[[1] Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Murphy A. Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low- and middle-income countries. Curr Probl Cardiol 2010;35:72–115.10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2009.10.002286414320109979]Search in Google Scholar
[[2] WHO, The top 10 causes of death. WHO n.d. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/index2.html [accessed March 20, 2015].]Search in Google Scholar
[[3] Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Lennon L, Morris RW. Metabolic syndrome vs Framingham Risk Score for prediction of coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2005;165:2644–50.10.1001/archinte.165.22.264416344423]Search in Google Scholar
[[4] Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genest J, Joseph L, Pilote L, Poirier P, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:1113–32.10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.03420863953]Search in Google Scholar
[[5] Zhang Y, Bao M, Dai M, Zhong H, Li Y, Tan T. QT hysteresis index improves the power of treadmill exercise test in the screening of coronary artery disease. Circ J 2014;78:2942–9.10.1253/circj.CJ-14-069725311775]Search in Google Scholar
[[6] Dowsley T, Al-Mallah M, Ananthasubramaniam K, Dwivedi G, McArdle B, Chow BJW. The role of noninvasive imaging in coronary artery disease detection, prognosis, and clinical decision making. Can J Cardiol 2013;29:285–96.10.1016/j.cjca.2012.10.02223357601]Search in Google Scholar
[[7] Pasierski T, Szwed H, Malczewska B, Firek B, Kośmicki M, Rewicki M, et al. Advantages of exercise echocardiography in comparison to dobutamine echocardiography in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in hypertensive subjects. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:805–9.10.1038/sj.jhh.100126511687926]Search in Google Scholar
[[8] Jian-ling S, Ying Z, Yu-lian G, Li-juan Xiong, Ji-hong G, Xiao-ying L. Coronary heart disease diagnosis bases on the change of different parts in treadmill exercise test ECG. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013;67:969–75.10.1007/s12013-013-9591-y23546936]Search in Google Scholar
[[9] Sharma K, Kohli P, Gulati M. An update on exercise stress testing. Curr Probl Cardiol 2012;37:177–202.10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2011.11.00422469057]Search in Google Scholar
[[10] Mark DB, Hlatky MA, Harrell FE, Lee KL, Califf RM, Pryor DB. Exercise treadmill score for predicting prognosis in coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:793–800.10.7326/0003-4819-106-6-7933579066]Search in Google Scholar
[[11] Banerjee A, Newman DR, Van den Bruel A, Heneghan C. Diagnostic accuracy of exercise stress testing for coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Int J Clin Pract 2012;66:477–92.10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02900.x22512607]Search in Google Scholar
[[12] Canpolat U, Özer N. Noninvasive cardiac imaging for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in women. Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2014;14:741–6.10.5152/akd.2014.5406]Search in Google Scholar
[[13] Abdallah MS, Spertus JA, Nallamothu BK, Kennedy KF, Arnold SV, Chan PS. Symptoms and angiographic findings of patients undergoing elective coronary angiography without prior stress testing. Am J Cardiol 2014;114:348–54.10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.04.047]Search in Google Scholar
[[14] Lauer M, Froelicher ES, Williams M, Kligfield P. Exercise testing in asymptomatic adults: a statement for professionals from the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology, Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention. Circulation 2005;112:771–6.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166543]Search in Google Scholar
[[15] Chou R. Cardiac screening with electrocardiography, stress echocardiography, or myocardial perfusion imaging: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:438–47.10.7326/M14-1225]Search in Google Scholar
[[16] Laucevičius A, Rinkūnien ėE, Skorniakov V, Petrulionien ė Z, Kasiulevičius V, Jatužis D, et al. High-risk profile in a region with extremely elevated cardiovascular mortality. Hellenic J Cardiol 2013;54:441–7.]Search in Google Scholar
[[17] Myers J, Arena R, Franklin B, Pina I, Kraus WE, McInnis K, et al. Recommendations for clinical exercise laboratories a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009;119:3144–61.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192520]Search in Google Scholar
[[18] Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, et al. ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:1531–40.10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02164-2]Search in Google Scholar
[[19] Hill J, Timmis A. Exercise tolerance testing. BMJ 2002;324:1084–7.10.1136/bmj.324.7345.1084112303211991917]Search in Google Scholar
[[20] Hoang KC, Ghandehari H, Lopez VA, Barboza MG, Wong ND. Global coronary heart disease risk Assessment of individuals with the metabolic syndrome in the U.S. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1405–9.10.2337/dc07-2087245364618375418]Search in Google Scholar
[[21] Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Abrams J, Berra K, Blankenship JC, Dallas AP, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the diagnosis and management of patients with stable ischemic heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American College of Physicians, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 2012;126:e354–471.]Search in Google Scholar
[[22] Kohli P, Gulati M. Exercise stress testing in women going back to the basics. Circulation 2010;122:2570–80.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.91475421156655]Search in Google Scholar
[[23] Chang SM, Nabi F, Xu J, Pratt CM, Mahmarian AC, Frias ME, et al. Value of CACS compared with ETT and myocardial perfusion imaging for predicting long-term cardiac outcome in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients at low risk for coronary disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;8:134–44.10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.11.00825677886]Search in Google Scholar
[[24] Shaw LJ. The exercise test is alive and well when coupled with coronary calcium scoring. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;8:145–7.10.1016/j.jcmg.2014.12.004]Search in Google Scholar
[[25] Sicari R, Nihoyannopoulos P, Evangelista A, Kasprzak J, Lancellotti P, Poldermans D, et al. Stress echocardiography expert consensus statement: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur J Echocardiogr 2008;9:415–37.10.1093/ejechocard/jen175]Search in Google Scholar
[[26] Albers AR, Krichavsky MZ, Balady GJ. Stress testing in patients with diabetes mellitus diagnostic and prognostic value. Circulation 2006;113:583–92.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.584524]Search in Google Scholar
[[27] Jang JY, Sohn IS, Kim JN, Park JH, Park CB, Jin ES, et al. Treadmill exercise stress echocardiography in patients with no history of coronary artery disease: a single-center experience in Korean population. Korean Circ J 2011;41:528–34.10.4070/kcj.2011.41.9.528]Search in Google Scholar
[[28] Grünig E, Mereles D, Benz A, Hansen A, Kübler W, Kuecherer H. Contribution of stress echocardiography to clinical decision making in unselected ambulatory patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2002;84:179–85.10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00149-3]Search in Google Scholar
[[29] Southard J, Baker L, Schaefer S. In search of the false-negative exercise treadmill testing evidence-based use of exercise echocardiography. Clin Cardiol 2008;31:35–40.10.1002/clc.20174665318018203117]Search in Google Scholar
[[30] Gentile R, Vitarelli A, Schillaci O, Laganà B, Gianni C, Rossi-Fanelli F, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and prognostic implications of stress testing for coronary artery disease in the elderly. Ital Heart J 2001;2:539–45.]Search in Google Scholar
[[31] Maffei E, Palumbo A, Martini C, Cuttone A, Ugo F, Emiliano E, et al. Stress-ECG vs. CT coronary angiography for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a “real-world” experience. Radiol Med 2010;115:354–67.10.1007/s11547-009-0456-919902329]Search in Google Scholar
[[32] Pontone G, Andreini D, Bartorelli AL, Bertella E, Cortinovis S, Mushtaq S, et al. A long-term prognostic value of CT angiography and exercise ECG in patients with suspected CAD. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:641–50.10.1016/j.jcmg.2013.01.01523764093]Search in Google Scholar
[[33] Hamilton-Craig C, Fifoot A, Hansen M, Pincus M, Chan J, Walters DL, et al. Diagnostic performance and cost of CT angiography versus stress ECG – A randomized prospective study of suspected acute coronary syndrome chest pain in the emergency department (CT-COMPARE). Int J Cardiol 2014;177:867–73.10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.09025466568]Search in Google Scholar
[[34] Douglas PS, Hoffmann U, Patel MR, Mark DB, Al-Khalidi HR, Cavanaugh B, et al. Outcomes of anatomical versus functional testing for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1291–300.10.1056/NEJMoa1415516447377325773919]Search in Google Scholar
[[35] Greulich S, Bruder O, Parker M, Schumm J, Grün S, Schneider S, et al. Comparison of exercise electrocardiography and stress perfusion CMR for the detection of coronary artery disease in women. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2012;14:36.10.1186/1532-429X-14-36341150522697372]Search in Google Scholar
[[36] Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Tiano L, Muçai A, Perna GP. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is more accurate than ECG-stress testing in diagnosing myocardial ischemia in subjects with chest pain. Int J Cardiol 2014;174:337–42.10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.04.10224768399]Search in Google Scholar
[[37] Mitu O, Roca M, Leon MM, Mitu F. Predictive value of a positive exercise stress testing and correlations with cardiovascular risk factors. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi 2014;118:57–62.]Search in Google Scholar
[[38] Wackers FJT, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects: the DIAD study. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1954–61.10.2337/diacare.27.8.195415277423]Search in Google Scholar
[[39] Balady GJ, Larson MG, Vasan RS, Leip EP, O’Donnell CJ, Levy D. Usefulness of exercise testing in the prediction of coronary disease risk among asymptomatic persons as a function of the Framingham risk score. Circulation 2004;110:1920–5.10.1161/01.CIR.0000143226.40607.7115451778]Search in Google Scholar