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Perceived barriers and enablers of nursing research in the Italian context: Findings from a systematic review

Sara Scarsini
Sara Scarsini
, 
Barbara Narduzzi
Barbara Narduzzi
, 
Lucia Cadorin
Lucia Cadorin
 e 
Alvisa Palese
Alvisa Palese
   | 28 giu 2022
Slovenian Journal of Public Health's Cover Image
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
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Article Category: Review Article
Pubblicato online: 28 giu 2022
Pagine: 181 - 190
Ricevuto: 15 feb 2022
Accettato: 04 mag 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjph-2022-0024
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© 2022 National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Figure 1

Flow diagram according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) (16).Legend: CINAHL=Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; ILISI=Indice della Letteratura Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche.
Flow diagram according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) (16).Legend: CINAHL=Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature; ILISI=Indice della Letteratura Italiana di Scienze Infermieristiche.

Research strategy (database and strings).

Database String Filters
Medline (((nursing research[MeSH Terms] OR nursing research[AllFields]) OR (nursing[All Fields] AND research” [All Fields]) OR (clinical nursing research”[All Fields])) AND (research[Title/Abstract) AND Ital*[Title/Abstract])) Publication dates: 10 years, Updated 31 January 2021 Languages: English and Italian
CINAHL (MH(nursing research) OR TX(nursing research)) OR TX(nursing AND research) OR TX(clinical nursing research) Publication year: Updated 31 January 2021 Subject: main title (nursing, research) Languages: English and Italian Geography: continental Europe
Scopus ALL(nursing research OR (nursing AND research) OR clinical nursing research) Year: 2009-2019, Updated 31 January 2021 Subject/area: nursing Country/territory: Italy Language: English
Web of Science ALL FIELDS: (nursing research OR (nursing AND research) OR clinical nursing research) Publication year: 2009-2019, Updated 31 January 2021 Categories: Nursing Country/regions: Italy
Ovid (nursing research or (nursing and research) or clinical nursing research Publication year (2009-2019), Updated 31 January 2021 Subject: nursing Language: English – Italian
ILISI ‘ricerca infermieristica’, ‘barriere’, ‘ostacoli’, and ‘facilitatori’ Publication year: 2009-2019, Updated 31 January 2021
Open Grey (‘nursing research’ OR ‘nursing AND research’ OR ‘clinical nursing research’) AND (Italy OR Italian) /
Google ricerca infermieristica OR (ricerca infermieristica AND tesi) /

Data extraction of included studies.

Author(s), Year Language Objectives Study design Type of document Data collection Sample Setting Findings
Bressan et al., 2016 (13) English To discuss the development of modern nursing in Italy NA Issue paper NA NA Barriers: limited number of PhD nurses; many nurses have no academic education; low English level (to read and use research findings); lacking access to information technologies; burdensome bureaucratic process of the ethics committees Facilitators: increasing the number of publications; networking internationally; increase the number of nursing professor/PhD in Italian universities and clinical environments; attention to research culture and development; networking at international conferences to learn ideas and gain support; negotiations at national level about nurse’s role
Bressan et al., 2017 (23) English Identifying barriers and facilitators of research awareness among Italian nurses NA Editorial NA NA Barriers:culture; understaffing; lack of funding; lack of strategic leadership; lack of support of organization, managers and university; limited access to libraries and information technology; low English knowledge; bureaucratic ethics committees Facilitators: having experience in research teams (formal mentorship); increasing PhDs position (limited number available in Italy); promoting support of faculty and nursing professors at university and clinical levels; involvement of international colleagues in order to receive support and encouragement (via international conferences)
Chiari et al., 2016 (19) English To assess the impact of an established centre for nursing research on number of research protocols approved, articles published and nurse authors involved Observational, quasiexperimental study: multiple interrupted time series study Research paper Before and after implementation of the establishment of a research centre/unit for healthcare professions (intervention) Data collection from 2002 and 2012 Seven hospitals in northern Italy Facilitators: A statistically significant difference was reported: 1-In research protocols approved by REC for hospitals A (p=0.046) and B (p=0.032) 2- Number of nurses as authors of publications that worked in hospital A (p = 0.038) and D (p = 0.037)
Dall’Oglio et al., 2010 (20) Italian To describe the self-reported reading of nursing journals and to assess its association with their participation to research activities Observational study: crosssectional survey Research paper Survey carried out between March and May 2008 All nurses working at OPBG Facilitators: reading nursing journals has been significantly associated with research activities (for example: to be involved in research, to actively participate in publications or conferences); those nurses reading international journals as compared to those reading only Italian journals have reported a greater likelihood of publishing (31.3% vs. 8.7%, p=0.003)
Forni et al., 2014 (14) Italian To assess the impact of the research centre on the number of research articles and protocols produced by nurses Quasiexperimental study: interrupted time series study Research paper Before and after the implementation of the centre for research (in the five years) 430 nurses of the Rizzoli Hospital, Bologna Facilitators: implementing a centre for research has increased the number of research protocols applied (p=0.037), the number of nurse’s authors among the scientific articles published (p=0.027) and the number of studies published in impacted journals (p=0.098 empirical tendency)
Gallagher et al., 2014 (24) English To offer some reflections on the position of nurses and nursing research in Italy NA Editorial NA NA Barriers: no sufficient acknowledgment of nursing research as legitimate and necessary; difficulties to obtain ethics committee approval; limited knowledge of English language Facilitators: including at least one member with qualitative research expertise in each ethics committee; developing international collaboration, cross-cultural conversations and commitment to learn from each other; finding support in accessing the Centre of Excellence for Nursing Culture and Research (Rome), interpreting, applying nursing research and disseminating it locally and internationally; providing leadership by nursing professors to develop local research, supporting nurses and creating bridges locally and internationally
Grassi, 2012 (21) Italian To describe nurses’ beliefs on research, their approach to it and the conditions they deal with in the hospitals where they work Quasi-experimental study: interrupted time series study Master’s in nursing science degree thesis Questionnaire Data collection from May to September 2012 Convenience sample: 152 nurses working at three different hospitals in Puglia region Barriers: lack of managerial support; lack of time; lack of promotion and research dissemination strategy; obstacles induced by colleagues; limited possibility to participate in continuing education; low English proficiency; limited skills regarding how to access and understand research findings Facilitators: developing and establishing guidelines/protocols regarding research activities; promoting continuing education; establishing a support unit for nursing research inside of hospital/health services; educating on research methodology during undergraduate programmes
Turci et al., 2013 (22) To check and analyse nurses’ specific knowledge/ competences about nursing research Retrospective survey Survey, August 2013 194 nurses: Fatebenefratelli Hospital (=114), Cristo Re Hospital (=80) in Rome (all wards) Barriers: limited dissemination of research results; difficult to find papers by accessing available databases; English language as a barrier to find articles Facilitators: being involved in research projects and activities as an essential part of the nursing role; doing research and disseminating its results is an essential tool for professional development; increasing the number of nurses educated at PhD level could contribute to the development of the nursing profession; participating in international scientific meetings useful to update knowledge and competence; understanding scientific language; having more time to read research papers
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