This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Weinstein MC. International Society of Hypertension. The global cost of nonoptimal blood pressure. J Hypertens 2009;27(7):1472–77. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832a9ba3.GazianoTABittonAAnandSWeinsteinMCInternational Society of Hypertension. The global cost of nonoptimal blood pressureJ Hypertens200927714727710.1097/HJH.0b013e32832a9ba3Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Zhou B, Perel P, Mensah GA, Ezzati M. Global epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021;18(11):785–802. doi:10.1038/s41569-021-00559-8.ZhouBPerelPMensahGAEzzatiMGlobal epidemiology, health burden and effective interventions for elevated blood pressure and hypertensionNat Rev Cardiol2021181178580210.1038/s41569-021-00559-8Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018;39(33):3021–3104. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339.WilliamsBManciaGSpieringW2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertensionEur Heart J201839333021310410.1093/eurheartj/ehy339Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: A pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participants. Lancet 2017;389(10064):37–55. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5.NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC)Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: A pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19·1 million participantsLancet201738910064375510.1016/S0140-6736(16)31919-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rabi DM, McBrien KA, Sapir-Pichhadze R, et al. Hypertension Canada's 2020 comprehensive guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment of hypertension in adults and children. Can J Cardiol 2020;36(5): 596–624. doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.086.RabiDMMcBrienKASapir-PichhadzeRHypertension Canada's 2020 comprehensive guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment of hypertension in adults and childrenCan J Cardiol202036559662410.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.08632389335Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Patel KV, Li X, Kondamudi N, et al. Prevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in the United States according to the 2017 high blood pressure guideline. Mayo Clin Proc 2019;94(5):776–82. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.12.033.PatelKVLiXKondamudiNPrevalence of apparent treatment-resistant hypertension in the United States according to the 2017 high blood pressure guidelineMayo Clin Proc20199457768210.1016/j.mayocp.2018.12.03331054605Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahfoud F, Himmel F, Ukena C, Schunkert H, Böhm M, Weil J. Treatment strategies for resistant arterial hypertension. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011;108(43):725–31. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0725.MahfoudFHimmelFUkenaCSchunkertHBöhmMWeilJTreatment strategies for resistant arterial hypertensionDtsch Arztebl Int2011108437253110.3238/arztebl.2011.0725322141822114648Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Modolo R, de Faria AP, Almeida A, Moreno H. Resistant or refractory hypertension: Are they different? Curr Hypertens Rep 2014;16(10):485. doi:10.1007/s11906-014-0485-1.ModoloRde FariaAPAlmeidaAMorenoHResistant or refractory hypertension: Are they different?Curr Hypertens Rep2014161048510.1007/s11906-014-0485-125139782Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Dudenbostel T, Siddiqui M, Oparil S, Calhoun DA. Refractory hypertension: A novel phenotype of antihypertensive treatment failure. Hypertension 2016;67(6):1085–92. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06587.DudenbostelTSiddiquiMOparilSCalhounDARefractory hypertension: A novel phenotype of antihypertensive treatment failureHypertension201667610859210.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06587542529727091893Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Potthoff SA, Vonend O. Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of resistant hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017;19(1):9. doi:10.1007/s11906-017-0698-1.PotthoffSAVonendOMultidisciplinary approach in the treatment of resistant hypertensionCurr Hypertens Rep2017191910.1007/s11906-017-0698-128185122Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wei FF, Zhang ZY, Huang QF, Staessen JA. Diagnosis and management of resistant hypertension: State of the art. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018;14(7):428–41. doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0006-6.WeiFFZhangZYHuangQFStaessenJADiagnosis and management of resistant hypertension: State of the artNat Rev Nephrol20181474284110.1038/s41581-018-0006-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Böhm M, Linz D, Urban D, Mahfoud F, Ukena C. Renal sympathetic denervation: Applications in hypertension and beyond. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013;10(8):465–76. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2013.89.BöhmMLinzDUrbanDMahfoudFUkenaCRenal sympathetic denervation: Applications in hypertension and beyondNat Rev Cardiol20131084657610.1038/nrcardio.2013.89Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahfoud F, Renkin J, Sievert H, et al. Alcohol-mediated renal denervation using the Peregrine System infusion catheter for treatment of hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2020;13(4):471–84. doi:10.1016/j.jcin.2019.10.048.MahfoudFRenkinJSievertHAlcohol-mediated renal denervation using the Peregrine System infusion catheter for treatment of hypertensionJACC Cardiovasc Interv20201344718410.1016/j.jcin.2019.10.048Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahfoud F, Edelman E, Bhatt N. Stereotactic radiotherapy for renal denervation: To beam, or not to beam? J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74(13):1710–13. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.054.MahfoudFEdelmanEBhattNStereotactic radiotherapy for renal denervation: To beam, or not to beam?J Am Coll Cardiol2019741317101310.1016/j.jacc.2019.07.054Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Wei FF, Zhang ZY, Huang QF, Staessen JA. Diagnosis and management of resistant hypertension: State of the art. Nat Rev Nephrol 2018;14(7):428–41. doi:10.1038/s41581-018-0006-6.WeiFFZhangZYHuangQFStaessenJADiagnosis and management of resistant hypertension: State of the artNat Rev Nephrol20181474284110.1038/s41581-018-0006-6Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Symplicity HTN-1 Investigators. Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: Durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 months. Hypertension 2011;57(5): 911–17. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163014.Symplicity HTN-1 InvestigatorsCatheter-based renal sympathetic denervation for resistant hypertension: Durability of blood pressure reduction out to 24 monthsHypertension20115759111710.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.163014Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators, Esler MD, Krum H, et al. Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010;376(9756):1903–09. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62039-9.Symplicity HTN-2 InvestigatorsEslerMDKrumHRenal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): A randomised controlled trialLancet2010376975619030910.1016/S0140-6736(10)62039-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O’Neill WW, et al. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N Engl J Med 2014;370(15):1393–1401. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1402670.BhattDLKandzariDEO’NeillWWA controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertensionN Engl J Med2014370151393140110.1056/NEJMoa1402670Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Azizi M, Sapoval M, Gosse P, et al. Optimum and stepped care standardised antihypertensive treatment with or without renal denervation for resistant hypertension (DENERHTN): A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385(9981):1957–65. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61942-5.AziziMSapovalMGossePOptimum and stepped care standardised antihypertensive treatment with or without renal denervation for resistant hypertension (DENERHTN): A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trialLancet2015385998119576510.1016/S0140-6736(14)61942-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Rosa J, Widimský P, Toušek P, et al. Randomized comparison of renal denervation versus intensified pharmacotherapy including spironolactone in true-resistant hypertension: Six-month results from the Prague-15 study. Hypertension 2015;65(2):407–13. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04019.RosaJWidimskýPToušekPRandomized comparison of renal denervation versus intensified pharmacotherapy including spironolactone in true-resistant hypertension: Six-month results from the Prague-15 studyHypertension20156524071310.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.0401925421981Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahfoud F, Schlaich M, Kindermann I, et al. Effect of renal sympathetic denervation on glucose metabolism in patients with resistant hypertension: A pilot study. Circulation 2011;123(18):1940–46. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.991869.MahfoudFSchlaichMKindermannIEffect of renal sympathetic denervation on glucose metabolism in patients with resistant hypertension: A pilot studyCirculation20111231819404610.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.991869Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahfoud F, Mancia G, Schmieder R, et al. Renal denervation in high-risk patients with hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020;75(23):2879–88. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.036.MahfoudFManciaGSchmiederRRenal denervation in high-risk patients with hypertensionJ Am Coll Cardiol2020752328798810.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.036Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Böhm M, Kario K, Kandzari DE, et al. Efficacy of catheter-based renal denervation in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal): A multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet 2020;395(10234):1444–51. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30554-7.BöhmMKarioKKandzariDEEfficacy of catheter-based renal denervation in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal): A multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trialLancet20203951023414445110.1016/S0140-6736(20)30554-7Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahfoud F, Townsend RR, Kandzari DE, et al. Changes in plasma renin activity after renal artery sympathetic denervation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;77(23):2909–19. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.044.MahfoudFTownsendRRKandzariDEChanges in plasma renin activity after renal artery sympathetic denervationJ Am Coll Cardiol2021772329091910.1016/j.jacc.2021.04.04433957242Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Böhm M, Tsioufis K, Kandzari DE, et al. Effect of heart rate on the outcome of renal denervation in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021;78(10):1028–38. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.044.BöhmMTsioufisKKandzariDEEffect of heart rate on the outcome of renal denervation in patients with uncontrolled hypertensionJ Am Coll Cardiol2021781010283810.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.04434474735Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Hawson J, Harmer JA, Cowan M, et al. Renal denervation for the management of refractory ventricular arrhythmias: A systematic review. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021;7(1):100–8. doi:10.1016/j.jacep.2020.07.019.HawsonJHarmerJACowanMRenal denervation for the management of refractory ventricular arrhythmias: A systematic reviewJACC Clin Electrophysiol202171100810.1016/j.jacep.2020.07.01933478701Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Sharp TE III, Polhemus DJ, Li Z, et al. Renal denervation prevents heart failure progression via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72(21):2609–21. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2186.SharpTEIIIPolhemusDJLiZRenal denervation prevents heart failure progression via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin systemJ Am Coll Cardiol2018722126092110.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.218630466519Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Mahfoud F, Böhm M, Schmieder R, et al. Effects of renal denervation on kidney function and long-term outcomes: 3-year follow-up from the Global SYMPLICITY Registry. Eur Heart J 2019;40(42):3474–82. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz118.MahfoudFBöhmMSchmiederREffects of renal denervation on kidney function and long-term outcomes: 3-year follow-up from the Global SYMPLICITY RegistryEur Heart J2019404234748210.1093/eurheartj/ehz118683716030907413Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Li S, Phillips JK. Patient selection for renal denervation in hypertensive patients: What makes a good candidate? Vasc Health Risk Manag 2022;18:375–86. doi:10.2147/VHRM.S270182.LiSPhillipsJKPatient selection for renal denervation in hypertensive patients: What makes a good candidate?Vasc Health Risk Manag2022183758610.2147/VHRM.S270182911355335592729Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lohmeier TE, Hall JE. Device-based neuromodulation for resistant hypertension therapy. Circ Res 2019;124(7):1071–93. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313221.LohmeierTEHallJEDevice-based neuromodulation for resistant hypertension therapyCirc Res2019124710719310.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313221644294230920919Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Bisognano JD, Bakris G, Nadim MK, et al. Baroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58(7):765–73. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.008.BisognanoJDBakrisGNadimMKBaroreflex activation therapy lowers blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled rheos pivotal trialJ Am Coll Cardiol20115877657310.1016/j.jacc.2011.06.008Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Yoruk A, Tankut SS, Gassler JP, Bisognano JD. Present and future of interventional treatment of resistant hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 2017;19(1):4. doi:10.1007/s11906-017-0702-9.YorukATankutSSGasslerJPBisognanoJDPresent and future of interventional treatment of resistant hypertensionCurr Hypertens Rep2017191410.1007/s11906-017-0702-9Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lobo MD, Sobotka PA, Pathak A. Interventional procedures and future drug therapy for hypertension. Eur Heart J 2017;38(15):1101–11. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw303.LoboMDSobotkaPAPathakAInterventional procedures and future drug therapy for hypertensionEur Heart J2017381511011110.1093/eurheartj/ehw303Open DOISearch in Google Scholar
Lobo MD, Sobotka PA, Stanton A, et al. Central arteriovenous anastomosis for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled hypertension (the ROX CONTROL HTN study): A randomised controlled trial Lancet 2015;385(9978):1634–41. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62053-5.LoboMDSobotkaPAStantonACentral arteriovenous anastomosis for the treatment of patients with uncontrolled hypertension (the ROX CONTROL HTN study): A randomised controlled trialLancet2015385997816344110.1016/S0140-6736(14)62053-5Open DOISearch in Google Scholar