Choanal atresia: comprehensive review of diagnosis and management

Choanal atresia is a congenital condition characterized by the obstruction of the posterior nasal apertures. It can present as unilateral or bilateral and is associated with significant morbidity, particularly in neonates. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the diagnosis and management of choanal atresia. We discuss the epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis, emphasizing the developmental and genetic factors involved. Clinical presentation varies with age, and diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical examination and imaging techniques. Management strategies have evolved, with a focus on surgical intervention. Various surgical techniques, including transnasal endoscopic and transpalatal approaches, are explored. Postoperative care and long-term outcomes are critical components of patient management. We also address current controversies in treatment and future directions for research. Understanding choanal atresia’s complexities is essential for improving patient outcomes and advancing therapeutic options.