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Numerical analysis of the transport of brine in the Odra River downstream of a mine's discharge

Szymon Zieliński
Szymon Zieliński
, 
Stanisław Kostecki
Stanisław Kostecki
 e 
Paweł Stefanek
Paweł Stefanek
   | 22 dic 2021
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Article Category: Original Study
Pubblicato online: 22 dic 2021
Pagine: 366 - 379
Ricevuto: 23 ott 2021
Accettato: 19 nov 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2021-0036
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© 2021 Szymon Zieliński et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

(a) Examples of mixing zone for river discharges: (A) a traditional shoreline discharge, (B) a submerged offshore single-port discharge, (C) a regular perpendicular diffuser design and (D) a diffuser design for navigating rivers or rivers with other cross-sectional limitations. BMZ – the width of mixing zone, LMZ – the length of the mixing zone downstream. BMZ at distance LMZ must be greater than BMZ specified in the water legislation [4]. (b) Photo of a fragment of the discharge installation damaged by sediment (after disassembly).
(a) Examples of mixing zone for river discharges: (A) a traditional shoreline discharge, (B) a submerged offshore single-port discharge, (C) a regular perpendicular diffuser design and (D) a diffuser design for navigating rivers or rivers with other cross-sectional limitations. BMZ – the width of mixing zone, LMZ – the length of the mixing zone downstream. BMZ at distance LMZ must be greater than BMZ specified in the water legislation [4]. (b) Photo of a fragment of the discharge installation damaged by sediment (after disassembly).

Figure 2

A diagram of the flow of the KGHM mine water [13].
A diagram of the flow of the KGHM mine water [13].

Figure 3

The discharge system during construction.
The discharge system during construction.

Figure 4

Cross section of the discharge installation, dimensions in mm [14].
Cross section of the discharge installation, dimensions in mm [14].

Figure 5

The relationship between the flow of the Odra River and its natural salinity.
The relationship between the flow of the Odra River and its natural salinity.

Figure 6

Three-dimensional model of the Odra riverbed, with the brine outflow zone marked.
Three-dimensional model of the Odra riverbed, with the brine outflow zone marked.

Figure 7

Image of the brine concentration in the cross section at the end of the model: (a) grid 1 × 1 × 0.5 – 500,000 elements, (b) grid 0.67 × 0.67 × 0.31 – 1,912,500 elements and (c) grid 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.25 – 4,400,000 elements.
Image of the brine concentration in the cross section at the end of the model: (a) grid 1 × 1 × 0.5 – 500,000 elements, (b) grid 0.67 × 0.67 × 0.31 – 1,912,500 elements and (c) grid 0.5 × 0.5 × 0.25 – 4,400,000 elements.

Figure 8

Spatial distribution of chloride for low flow 41 m3 s−1 at elevation (a) 68.45, (c) 69.08, (e) 69.38 m asl and for high flow 318 m3 s−1 at elevation (b) 68.45, (d) 69.08, (f) 72.13 m asl.
Spatial distribution of chloride for low flow 41 m3 s−1 at elevation (a) 68.45, (c) 69.08, (e) 69.38 m asl and for high flow 318 m3 s−1 at elevation (b) 68.45, (d) 69.08, (f) 72.13 m asl.

Figure 9

Distribution of chloride in the cross section at the end of the model for flow values: (a) Qi = 41 m3 s−1, (b) Qi = 51 m3 s−1, (c) Qi = 77.2 m3 s−1, (d) Qi = 113 m3 s−1, (e) Qi = 169 m3 s−1 and (f) Qi = 318 m3 s−1.
Distribution of chloride in the cross section at the end of the model for flow values: (a) Qi = 41 m3 s−1, (b) Qi = 51 m3 s−1, (c) Qi = 77.2 m3 s−1, (d) Qi = 113 m3 s−1, (e) Qi = 169 m3 s−1 and (f) Qi = 318 m3 s−1.

Figure 10

Distribution of the concentration of brine in the outlet cross section for (a) Qi = 41 m3 s−1 and (b) Qi=318 m3 s−1.
Distribution of the concentration of brine in the outlet cross section for (a) Qi = 41 m3 s−1 and (b) Qi=318 m3 s−1.

Input data and results.

No. Qi Ai uxi qd uzd Cd Cavg Cmax
m3 s−1 m2 m s−1 m3 s−1 m s−1 kg m−3 kg m−3 kg m−3
1 41 63.58 0.645 0.282 0.0007 40 0.2729 0.341
2 51 75.25 0.678 0.425 0.0010 40 0.3306 0.341
3 77.2 106.11 0.728 0.767 0.0018 40 0.3933 0.497
4 113 139.07 0.813 1.467 0.0035 40 0.5125 0.632
5 169 173.75 0.973 2.000 0.0047 40 0.4678 0.560
6 318 246.77 1.289 2.000 0.0047 40 0.2500 0.340

The results of the maximum concentration value and the component values of velocity vector ux.

Distance Case (i) (ii) (iii) Error (ii) - (i), % Error (iii) - (ii), %
X = 250 m Cs (kg m−3) 0.991 0.999 0.997 0.80 −0.14
X = 250 m ux (m s−1) 0.999 1.000 1.000 0.12 −0.13
X = 500 m Cs (kg m−3) 2.022 2.140 2.173 5.52 1.52
X = 500 m ux (m s−1) 1.442 1.448 1.437 0.43 −0.71

Measured values of the brine concentration at selected depths in the Odra River upstream and downstream the discharge.

Location Salinity of the Odra River at selected depths
kg m−3 kg m−3 kg m−3 kg m−3
m m m m
80 m upstream the discharge 0.188 0.188 0.181 0.185
2.2 1.5 0.6 0.0
420 m downstream the discharge Left riverbank 0.614 0.594 0.594 0.565
2.5 2.0 0.6 0.0
Middle of the river's current 0.549 0.566 0.565 0.565
2.5 1.5 0.5 0.0
Right riverbank 0.266 0.246 0.263 0.257
1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

Brine propagation simulation results (Cs) compared with the measurements of chloride content (Cm) at the end of the model section.

Left riverbank Middle of the river's current Right riverbank
h Cs Cm Δ H Cs Cm Δ h Cs Cm Δ
m kg m−3 kg m−3 kg m−3 m kg m−3 kg m−3 kg m−3 m kg m−3 kg m−3 kg m−3
0.0 0.400 0.380 0.020 0.0 0.287 0.380 −0.093 0.0 0.218 0.072 0.146
0.5 0.401 0.413 −0.012 0.5 0.287 0.384 −0.097 0.5 0.219 0.082 0.137
1.5 0.407 0.406 0.001 1.5 0.290 0.379 −0.089 1.0 0.220 0.059 0.161
2.5 0.410 0.426 −0.016 2.5 0.292 0.361 −0.069 1.5 0.224 0.078 0.146
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