INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Categoria dell'articolo: Original Scientific Article
Pubblicato online: 06 ago 2023
Pagine: 7 - 16
Ricevuto: 22 giu 2021
Accettato: 02 lug 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/rmzmag-2021-0002
Parole chiave
© 2021 Damjan Hann, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Figure 1:
![Copper price on the London Metal Exchange since April 2020 (USD/t) [4].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647369f24e662f30ba53d23c/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig1.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0653d1de585c40a645274c030fad3b30f2a524745e158d0de4b6eed538394eb1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2:
![Total copper mine production worldwide from 1900 to 2020 (adapted from [5, 6]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647369f24e662f30ba53d23c/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig2.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=7f936ea4e515bc5bbff4c31e34a054734cd3339e22587bbc37511d6709546ba1&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3:

Figure 4:
![Multi-gravity separator – MGS (adapted from [10, 14, 18]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647369f24e662f30ba53d23c/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig4.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6a847a1d266c466e184bedccd865768215e4eeddbab8243975cfb066eb38059e&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5:
![Cumulative size distribution of feed material from a copper tailings reprocessing plant (adapted from [7]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647369f24e662f30ba53d23c/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig5.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=c4704737f6c98a2ae5f308e4c26a86a4d9e9d42cfa306b996ff265649f743671&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6:

Figure 1:
![Copper price on the London Metal Exchange since April 2020 (USD/t) [4].](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64cf5ca78a3e7e1f7ef12c25/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=5423425c0766ca541bd4fdca753a42379620eb4cb5c7fec9533fbd8407a57e12&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 2:
![Total copper mine production worldwide from 1900 to 2020 (adapted from [5, 6]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64cf5ca78a3e7e1f7ef12c25/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=46136b1825120daa11502c6170b06b66122c6ad4edecccde466a504991fcfa48&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 3:

Figure 4:
![Multi-gravity separator – MGS (adapted from [10, 14, 18]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64cf5ca78a3e7e1f7ef12c25/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=0dadbcf51af85cd63415d0b41282db689d0ec041261b299417fdb9a19b2dbaf9&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 5:
![Cumulative size distribution of feed material from a copper tailings reprocessing plant (adapted from [7]).](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64cf5ca78a3e7e1f7ef12c25/j_rmzmag-2021-0002_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20250915%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20250915T125054Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=89c73ebc11b785bbf844447110c2212940fd2f6529c98dd930c3d2d98cb0be0f&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Figure 6:

Approximate relative costs of a 100,000 t/day copper concentrator [10]_
Crushing | 2.8 |
Grinding | 47.0 |
Flotation | 16.2 |
Thickening | 3.5 |
Filtration | 2.8 |
Tailings | 5.1 |
Reagents | 0.5 |
Pipeline | 1.4 |
Water | 8.0 |
Laboratory | 1.5 |
Maintenance support | 0.8 |
Management support | 1.6 |
Administration | 0.6 |
Other expenses | 8.1 |
Total | 100 |
Results of sieve test_
2,000 | +2,000 | 13 | 2.81 | 97.19 | 2.81 |
1,000 | 1,000–2,000 | 4 | 0.86 | 96.33 | 3.67 |
500 | 500–1,000 | 11 | 2.38 | 93.95 | 6.05 |
250 | 250–500 | 143 | 30.89 | 63.06 | 36.94 |
125 | 125–250 | 193 | 41.68 | 21.38 | 78.62 |
71 | 71–125 | 54 | 11.66 | 9.72 | 90.28 |
32 | 32–71 | 24 | 5.18 | 4.54 | 95.46 |
0 | 0–32 | 21 | 4.54 | 0.00 | 100.00 |