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The intellectual structure and thematic evolution of middle-income trap research: A bibliometric analysis (2009–2025)

Ibrahim Bakırtaş

Ibrahim Bakırtaş

Prof. Dr., Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Aksaray UniversityAksaray, Turkiye
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Bakırtaş, Ibrahim
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Emre Yardımcı

Emre Yardımcı

Res. Asst., Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Aksaray UniversityAksaray, Turkiye
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Yardımcı, Emre
  
17 giu 2025
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Categoria dell'articolo: Research Papers
Pubblicato online: 17 giu 2025
Pagine: 93 - 119
Ricevuto: 08 giu 2025
Accettato: 17 giu 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rsep-2025-0008
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© 2025 Ibrahim Bakırtaş et al., published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Figure 1.

Outline of the Research Design Source: Adapted by us from Qiu et al. (2023).
Outline of the Research Design Source: Adapted by us from Qiu et al. (2023).

Figure 2.

Distribution of Publications and Number of Citations by Year
Distribution of Publications and Number of Citations by Year

Figure 3.

The Most Widely Published Journals in this Field
The Most Widely Published Journals in this Field

Figure 4.

Co-authorship Networks among Countries
Co-authorship Networks among Countries

Figure 5.

Co-citation Reference Network
Co-citation Reference Network

Figure 6.

Co-authorship Networks between Authors
Co-authorship Networks between Authors

Figure 7.

Co-authorship Networks between Keywords
Co-authorship Networks between Keywords

Figure 8.

Strategic Diagram for the First Period (2009-2013)
Strategic Diagram for the First Period (2009-2013)

Figure 9.

Strategic Diagram for the Second Period (2014-2017)
Strategic Diagram for the Second Period (2014-2017)

Figure 10.

Strategic Diagram for the Third Period (2018-2025)
Strategic Diagram for the Third Period (2018-2025)

Figure 11.

Overlap Graph
Overlap Graph

Figure12.

Thematic Evolution Map
Thematic Evolution Map

Themes' performance in the Third period (2018-2025)

Topics Number of Publications h-Index Average Citation Centrality Density
COUNTRIES 3 2 21.67 21.57 7.3
STRATEGIES 2 1 19 22.89 27.5
SMALL-OPEN-ECONOMY 3 3 16.33 25.29 16.96
POVERTY-TRAPS 2 2 14.5 21.53 15
DIVERSITY 1 2 8.25 22.9 15.32
EFFICIENY 2 1 4.5 19.11 11.07
SPECIALIZATION 4 1 1.5 23.2 7.35
GEOGRAPY 2 1 37.5 16.46 9.92
CHILE 2 1 9 10.3 16.97
FERTILITY 2 1 3 16.8 15.8
MIGRATION 3 2 1.33 16.44 7.5
HIGH INCOME 2 1 1 14.25 21.17
SOUTH-KOREA 4 3 12.75 15.68 7.14
INCOME 7 4 10 16.59 7.21
PER-CAPITA-INCOME 5 3 8.2 16.69 3.09
BRAZIL 5 3 3 14.87 3.98
INDUSTRIALIZATION 2 2 3 4.94 2.5
INEQUALITY 5 2 1 16.59 2.17
PRODUCTIVE-SOPHISTICATION 2 2 22 28.67 7.19
MIDDLE-INCOME-TRAP 23 10 12.78 19.31 0.36
FOREIGN-DIRECT-INVESMENT 15 6 7.87 28.35 1.23
ARDL MODEL 49 10 7.47 24.64 1.79
CAUSALITY 7 3 2.71 32.42 6.85

Synonymous Keywords

Matching Table for Keywords Determined by Authors
middle-income trap middle income trap; Middle Income Trap; middle‐ income; Income traps; middle income trap (MIT); middle-income traps; middleincome; Middle-income economy
economic growth Economic growth; Growth; Economic growth type; economic growth theories
innovation Innovativeness, innovation policy
growth slowdown growth slow-down; Slowdown; Economic slowdown
convergence Convergence Hypothesis; Economic convergence; real convergence
technological capability Technological capabilities
technological catch-up technological catching-up; technological progress; Technology upgrading; technological change; Technological development
structural transformation Structural transformation; structural transformation of economy; structural change; structural break; structural reform; Structural change process
productivity factor productivity; productivity growth; aggregate productivity
industrialization Industrial development; industrial upgrading; new industrial revolution; industrial revolution
total factor productivity factor productivity

Performance of themes in the first period (2009-2013)

Topics Number of Publications h-Index Average Citation Centrality Density
R&D 2 2 173 40 65
EDUCATION 2 1 20 28.77 42.5
STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATİON 3 3 20 56.79 39.11
LATIN-AMERICA 2 1 6.5 41.72 57.22
DEVELOPMENT 1 1 4 36.61 146.67
ASIA 2 2 10 17.91 130
TRADE 1 1 46 5.11 25
MIDDLE-INCOME-TRAP 4 2 19 27 27.27
INNOVATION 3 2 6.33 26.33 25
CHINA 4 2 1.75 48.7 16

Themes' performance in the second period (2014-2017)

Topics Number of Publications h-Index Average Citation Centrality Density
GLOBAL-VALUE-CHAINS 3 3 22.33 27.61 35.42
CAPABILITIES 2 2 14 49.69 25.56
GOVERNANCE 3 2 6 31.85 17.5
COUNTRIES 2 2 4 29.13 86.67
EMPLOYMENT 2 1 19 18.07 31.11
DEMOCRACY 1 1 13 25.85 22.25
DEVELOPMENT-COUNTRIES 2 2 10 20.02 36.11
LATIN-AMERICA 4 2 8.25 14.3 29.33
ASEAN 2 2 4.5 16.61 49.58
DEMOGRAPY 1 1 1 3.33 50
GROWTH-SLOWDOWN 3 2 26.67 25.89 7.58
INNOVATION 4 4 20.25 24.88 5.33
MIDDLE-INCOME-TRAP 4 1 1 23.66 1.27
POLICY 7 5 21.29 32.2 8.78
R&D 4 3 20.25 33.28 13.33
REFORM 10 6 19.7 31.67 8.73
HUMAN-CAPITAL 5 4 17.4 46.65 4.94
INSTITUTIONS 6 5 14.33 35.74 10
ECONOMIC-PERFORMANS 4 4 13.75 37.31 13.33
Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
2 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Economia e business, Economia politica, Microeconomia, Macroeconomia, Politica economica, Business management, Contabilità gestionale, controllo finanziario, calcolo dei costi, investimenti
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