[
1. JALAN R, FERNANDEZ J, WIEST R, SCHNABL B, MOREAU R, ANGELI P, et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: A position statement based on the EASL Special Conference 2013. Journal of Hepatology 2014;60(6):1310–1324.10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.02424530646
]Search in Google Scholar
[
2. PIANO S, SINGH V, CARACENI P, MSIWALL R, ALESSANDRIA C, FERNANFEZ J, et al. Epidemiology and effects of bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis worldwide. Gastroenterology 2019;156: 1368–1380.10.1053/j.gastro.2018.12.00530552895
]Search in Google Scholar
[
3. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):406–460.10.1016/j.jhep.2018.08.00930172388
]Search in Google Scholar
[
4. MARCIANO S, DIAZ JM, DIRCHWOLF M, GADANO A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis: incidence, outcomes, and treatment strategies. Hepat Med. 2019;11:13–22.10.2147/HMER.S164250633601930666172
]Search in Google Scholar
[
5. GAETANO JN, MICIC D, ARONSOHN A, REDDY G, TE H, REAU NS, et al. The benefit of paracentesis on hospitalized adults with cirrhosis and ascites. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31:1025–1030.10.1111/jgh.1325526642977
]Search in Google Scholar
[
6. KIM JJ, TSUKAMOTO MM, MATHUR AK, GHOMRI YM, HOU LA, SHEIBANI S, et al Delayed paracentesis is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1436–1442.10.1038/ajg.2014.21225091061
]Search in Google Scholar
[
7. MACINTOSH T. Emergency Management of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis – A Clinical Review. Cureus 2018;10(3):e2253.10.7759/cureus.2253592997329721399
]Search in Google Scholar
[
8. MERCALDI CJ, LANES SF. Ultrasound guidance decreases complications and improves the cost of care among patients undergoing thoracentesis and paracentesis.Chest. 2013;143:532–538.10.1378/chest.12-044723381318
]Search in Google Scholar
[
9. CHINNOCK B, AFARIAN H, MINNIGAN H, BUTLER J, HENDEY GW. Physician clinical impression does not rule out spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients undergoing emergency department paracentesis.Ann Emerg Med. 2008;52:268–273.10.1016/j.annemergmed.2008.02.01618433932
]Search in Google Scholar
[
10. DEVER JB, SHEIKH MY. Review article: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis – bacteriology, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors and prevention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther.2015; 41:1116-1131.10.1111/apt.1317225819304
]Search in Google Scholar
[
11. VAN DE GEIJN GM, VAN GENT M, VAN PUL-BOM N, BEUNIS MH, VAN TILBURG AJ, NJO TL. A new flow cytometric method for differential cell counting in ascitic fluid. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2016;90:506–511.10.1002/cyto.b.2117124659094
]Search in Google Scholar
[
12. SORIANO G, CASTELLOTE J, ALVAREZ C, GIRBAU A, GORDILLO J, BALIELLAS C, et al. Secondary bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a retrospective study of clinical and analytical characteristics, diagnosis and management. J Hepatol. 2010;52:39–44.10.1016/j.jhep.2009.10.01219897273
]Search in Google Scholar
[
13. RUNYON BA. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of Adult Patients with Ascites Due to Cirrhosis: Update 2012.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
14. SHIZUMA T. Spontaneous bacterial and fungal peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis: A literature review. World J Hepatol. 2018;10(2):254-266.10.4254/wjh.v10.i2.254583844429527261
]Search in Google Scholar
[
15. VERMA R, SATAPATHY SK, BILAL M. Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020.10.21037/tgh-19-297
]Search in Google Scholar
[
16. YANG Y, Li L, QU C, ZENG B, LIANG S, LUO Z, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Serum Procalcitonin for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Due to End-stage Liver Disease: A Meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(49):e2077.10.1097/MD.0000000000002077500847826656333
]Search in Google Scholar
[
17. LESINKA M, HARTLEB M, GUTKOWSKI K, NOWAKOWSKA-DULAWA E. Procalcitonin and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1 beta) in serum and peritoneal fluid of patients with decompensated cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Adv Med Sci. 2014;59:52–56.10.1016/j.advms.2013.07.00624797975
]Search in Google Scholar
[
18. GULER K, VATANSEVER S, KAYACAN SM, SALMAYENLI N, AKKAYA V, ERK O, et al. High sensitivity C-reactive protein in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with nonneutrocytic ascites. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56(90):452–5.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
19. KADAM N, ACHARYA S, SHUKLA S, GUPTA K. Ascitic Fluid High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP). A Prognostic Marker in Cirrhosis with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(4):OC20–4.10.7860/JCDR/2016/17931.7610486616027190862
]Search in Google Scholar
[
20. SHIZUMA T. Diagnostic Laboratory Markers for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Ann Clin Lab Res. 2016; 4:4.10.21767/2386-5180.1000131
]Search in Google Scholar
[
21. LEE SS, MIN HJ, CHOI JY, CHO HC, KIM JJ, LEE JM, et al. Usefulness of ascitic fluid lactoferrin levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2016;16(1):132.10.1186/s12876-016-0546-9506289127733127
]Search in Google Scholar
[
22. FERNANDES SR, SANTOS P, FATELA N, BALDAIA C, TATO MARINHO R, PROENCA H, et al. Ascitic Calprotectin is a Novel and Accurate Marker for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. J Clin Lab Anal. 2016;30(6):1139–1145.10.1002/jcla.21994680718627184969
]Search in Google Scholar
[
23. DIBAS M, RAJAB AM, ZAGHLOUL MS, ATIAH MJ, ALJUNDI S, AMIR A, et al. Ascitic calprotectin for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;32(9):1075–1083.10.1097/MEG.000000000000170932175980
]Search in Google Scholar
[
24. KOULAOUZIDIS A. Diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an update on leucocyte esterase reagent strips. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(9):1091–4.10.3748/wjg.v17.i9.1091306390021448413
]Search in Google Scholar
[
25. KOULAOUZIDIS A, LEONTIADIS GI, ABDULLAH M, MOSCHOS J, GASEM J, THARAKAN J, et al. Leucocyte esterase reagent strips for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a systematic review. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;20:1055–1060.10.1097/MEG.0b013e328300a36319047835
]Search in Google Scholar
[
26. ABDEL-RAZIK A, MOUSA N, ELBAZ S, EISSA M, ELHELALY R, ELDARS W. Diagnostic utility of interferon gamma-induced protein 10 kDa in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: single-center study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;27:1087–1093.10.1097/MEG.000000000000040026020377
]Search in Google Scholar
[
27. ICHOU L, CARBONELL N, RAUTOU PE, LAURANS L, BOURCIER S, PICHEREAU C, et al. Ascitic fluid TREM-1 for the diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gut. 2016;65:536–538.10.1136/gutjnl-2015-31016026141143
]Search in Google Scholar
[
28. 28. KIM JK, CHON CY, KIM JH, KIM YJ, CHO JH, BANG SM, et al. Changes in serum and ascitic monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-10 levels in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2007;27:227–230.10.1089/jir.2006.005517348821
]Search in Google Scholar
[
29. EL-TOUKHY N, EMAM SM. Diagnostic and Prognostic Values of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 in Ascitic Fluid of Patients with Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Egypt J Immunol. 2016;23:17–27.
]Search in Google Scholar
[
30. AGIASOTELLI D, ALEXOPOULOU A, VASILIEVA L, HADZIYANNIS E, GOUKOUS D, DAIKOS GL, et al. High serum lipopolysaccharide binding protein is associated with increased mortality in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2017;37:576–582.10.1111/liv.1326427712029
]Search in Google Scholar
[
31. CULLARO G, KIM G, PEREIRA MR, BROWN RS Jr, VERNA EC. Ascites Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Identifies Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis and Predicts Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2017;62:3487–3494.10.1007/s10620-017-4804-729098551
]Search in Google Scholar
[
32. ABDEL-RAZIK A, ELDARS W, ELHELALY R, ELDEEB AA, ABDELSALAM M, EL-WAK N, et al. Homocysteine: a new diagnostic marker in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;30(7):779–785.10.1097/MEG.000000000000110929505476
]Search in Google Scholar
[
33. BADAWI R, ASGHAR MN, ABD-ELSALAM S, ELSHWEIKH SA, HAYDARA T, Alnabawy SM, et al. Amyloid A in Serum and Ascitic Fluid as a Novel Diagnostic Marker of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem. 2020;19(2):140–148.10.2174/1871523018666190401154447747579930931865
]Search in Google Scholar
[
34. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2010;53(3): 397–417.10.1016/j.jhep.2010.05.00420633946
]Search in Google Scholar
[
35. MERLI M, LUCIDI C. Bacterial resistance in cirrhotic patients: An emerging reality. Journal of Hepatology. 2012; 56(4): 756–757.10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.00422230869
]Search in Google Scholar
[
36. FRIEDMAN ND, KAYE KS, STOUT JE, MCGARRY SA, TRIVETTE SL, BRIGGS JP, et al. Health care associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:791–797.10.7326/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-0000712435215
]Search in Google Scholar
[
37. SORT P, NAVASA M, ARROYO V, ALDEGUER X, PLANAS R, RUIZ-DEL-ARBOL L, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:403–409.10.1056/NEJM19990805341060310432325
]Search in Google Scholar
[
38. GARCIA-MARTINEZ R, CARACENI P, BERNARDI M, GINES P, ARROYO V, JALAN R. Albumin: pathophysiologic basis of its role in the treatment of cirrhosis and its complications. Hepatology. 2013;58:1836–1846.10.1002/hep.2633823423799
]Search in Google Scholar