This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Gatta G, Mallone S, van der Zwan JM, Trama A, Siesling S, Capocaccia R, et al. Cancer survival in Europe 1999-2007 by country and age: results of EUROCARE-5 - a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:23–34. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70546-1.GattaGMalloneSvan derZwan JMTramaASieslingSCapocacciaRet alCancer survival in Europe 1999-2007 by country and age: results of EUROCARE-5 - a population-based study2014152334doi10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70546-1Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Carter JL, Coletti RJ, Harris RP. Quantifying and monitoring overdiagnosis in cancer screening: a systematic review of methods. BMJ. 2015;350. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g7773.CarterJLColettiRJHarrisRPQuantifying and monitoring overdiagnosis in cancer screening: a systematic review of methods2015350doi10.1136/bmj.g7773433226325569206Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zahl PH, Jørgensen KJ, Gøtzsche PC. Overestimated lead times in cancer screening has led to substantial underestimation of overdiagnosis. Br J Cancer. 2013;109:2014–9. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.427.ZahlPHJørgensenKJGøtzschePCOverestimated lead times in cancer screening has led to substantial underestimation of overdiagnosis201310920149doi10.1038/bjc.2013.427379015223963144Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Richards MA. The size of the prize for earlier diagnosis of cancer in England. Br J Cancer. 2009;101:S125–9. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605402.RichardsMAThe size of the prize for earlier diagnosis of cancer in England2009101S1259doi10.1038/sj.bjc.6605402279071519956156Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Woods LM, Coleman MP, Lawrence G, Rashbass J, Berrino F, Rachet B. Evidence against the proposition that “UK cancer survival statistics are misleading”: simulation study with National Cancer Registry data. BMJ. 2011;342. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d3399.WoodsLMColemanMPLawrenceGRashbassJBerrinoFRachetBEvidence against the proposition that “UK cancer survival statistics are misleading”: simulation study with National Cancer Registry data2011342doi10.1136/bmj.d3399311148321659366Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hanna TP, King WD, Thibodeau S, Jalink M, Paulin GA, Harvey-Jones E, et al. Mortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020;371:m4087. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m4087.HannaTPKingWDThibodeauSJalinkMPaulinGAHarvey-JonesEet alMortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis2020371m4087doi10.1136/bmj.m4087761002133148535Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Tørring ML, Frydenberg M, Hansen RP, Olesen F, Vedsted P. Evidence of increasing mortality with longer diagnostic intervals for five common cancers: a cohort study in primary care. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:2187– 98. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.025.TørringMLFrydenbergMHansenRPOlesenFVedstedPEvidence of increasing mortality with longer diagnostic intervals for five common cancers: a cohort study in primary care201349218798doi10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.02523453935Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Neal RD, Tharmanathan P, France B, Din NU, Cotton S, Fallon-Ferguson J, et al. Is increased time to diagnosis and treatment in symptomatic cancer associated with poorer outcomes? Systematic review. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:S92–107. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2015.48.NealRDTharmanathanPFranceBDinNUCottonSFallon-FergusonJet alIs increased time to diagnosis and treatment in symptomatic cancer associated with poorer outcomes? Systematic review2015112S92107doi10.1038/bjc.2015.48438598225734382Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Butler J, Foot C, Bomb M, Hiom S, Coleman M, Bryant H, et al. The International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership: an international collaboration to inform cancer policy in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Health Policy (New York). 2013;112(1–2):148–55. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.03.021.ButlerJFootCBombMHiomSColemanMBryantHet alThe International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership: an international collaboration to inform cancer policy in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom20131121–214855doi10.1016/j.healthpol.2013.03.02123693117Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Jacobsen MM, Silverstein SC, Quinn M, Waterston LB, Thomas CA, Benneyan JC, et al. Timeliness of access to lung cancer diagnosis and treatment: a scoping literature review. Lung Cancer. 2017;112:156–64. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.08.011.JacobsenMMSilversteinSCQuinnMWaterstonLBThomasCABenneyanJCet alTimeliness of access to lung cancer diagnosis and treatment: a scoping literature review201711215664doi10.1016/j.lungcan.2017.08.01129191588Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac.21492.BrayFFerlayJSoerjomataramISiegelRLTorreLAJemalA. Global cancer statistics2018GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries201868394424doi10.3322/caac.21492Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Allemani C, Matsuda T, Di Carlo V, Harewood R, Matz M, Nikšić M, et al. Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries. Lancet. 2018;391:1023–75. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3.AllemaniCMatsudaTDiCarlo VHarewoodRMatzMNikšićMet alGlobal surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000–14 (CONCORD-3): analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 population-based registries in 71 countries2018391102375doi10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33326-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zadnik V, Žagar T, Primic Žakelj M. Cancer patients’ survival: standard calculation methods and some considerations regarding their interpretation. Zdr Varst. 2016;55:144–51. doi: 10.1515/sjph-2016-0012.ZadnikVŽagarTPrimic ŽakeljMCancer patients’ survival: standard calculation methods and some considerations regarding their interpretation20165514451doi10.1515/sjph-2016-0012Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rubin G, Berendsen A, Crawford SM, Dommett R, Earle C, Emery J, et al. The expanding role of primary care in cancer control. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:1231–72. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00205-3.RubinGBerendsenACrawfordSMDommettREarleCEmeryJet alThe expanding role of primary care in cancer control201516123172doi10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00205-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, Scholten ET, Nackaerts K, Heuvelmans MA, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(6):503–13. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1911793.de KoningHJvan der AalstCMde JongPAScholtenETNackaertsKHeuvelmansMAet alReduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial2020382650313doi10.1056/nejmoa1911793Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, Black WC, Clapp JD, Fagerstrom RM, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(5):395–409. doi: 10.1056/nejmoa1102873.AberleDRAdamsAMBergCDBlackWCClappJDFagerstromRMet alReduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening20113655395409doi10.1056/nejmoa1102873Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Harris M, Taylor G. How health system factors affect primary care practitioners’ decisions to refer patients for further investigation: protocol for a pan-European ecological study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:338. doi: 10.1186/s12913-018-3170-2.HarrisMTaylorGHow health system factors affect primary care practitioners’ decisions to refer patients for further investigation: protocol for a pan-European ecological study201818338doi10.1186/s12913-018-3170-2594133329739409Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rose PW, Rubin G, Perera-Salazar R, Almberg SS, Barisic A, Dawes M, et al. Explaining variation in cancer survival between 11 jurisdictions in the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership: a primary care vignette survey. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e007212. doi: 10.1136/ bmjopen-2014-007212.RosePWRubinGPerera-SalazarRAlmbergSSBarisicADawesMet alExplaining variation in cancer survival between 11 jurisdictions in the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership: a primary care vignette survey20155e007212doi10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007212445274826017370Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Starfield B, Shi L, Macinko J. Contribution of primary care to health systems and health. Milbank Q. 2005;83:457–502. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x.StarfieldBShiLMacinkoJContribution of primary care to health systems and health200583457502doi10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00409.x269014516202000Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Vedsted P, Olesen F. Are the serious problems in cancer survival partly rooted in gatekeeper principles? An ecologic study. Br J Gen Pract. 2011;61:e508-12. doi: 10.3399/bjgp11X588484.VedstedPOlesenFAre the serious problems in cancer survival partly rooted in gatekeeper principles? An ecologic study201161e50812doi10.3399/bjgp11X588484314553521801563Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Olesen F, Hansen RP, Vedsted P. Delay in diagnosis: the experience in Denmark. Br J Cancer. 2009;101:S5–8. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605383.OlesenFHansenRPVedstedPDelay in diagnosis: the experience in Denmark2009101S58doi10.1038/sj.bjc.6605383Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Coleman MP, Forman D, Bryant H, Butler J, Rachet B, Maringe C, et al. Cancer survival in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the UK, 1995-2007 (the international cancer benchmarking partnership): an analysis of population-based cancer registry data. Lancet. 2011;377:127–38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62231-3.ColemanMPFormanDBryantHButlerJRachetBMaringeCet alCancer survival in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and the UK, 1995-2007 (the international cancer benchmarking partnership): an analysis of population-based cancer registry data201137712738doi10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62231-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Harris M, Frey P, Esteva M, Gašparović Babić S, Marzo-Castillejo M, Petek D, et al. How the probability of presentation to a primary care clinician correlates with cancer survival rates: an European survey using vignettes. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2017;35:27–34. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2017.1288692.HarrisMFreyPEstevaMGašparovićBabić SMarzo-CastillejoMPetekDet alHow the probability of presentation to a primary care clinician correlates with cancer survival rates: an European survey using vignettes2017352734doi10.1080/02813432.2017.1288692Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Prades J, Espinás JA, Font R, Argimon JM, Borrs JM. Implementing a Cancer Fast-track Programme between primary and specialised care in Catalonia (Spain): a mixed methods study. Br J Cancer. 2011;105:753–9. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2011.308.PradesJEspinásJAFontRArgimonJMBorrsJMImplementing a Cancer Fast-track Programme between primary and specialised care in Catalonia (Spain): a mixed methods study20111057539doi10.1038/bjc.2011.308Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Probst HB, Hussain ZB, Andersen O. Cancer patient pathways in Denmark as a joint effort between bureaucrats, health professionals and politicians - a national Danish project. Health Policy (New York). 2012;105:65–70. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.11.001.ProbstHBHussainZBAndersenOCancer patient pathways in Denmark as a joint effort between bureaucrats, health professionals and politicians - a national Danish project20121056570doi10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.11.001Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Department of Health. The NHS Cancer Plan. Dep Heal. 2000:1–98. Accessed 3rd November, 2020 at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4014513.pdfDepartment of Health2000198Accessed 3rd November, 2020 at:http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4014513.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Christensen ED, Harvald T, Jendresen M, Aggestrup S, Petterson G. The impact of delayed diagnosis of lung cancer on the stage at the time of operation. Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg. 1997;12:880–4. doi: 10.1016/S1010-7940(97)00275-3.ChristensenEDHarvaldTJendresenMAggestrupSPettersonGThe impact of delayed diagnosis of lung cancer on the stage at the time of operation1997128804doi10.1016/S1010-7940(97)00275-3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lo DS, Zeldin RA, Skrastins R, Fraser IM, Newman H, Monavvari A, et al. Time to treat: a system redesign focusing on decreasing the time from suspicion of lung cancer to diagnosis. J Thorac Oncol. 2007;2:1001–6. doi: 10.1097/JTO.0b013e318158d4b6.LoDSZeldinRASkrastinsRFraserIMNewmanHMonavvariAet alTime to treat: a system redesign focusing on decreasing the time from suspicion of lung cancer to diagnosis2007210016doi10.1097/JTO.0b013e318158d4b617975490Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Nicholson BD, Oke JL, Rose PW, Mant D. Variation in direct access to tests to investigate cancer: a survey of english general practitioners. PLoS One. 2016;11: e0159725. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159725.NicholsonBDOkeJLRosePWMantDVariation in direct access to tests to investigate cancer: a survey of english general practitioners201611e0159725doi10.1371/journal.pone.0159725495780427447931Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sahota IS, Kostaras X, Hagen NA. Improving access to cancer guidelines: feedback from health care professionals. Curr Oncol. 2015;22:392–8. doi: 10.3747/co.22.2704.SahotaISKostarasXHagenNAImproving access to cancer guidelines: feedback from health care professionals2015223928doi10.3747/co.22.2704468765926715871Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hansen RP, Vedsted P, Sokolowski I, Søndergaard J, Olesen F. Time intervals from first symptom to treatment of cancer: a cohort study of 2,212 newly diagnosed cancer patients. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:284. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-11-284.HansenRPVedstedPSokolowskiISøndergaardJOlesenFTime intervals from first symptom to treatment of cancer: a cohort study of 2,212 newly diagnosed cancer patients201111284doi10.1186/1472-6963-11-284321788722027084Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Maclean R, Jeffreys M, Ives A, Jones T, Verne J, Ben-Shlomo Y. Primary care characteristics and stage of cancer at diagnosis using data from the national cancer registration service, quality outcomes framework and general practice information. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:500. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1497-1.MacleanRJeffreysMIvesAJonesTVerneJBen-ShlomoYPrimary care characteristics and stage of cancer at diagnosis using data from the national cancer registration service, quality outcomes framework and general practice information201515500doi10.1186/s12885-015-1497-1449121726141458Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hansen RP, Vedsted P, Sokolowski I, Søndergaard J, Olesen F. General practitioner characteristics and delay in cancer diagnosis: a population-based cohort study. BMC Fam Pract. 2011;12:100. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-12-100.HansenRPVedstedPSokolowskiISøndergaardJOlesenFGeneral practitioner characteristics and delay in cancer diagnosis: a population-based cohort study201112100doi10.1186/1471-2296-12-100319146821943310Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Aldridge S, The Strategy Unit. Early diagnosis of cancer: evidence review. 2020. Accessed 23rd August, 2021 at: https://www.strategyunitwm.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/2021-04/20210407Earlydiagnosis of cancer_FINAL_0.pdf.AldridgeS2020Accessed 23rd August, 2021 athttps://www.strategyunitwm.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/2021-04/20210407Earlydiagnosisofcancer_FINAL_0.pdfSearch in Google Scholar
Evans SC, Roberts MC, Keeley JW, Blossom JB, Amaro CM, Garcia AM, et al. Vignette methodologies for studying clinicians’ decision-making: validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies. Int J Clin Heal Psychol. 2015;15:160–70. doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.12.001.EvansSCRobertsMCKeeleyJWBlossomJBAmaroCMGarciaAMet alVignette methodologies for studying clinicians’ decision-making: validity, utility, and application in ICD-11 field studies20151516070doi10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.12.001622468230487833Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hrisos S, Eccles MP, Francis JJ, Dickinson HO, Kaner EF, Beyer F, et al. Are there valid proxy measures of clinical behaviour? A systematic review. Implement Sci. 2009;4. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-4-37.HrisosSEcclesMPFrancisJJDickinsonHOKanerEFBeyerFet alAre there valid proxy measures of clinical behaviour? A systematic review20094doi10.1186/1748-5908-4-37271319419575790Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bradley SH, Grice A, Neal RD, Abraham S, Rodriguez Lopez R, Shinkins B, et al. Sensitivity of chest X-ray for detecting lung cancer in people presenting with symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Gen Pract. 2019;69:E827–35. doi: 10.3399/bjgp19X706853.BradleySHGriceANealRDAbrahamSRodriguezLopez RShinkinsBet alSensitivity of chest X-ray for detecting lung cancer in people presenting with symptoms: a systematic review201969E82735doi10.3399/bjgp19X706853680516431636130Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Stapley S, Sharp D, Hamilton W. Negative chest X-rays in primary care patients with lung cancer. Br J Gen Pract. 2006;56:570–3.StapleySSharpDHamiltonWNegative chest X-rays in primary care patients with lung cancer2006565703Search in Google Scholar
Kennedy MPT, Cheyne L, Darby M, Plant P, Milton R, Robson JM, et al. Lung cancer stage-shift following a symptom awareness campaign. Thorax. 2018;73:1128–36. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-211842.KennedyMPTCheyneLDarbyMPlantPMiltonRRobsonJMet alLung cancer stage-shift following a symptom awareness campaign201873112836doi10.1136/thoraxjnl-2018-21184229950525Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bradley SH, Kennedy MPT, Neal RD. Recognising lung cancer in primary care. Adv Ther. 2019;36:19–30. doi: 10.1007/s12325-018-0843-5.BradleySHKennedyMPTNealRDRecognising lung cancer in primary care2019361930doi10.1007/s12325-018-0843-5631824030499068Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rubin GP, Saunders CL, Abel GA, Mcphail S, Lyratzopoulos G, Neal RD. Impact of investigations in general practice on timeliness of referral for patients subsequently diagnosed with cancer: analysis of national primary care audit data. Br J Cancer. 2015;112:676–87. doi: 10.1038/ bjc.2014.634.RubinGPSaundersCLAbelGAMcphailSLyratzopoulosGNealRDImpact of investigations in general practice on timeliness of referral for patients subsequently diagnosed with cancer: analysis of national primary care audit data201511267687doi10.1038/bjc.2014.634433349225602963Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Neal RD, Din NU, Hamilton W, Ukoumunne OC, Carter B, Stapley S, et al. Comparison of cancer diagnostic intervals before and after implementation of NICE guidelines: analysis of data from the UK General Practice Research Database. Br J Cancer. 2014;110:584–92. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.791.NealRDDinNUHamiltonWUkoumunneOCCarterBStapleySet alComparison of cancer diagnostic intervals before and after implementation of NICE guidelines: analysis of data from the UK General Practice Research Database201411058492doi10.1038/bjc.2013.791391513924366304Open DOISearch in Google Scholar