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Safety analysis of the Żelazny Most tailings pond: qualitative evaluation of the preventive measures effectiveness

Dariusz Łydżba
Dariusz Łydżba
, 
Adrian Różański
Adrian Różański
, 
Maciej Sobótka
Maciej Sobótka
, 
Michał Pachnicz
Michał Pachnicz
, 
Szczepan Grosel
Szczepan Grosel
, 
Matylda Tankiewicz
Matylda Tankiewicz
 e 
Paweł Stefanek
Paweł Stefanek
   | 30 giu 2021
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Article Category: Original Study
Pubblicato online: 30 giu 2021
Pagine: 181 - 194
Ricevuto: 07 mag 2021
Accettato: 11 mag 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2021-0011
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© 2021 Dariusz Łydżba et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1

TSF Żelazny Most.
TSF Żelazny Most.

Figure 2

Loading berms on the northern dam.
Loading berms on the northern dam.

Figure 3

Locations of relief wells in the considered area.
Locations of relief wells in the considered area.

Figure 4

Technological sections (red) and cross-sections (green) selected for analysis.
Technological sections (red) and cross-sections (green) selected for analysis.

Figure 5

Geotechnical cross-sections along the boreholes located in a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.
Geotechnical cross-sections along the boreholes located in a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.

Figure 6

Numerical models of the dam with the substrate: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.
Numerical models of the dam with the substrate: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.

Figure 7

Geometry of the FE model in the VaN cross-section for individual stages of the dam raise, corresponding to the crest elevation [m a.s.l.]: a) 140.0, b) 150.0, c) 160.0, d) 173.5, e) 180.0, f) 189.0, g) 195.0.
Geometry of the FE model in the VaN cross-section for individual stages of the dam raise, corresponding to the crest elevation [m a.s.l.]: a) 140.0, b) 150.0, c) 160.0, d) 173.5, e) 180.0, f) 189.0, g) 195.0.

Figure 8

Exemplary calibration results: a) benchmark, b) piezometer, and c) inclinometer.
Exemplary calibration results: a) benchmark, b) piezometer, and c) inclinometer.

Figure 9

Horizontal displacement (ux [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.
Horizontal displacement (ux [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.

Figure 10

Vertical displacement (uy [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.
Vertical displacement (uy [mm]) as a function of dam elevation: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.

Figure 11

Potential failure mechanism for a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.
Potential failure mechanism for a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.

Figure 12

Evolution of FOS with the increase of the dam height: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.
Evolution of FOS with the increase of the dam height: a) cross-section VIIIN and b) cross-section VaN.

Technical parameters of TSF Żelazny Most (last update in September 2020).

Parameter Value Unit
The volume according to the damming curve 660.0 mln m3
Water volume 8 mln m3
Tailings volume 652 mln m3
Pond water elevation 184.50 m a.s.l.
The crest elevation 187.50/190.00 m a.s.l.
The area of the TSF Żelazny Most (Main Object) with infrastructure ~1580 ha
The area on the inner side of the crest 1180 ha
The reservoir area 560 ha
Beach area 620 ha
The dam length in axis 14,330 m
The height of the dams 40.0–73.0 m

Factors of safety for analyzed variants.

FOS
Dam elevation Case VIIIN VaN
180 m a.s.l. Reference case (without any preventive measures) 1.59 1.67
Loading berm 1.59 1.66
Relief wells 1.63 1.83
Both relief wells and loading berm 1.63 1.83
195 m a.s.l. Reference case (without any preventive measures) 1.35 1.29
Loading berm 1.66 1.58
Relief wells 1.38 1.39
Both relief wells and loading berm 1.62 1.59

Summary of the preventive measures effectiveness with regard to safety of the dam.

Evaluated feature Case Cross-section
VIIIN VaN
Horizontal displacements rate Loading berm – ✓
Relief wells – ✓
Both – ✓
Vertical displacements rate Loading berm – –
Relief wells ✓ –
Both – –
Factor of safety (FOS) Loading berm ✓ ✓
Relief wells – ✓
Both ✓ ✓

Geotechnical parameters of the layers used in the calculations.

Parameter γd γsat ϕ c ψ E ν
Unit [kN/m3] [kN/m3] [°] [kPa] [°] [MPa] [-]
Loading berm 21.00 22.00 35 1 10 80 0.20
Dam (1) 19.00 20.50 34 1 9 80 0.20
Dam (2) 19.00 20.50 34 1 9 80 0.20
Beach (3) 18.00 19.50 34 1 9 80 0.20
Sediments (4) 17.00 18.50 34 1 9 80 0.20
Layer 7n 16.06 20.00 18 1 1.8 96 0.25
Layer 8n 16.06 20.00 12 1 1.2 100 0.30
Layer 9n 17.30 20.50 14.5 5 1.5 36 0.25
Layer 10n 16.80 20.00 10 1 1.0 36 0.25
Layer 12n 16.80 20.00 27 1 2.7 96 0.25
Layer 13n 17.67 21.00 28 2 2.8 96 0.25
Layer 15n 17.97 21.30 24 3 2.4 96 0.25
Layer 16n 16.87 20.50 36 1 11.0 240 0.20
Layer 17n 16.06 20.00 31 1 6.0 240 0.20
Layer 18n 15.86 19.80 30 1 5.0 240 0.20
Layer 19n 16.80 20.00 24 1 2.4 96 0.25
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