This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.
Kain ZN, Mayes LC, O’Connor TZ, Cicchetti DV. Preoperative anxiety in children: Predictors and outcomes. Arch Pediatr Adol Med 1996;150:1238–1245.KainZNMayesLCO’ConnorTZCicchettiDVPreoperative anxiety in children: Predictors and outcomes19961501238124510.1001/archpedi.1996.021703700160028953995Search in Google Scholar
Kain ZN, Wang SM, Mayes LC, Caramico LA, Hofstadter MB. Distress During Induction of Anesthesia and Postoperative Behavioral Outcomes. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:1042–7.KainZNWangSMMayesLCCaramicoLAHofstadterMBDistress During Induction of Anesthesia and Postoperative Behavioral Outcomes19998810427Search in Google Scholar
Kain ZN. Postoperative maladaptive behavioral changes in children: incidence, risks factors and interventions. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica. 2000;51:217–26.KainZNPostoperative maladaptive behavioral changes in children: incidence, risks factors and interventions20005121726Search in Google Scholar
Kain ZN, Caldwell-Andrews AA, Maranets I, McClain B, Gaal D, Mayes LC, et al. Preoperative anxiety, emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors: are they related? A new conceptual framework. Anesth Analg 2004;99:1648–54.KainZNCaldwell-AndrewsAAMaranetsIMcClainBGaalDMayesLCPreoperative anxiety, emergence delirium and postoperative maladaptive behaviors: are they related? A new conceptual framework20049916485410.1213/01.ANE.0000136471.36680.9715562048Search in Google Scholar
Ahmed MI, Farrell MA, Parrish K, Karla A. Preoperative anxiety in children risk factors and non-pharmacological management. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2011;21:153–64AhmedMIFarrellMAParrishKKarlaAPreoperative anxiety in children risk factors and non-pharmacological management20112115364Search in Google Scholar
Kain ZN, Maclaren J, Mayes LC. Perioperative Behavior Stress in Children. In: Cote CJ, Lerman J, ID Todres, Eds. A Practice of Anesthesia for Infants and Children. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier 27, 2009KainZNMaclarenJMayesLCPerioperative Behavior Stress in ChildrenIn:CoteCJLermanJTodresIDEds.Philadelphia, PASaunders Elsevier27200910.1016/B978-141603134-5.50007-XSearch in Google Scholar
McCann ME, Kain ZN. Management of Preoperative anxiety in children: an update. Anesth Analg; 2001, 93:98–105.McCannMEKainZNManagement of Preoperative anxiety in children: an update2001939810510.1097/00000539-200107000-0002211429348Search in Google Scholar
Manyande A, Cyna AM, Yip P, Chooi C, Middleton P. Non pharmacological intervention for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;14:CD006447ManyandeACynaAMYipPChooiCMiddletonPNon pharmacological intervention for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children201514CD00644710.1002/14651858.CD006447.pub3893597926171895Search in Google Scholar
Fradkin DM, Scott-Warren VL, Vashisht R, Rolfe SE. An evidence based guideline for the preoperative sedation of children. J Pediatr Neonatal care 2015;2:00095FradkinDMScott-WarrenVLVashishtRRolfeSEAn evidence based guideline for the preoperative sedation of children201520009510.15406/jpnc.2015.02.00095Search in Google Scholar
Arora S, Saini K, Bhardwaj N. A comparative evaluation of midazolam, clonidine and dexmedetomidine as oral premedicants in children: A double blind randomised clinical trial. Anaesth Pain & Intensive Care. 2014; 18: 355–60.AroraSSainiKBhardwajNA comparative evaluation of midazolam, clonidine and dexmedetomidine as oral premedicants in children: A double blind randomised clinical trial20141835560Search in Google Scholar
Samarkandi A, Naguib M, Riad W, Thalaj A, Alotibi W, Aldammas F, et al. Melatonin vs midazolam premedication in children: a double blind placebo controlled study. Eur J Anaesth. 2005; 22: 189–96.SamarkandiANaguibMRiadWThalajAAlotibiWAldammasFMelatonin vs midazolam premedication in children: a double blind placebo controlled study2005221899610.1097/00003643-200503000-00005Search in Google Scholar
Abdallah C, Hannallah R. Premedication of the child undergoing surgery. M.E.J. Anesth 2011;21:165–76AbdallahCHannallahRPremedication of the child undergoing surgery20112116576Search in Google Scholar
Payne K, Mattheyse FJ, Liebenberg D, Dawes T. The pharmacokinetics of midazolam in paediatric patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1989;37:267–72PayneKMattheyseFJLiebenbergDDawesTThe pharmacokinetics of midazolam in paediatric patients1989372677210.1007/BF006797822612542Search in Google Scholar
Giovannitti JA Jr, Thoms SM, Crawford JJ. Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: A Review of Current Clinical Applications. Anesthesia Progress. 2015;62:31–9.GiovannittiJAJrThomsSMCrawfordJJAlpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists: A Review of Current Clinical Applications20156231910.2344/0003-3006-62.1.31438955625849473Search in Google Scholar
Marseglia L, D’Angelo G, Manti S, Aversa S, Arrigo T, Reiter RJ, et al. Analgesic, anxiolytic and anesthetic effects of melatonin: New potential uses in Pediatrics. Int J Mol Sci 2015;16:1209–20MarsegliaLD’AngeloGMantiSAversaSArrigoTReiterRJAnalgesic, anxiolytic and anesthetic effects of melatonin: New potential uses in Pediatrics20151612092010.3390/ijms16011209430729925569095Search in Google Scholar
Naguib M, Gottumukkala V, Goldstein PA. Melatonin and anesthesia: a clinical perspective. Pineal research J. 2007;42:12–21.NaguibMGottumukkalaVGoldsteinPAMelatonin and anesthesia: a clinical perspective200742122110.1111/j.1600-079X.2006.00384.x17198534Search in Google Scholar
Anttila M, Penttilä J, Helminen A, Vuorilehto L, Scheinin H. Bio-availability of dexmedetomidine after extravascular doses in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2003;56:691–3AnttilaMPenttiläJHelminenAVuorilehtoLScheininHBio-availability of dexmedetomidine after extravascular doses in healthy subjects200356691310.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01944.x188429214616431Search in Google Scholar
Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends GRM, Absolam AR, Colin F. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet 2017;56:893–13WeerinkMASStruysMMRFHannivoortLNBarendsGRMAbsolamARColinFClinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine2017568931310.1007/s40262-017-0507-7551160328105598Search in Google Scholar
Wang SS, Zhang MZ, Sun Y, Wu C, Xu WY, Bai J. The sedative effect and the attenuation of cardiovascular and arousal response during anaesthesia induction and intubation in pediatric patients: a randomized comparison between two different doses of preoperative intranasal dexmedetomidine. Pediatr Anaesth 2014;24:275–81WangSSZhangMZSunYWuCXuWYBaiJThe sedative effect and the attenuation of cardiovascular and arousal response during anaesthesia induction and intubation in pediatric patients: a randomized comparison between two different doses of preoperative intranasal dexmedetomidine2014242758110.1111/pan.1228424224515Search in Google Scholar
DeMuro RL, Nafziger AN, Blask DE, Menhinick AM, Bertino JS Jr. The absolute bioavailability of oral melatonin. J Clin Pharmacol. 2000;40:781–4DeMuroRLNafzigerANBlaskDEMenhinickAMBertinoJSJrThe absolute bioavailability of oral melatonin200040781410.1177/0091270002200942210883420Search in Google Scholar
Andersen LP, Werner MU, Rosenkilde MM, Harpsøe NG, Fuglsang H, Rosenberg J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous melatonin in healthy volunteers. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2016;17:8AndersenLPWernerMURosenkildeMMHarpsøeNGFuglsangHRosenbergJPharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous melatonin in healthy volunteers201617810.1186/s40360-016-0052-2475972326893170Search in Google Scholar
Almenrader N, Haiberger R, Passariiello M. Steel induction in preschool children: is melatonin as good as clonidine. A prospective randomized study. Paediatr Anaesth 2013;23:328–33.AlmenraderNHaibergerRPassariielloMSteel induction in preschool children: is melatonin as good as clonidine2013233283310.1111/pan.1210523281706Search in Google Scholar
Basker S, Singh G, Jacob R. Clonidine in Paediatrics – A Review. Indian J Anaesth 2009;53:270–80.BaskerSSinghGJacobRClonidine in Paediatrics – A Review20095327080Search in Google Scholar
Kumari S, Agrawal N, Usha G, Talwar V, Gupta P. Comparison of Oral Clonidine, Oral Dexmedetomidine, and Oral Midazolam for Premedication in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery. Anesth Essays Res. 2017;11:185–191KumariSAgrawalNUshaGTalwarVGuptaPComparison of Oral Clonidine, Oral Dexmedetomidine, and Oral Midazolam for Premedication in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery20171118519110.4103/0259-1162.194586534164528298782Search in Google Scholar
Kamal K, Soliman D, Zakaria D. Oral dexmedetomidine versus oral midazolam as premedication in children. Ain Shams J Anaesth. 2008; 1: 21–28.KamalKSolimanDZakariaDOral dexmedetomidine versus oral midazolam as premedication in children200812128Search in Google Scholar
Gogenur I, Kucukakin B, Bisgaard T, Kristiansen V, Hjortso NC, Skene DJ, et al. The effect of Melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised, placebo controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2009;108:1152–6GogenurIKucukakinBBisgaardTKristiansenVHjortsoNCSkeneDJThe effect of Melatonin on sleep quality after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A randomised, placebo controlled trial20091081152610.1213/ane.0b013e31819a6cf019299778Search in Google Scholar
Caumo W, Levandovski R, Hidalgo MP. Preoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study. J Pain. 2009;10:100–8.CaumoWLevandovskiRHidalgoMPPreoperative anxiolytic effect of melatonin and clonidine on postoperative pain and morphine consumption in patients undergoing abdominal hysterectomy: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study200910100810.1016/j.jpain.2008.08.00719010741Search in Google Scholar
Kain ZN, MacLaren JE, Hermann L, Mayes L, Rosenbaum A, Hata J, et al. Preoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anaesthesia and surgery. Anaesthesiology 2009;111:44–9.KainZNMacLarenJEHermannLMayesLRosenbaumAHataJPreoperative melatonin and its effects on induction and emergence in children undergoing anaesthesia and surgery200911144910.1097/ALN.0b013e3181a9187019546692Search in Google Scholar
Schmidt AP, Valinetti EA, Bandeira D, Bertacchi MF, Smoes CM, Auler JO et al. Effects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2007;7:667–74.SchmidtAPValinettiEABandeiraDBertacchiMFSmoesCMAulerJOEffects of preanesthetic administration of midazolam, clonidine, or dexmedetomidine on postoperative pain and anxiety in children200776677410.1111/j.1460-9592.2006.02185.x17564649Search in Google Scholar