0.01 5.44 238.75 2.38
S5 37 25.14 49.13 0.02 4.98 −334.89 2.31
S6 36 22.48 53.87 0.03 6.84 −229.35 2.25
S7 40 23.54 52.07 0.02 5.95 −264.60 2.47
S8 40 22.48 53.78 0.04 6.60 −278.37 2.47
S9 44 25.01 48.75 0.04 7.32 −24914 2.75
Mean 40.8 24.38 49.88 0.02 5.91 −257.14 2.25
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