Accesso libero

Do Internally Managed Reits Manage Earnings More Than Externally Managed Reits?

 e   
29 lug 2024
INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO

Cita
Scarica la copertina

Adams, J. C., Hayunga, D. K., & Rasmussen, S. J. (2017). The restating of financial statements by REITs. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 32(3), 350–371. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558X15607748 Search in Google Scholar

Ajayi, O. D., & Akinsomi, O. (2022). Are secondary equity offerings of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) REITs less underpriced than non-BEE REITs? Journal of Property Investment & Finance, (ahead-of-print). Search in Google Scholar

Alhadab, M. M., & Al-Own, B. (2017). Earnings management and banks performance: Evidence from Europe. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting. Finance and Management Sciences, 7(4), 134–145. Search in Google Scholar

Ali, U., Noor, M., Khurshid, M. K., & Mahmood, A. (2015). Impact of firm size on earnings management: A study of textile sector of Pakistan. European Journal of Business and Management, 7(28). Search in Google Scholar

Ambrose, B., & Bian, X. (2010). Stock market information and REIT earnings management. Journal of Real Estate Research, 32(1), 101–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2010.12091271 Search in Google Scholar

Ambrose, B., & Linneman, P. (2001). REIT organizational structure and operating characteristics. Journal of Real Estate Research, 21(3), 141–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2001.12091049 Search in Google Scholar

Anglin, P., Edelstein, R., Gao, Y., & Tsang, D. (2013). What is the relationship between REIT governance and earnings management? The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 47(3), 538–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-012-9367-y Search in Google Scholar

Arif, A., Mehwish Aziz Khan, Ferheen Kayani, Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah. (2011). Dividend policy and earnings management: An empirical study of Pakistani listed companies. Information Management and Business Review, 3(2), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v3i2.919 Search in Google Scholar

Arun, T. G., Almahrog, Y. E., & Ali Aribi, Z. (2015). Female directors and earnings management: Evidence from UK companies. International Review of Financial Analysis, 39, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2015.03.002 Search in Google Scholar

Astami, E. W., Rusmin, R., Hartadi, B., & Evans, J. (2017). The role of audit quality and culture influence on earnings management in companies with excessive free cash flow: Evidence from the Asia-Pacific region. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management. Search in Google Scholar

Aygun, M., Ic, S., & Sayim, M. (2014). The effects of corporate ownership structure and board size on earnings management: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(12), 123. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v9n12p123 Search in Google Scholar

Balsam, S., Gu, Y., & Mao, C. X. (2018). Creditor influence and CEO compensation: Evidence from debt covenant violations. The Accounting Review, 93(5), 23–50. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-52013 Search in Google Scholar

Barth, M. E., & Clinch, G. (1998). Revalued financial, tangible, and intangible assets: Associations with share prices and nonmarket- based value estimates. Journal of Accounting Research, 36, 199–233. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491314 Search in Google Scholar

Baum, A. E., & Hartzell, D. (2012). Global property investment: Strategies, structures, decisions. John Wiley & Sons. Search in Google Scholar

Beasley, M. S. (1996). An empirical analysis of the relation between the board of director composition and financial statement fraud. The Accounting Review,71, 443–465. Search in Google Scholar

Benkel, M., Mather, P., & Ramsay, A. (2006). The association between corporate governance and earnings management: The role of independent directors. Corporate Ownership & Control, 3(4), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv3i4p4 Search in Google Scholar

Benkraiem, R. (2011). Does the presence of independent directors influence accruals management? [JABR]. Journal of Applied Business Research, 25(6). https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v25i6.997 Search in Google Scholar

Black, E. L., Sellers, K. F., & Manly, T. S. (1998). Earnings management using asset sales: An international study of countries allowing noncurrent asset revaluation. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 25(9-10), 1287–1317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5957.00238 Search in Google Scholar

Blau, B. M., Hill, M. D., & Wang, H. (2011). REIT short sales and return predictability. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 42(4), 481–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-009-9196-9 Search in Google Scholar

Boshoff, D. G. B., & Bredell, E. (2013). Introduction of REITs in South Africa. In Advanced Research in Scientific Areas Conference Proceedings (pp. 38-47). Search in Google Scholar

Boudry, W. I., Kallberg, J. G., & Liu, C. H. (2010). An analysis of REIT security issuance decisions. Real Estate Economics, 38(1), 91–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6229.2009.00255.x Search in Google Scholar

Brockman, P., French, D., & Tamm, C. (2014). REIT organizational structure, institutional ownership, and stock performance. Journal of Real Estate Portfolio Management, 20(1), 21–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2014.12089966 Search in Google Scholar

Bukit, R. B., & Nasution, F. N. (2015). Employee diff, free cash flow, corporate governance and earnings management. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.077 Search in Google Scholar

Burgstahler, D. C., Hail, L., & Leuz, C. (2006). The importance of reporting incentives: Earnings management in European private and public firms. The Accounting Review, 81(5), 983–1016. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2006.81.5.983 Search in Google Scholar

Burgstahler, D., & Dichev, I. (1997). Earnings management to avoid earnings decreases and losses. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 24(1), 99–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(97)00017-7 Search in Google Scholar

Cannon, S., & Vogt, S. (1995). REITs and their management: An analysis of organizational structure, performance and management compensation. Journal of Real Estate Research, 10(3), 297–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1995.12090789 Search in Google Scholar

Capalbo, F., Frino, A., Lim, M. Y., Mollica, V., & Palumbo, R. (2018). The impact of CEO narcissism on earnings management. Abacus, 54(2), 210–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/abac.12116 Search in Google Scholar

Capozza, D. R., & Seguin, P. J. (2000). Debt, agency, and management contracts in REITs: The external advisor puzzle. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 20(2), 91–116. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007869019657 Search in Google Scholar

Cashman, G. D., Harrison, D. M., & Seiler, M. J. (2014). Advisor choice in Asia-Pacific property markets. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 48(2), 271–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-012-9392-x Search in Google Scholar

Chan, S. H., Erickson, J., & Wang, K. (2003). Real estate investment trusts: Structure, performance, and investment opportunities. Financial Management Association Survey and Synthesis. Search in Google Scholar

Changyong, F. E. N. G., Hongyue, W. A. N. G., Naiji, L. U., Tian, C. H. E. N., Hua, H. E., & Ying, L. U. (2014). Log-transformation and its implications for data analysis. Shanghai Jingshen Yixue, 26(2), 105. Search in Google Scholar

Chansarn, S., & Chansarn, T. (2016). Earnings management and dividend policy of small and medium enterprises in Thailand. International journal of business and society, 17(2). Search in Google Scholar

Chong, W. L., Ting, K. H., & Cheng, F. F. (2017). The performance of externally managed REITs in Asia: Further evidence from free cash flow and agency costs. Journal of Property Investment & Finance, 35, 200–227. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPIF-08-2016-0067 Search in Google Scholar

Chou, D. W., Gombola, M., & Liu, F. Y. (2006). Earnings management and stock performance of reverse leveraged buyouts. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 41(2), 407–438. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002210900000212X Search in Google Scholar

Chung, R., Firth, M., & Kim, J. B. (2005). Earnings management, surplus free cash flow, and external monitoring. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 766–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.12.002 Search in Google Scholar

Cohen, D. A., & Zarowin, P. (2010). Accrual-based and real earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.01.002 Search in Google Scholar

Corredor, P., Ferrer, E., & Santamaria, R. (2015). The impact of investor sentiment on stock returns in emerging markets: The case of Central European Markets. Eastern European Economics, 53(4), 328–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/00128775.2015.1079139 Search in Google Scholar

Danbolt, J., & Rees, W. (2008). An experiment in fair value accounting: UK investment vehicles. European Accounting Review, 17(2), 271–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180701819865 Search in Google Scholar

Das, P., & Thomas, C. R. J. (2016). Strategic development of REITs in India. Journal of Real Estate Literature, 24(1), 103–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2016.12090416 Search in Google Scholar

DeAngelo, H., DeAngelo, L., & Skinner, D. J. (1994). Accounting choice in troubled companies. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17(1-2), 113–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(94)90007-8 Search in Google Scholar

Dechow, P. M., & Skinner, D. J. (2000). Earnings management: Reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Horizons, 14(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.2.235 Search in Google Scholar

Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting earnings management. The Accounting Review, 70, 193–225. Search in Google Scholar

DeFond, M. L., & Jiambalvo, J. (1991). Incidence and circumstances of accounting errors. The Accounting Review, 66, 643–655. Search in Google Scholar

Deng, X., & Ong, S. E. (2014, January). Real earnings management, liquidity and REITs SEO Dynamics. In AREUEA-ASSA Annual Meeting. Search in Google Scholar

Deng, X., & Ong, S. E. (2018). Real earnings management, liquidity risk and REITs SEO dynamics. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 56(3), 410–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-017-9649-5 Search in Google Scholar

Dewi, R. P., & Priyadi, M. P. (2016). Pengaruh Free Cash Flow, Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Earnings Management Dimoderasi Corporate Governance. Jurnal Ilmu dan Riset Akuntansi (JIRA), 5(2). Search in Google Scholar

Dietrich, J. R., Harris, M. S., & Muller, K. A., III. (2000). The reliability of investment property fair value estimates. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 30(2), 125–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(01)00002-7 Search in Google Scholar

Easterbrook, F. H. (1984). Two agency-cost explanations of dividends. The American Economic Review, 74(4), 650–659. Search in Google Scholar

Erol, I., & Tirtiroglu, D. (2011). Concentrated ownership, no dividend payout requirement and capital structure of REITs: Evidence from Turkey. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 43(1-2), 174–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-010-9242-7 Search in Google Scholar

Fama, E. F. (1980). Banking in the Theory of Finance. Journal of Monetary Economics, 6(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(80)90017-3 Search in Google Scholar

Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Separation of ownership and control. The Journal of Law & Economics, 26(2), 301–325. https://doi.org/10.1086/467037 Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, M. F., & Stevenson, B. A. (2014). Depositor discipline and the bank’s incentive to monitor. Journal of Financial Economic Policy. Search in Google Scholar

Francis, J., Schipper, K., & Vincent, L. (2003). The relative and incremental explanatory power of earnings and alternative (to earnings) performance measures for returns. Contemporary Accounting Research, 20(1), 121–164. https://doi.org/10.1506/XVQV-NQ4A-08EX-FC8A Search in Google Scholar

Fung, S. Y., & Goodwin, J. (2013). Short-term debt maturity, monitoring and accruals-based earnings management. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 9(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2013.01.002 Search in Google Scholar

Ghosh, A., & Jain, P. C. (2000). Financial leverage changes associated with corporate mergers. Journal of Corporate Finance, 6(4), 377–402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1199(00)00007-9 Search in Google Scholar

Ghosh, C., & Sirmans, C. F. (2006). Do managerial motives impact dividend decisions in REITs? The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 32(3), 327–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-006-6805-8 Search in Google Scholar

Graham, J. R., Harvey, C. R., & Rajgopal, S. (2005). The economic implications of corporate financial reporting. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 40(1-3), 3–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.01.002 Search in Google Scholar

Gras-Gil, E., Palacios Manzano, M., & Hernández Fernández, J. (2016). Investigating the relationship between corporate social responsibility and earnings management: Evidence from Spain. Business Research Quarterly, 19(4), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2016.02.002 Search in Google Scholar

Han, S., Kang, T., Salter, S., & Yoo, Y. K. (2010). A cross-country study on the effects of national culture on earnings management. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(1), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2008.78 Search in Google Scholar

Hardin, W., III, Hill, M., & Hopper, J. (2009). Ownership structure, property performance, multifamily properties, and REITs. Journal of Real Estate Research, 31(3), 285–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/10835547.2009.12091256 Search in Google Scholar

He, W., Ng, L., Zaiats, N., & Zhang, B. (2017). Dividend policy and earnings management across countries. Journal of Corporate Finance, 42, 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.11.014 Search in Google Scholar

Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365–383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365 Search in Google Scholar

Heninger, W. G. (2001). The association between auditor litigation and abnormal accruals. The Accounting Review, 76(1), 111–126. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2001.76.1.111 Search in Google Scholar

Holtzblatt, M. A., Foltin, C., & Tschakert, N. (2020). Learning from ethical violations in public accounting: A South African audit scandal and a firm’s transformation. Issues in Accounting Education, 35(2), 37–63. https://doi.org/10.2308/issues-19-062 Search in Google Scholar

Hoogendoorn, D. (2011). Master research: Joint audits, for higher quality financial statements. Date: 20 September 2011. Howe, J. S., & Shilling, J. D. (1988). Capital structure theory and REIT security offerings. The Journal of Finance, 43(4), 983–993. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1988.tb02616.x Search in Google Scholar

Howe, J. S., & Shilling, J. D. (1990). REIT advisor performance. Real Estate Economics, 18(4), 479–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00533 Search in Google Scholar

Islam, M. A., Ali, R., & Ahmad, Z. (2011). Is modified Jones model effective in detecting earnings management? Evidence from a developing economy. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(2), 116–125. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v3n2p116 Search in Google Scholar

Jaggi, B., Leung, S., & Gul, F. (2009). Family control, board independence and earnings management: Evidence based on Hong Kong firms. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 28(4), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2009.06.002 Search in Google Scholar

Jelinek, K. (2007). The effect of leverage increases on earnings management. The Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 13(2), 24. Search in Google Scholar

Jensen, M. C. (1986). Agency costs of free cash flow, corporate finance, and takeovers. The American Economic Review, 76(2), 323–329. Search in Google Scholar

Jensen, M. C., & Murphy, K. J. (1990). Performance pay and topmanagement incentives. Journal of Political Economy, 98(2), 225–264. https://doi.org/10.1086/261677 Search in Google Scholar

Jooste, L. (2011). A comparison of ethical perceptions of earnings management practices. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Ekonomiese en Bestuurswetenskappe, 14(4), 422–435. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v14i4.86 Search in Google Scholar

Kao, H. S. (2014). The relationships between IFRS, earnings losses threshold and earnings management. Journal of Chinese Economic and Business Studies, 12(1), 81–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/14765284.2013.875289 Search in Google Scholar

Kao, L., & Chen, A. (2004). The effects of board characteristics on earnings management. Corporate Ownership & Control, 1(3), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv1i3p9 Search in Google Scholar

Kasozi, J., & Ngwenya, A. (2015). Determinants of corporate dividend payment policies: A case of the banking industry in South Africa. Journal of Governance and Regulation, 4(4-3), 380-390. Search in Google Scholar

Kasznik, R. (1999). On the association between voluntary disclosure and earnings management. Journal of Accounting Research, 37(1), 57–81. https://doi.org/10.2307/2491396 Search in Google Scholar

Kato, K., Kunimura, M., & Yoshida, Y. (2001). Banks’ Earnings Management before Potential Violation of Dividend Regulation in Japan. Economics Working Paper, (238). Search in Google Scholar

Kazemi, H., Rostami, V., & Ghorbani, B. (2014). Earning management and dividend policy among listed companies in Tehran stock exchange. Asian Journal of Research in Banking and Finance, 4(4), 206–219. Search in Google Scholar

Klein, A. (2002). Audit committee, board of director characteristics, and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 33(3), 375–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-4101(02)00059-9 Search in Google Scholar

Kodriyah, K., & Fitri, A. (2017). Pengaruh Free Cash Flow dan Leverage Terhadap Manajemen Laba Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur di BEI. JAK (Jurnal Akuntansi) Kajian Ilmiah Akuntansi, 4(1). Search in Google Scholar

Kothari, S. P., Leone, A. J., & Wasley, C. E. (2005). Performance matched discretionary accrual measures. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(1), 163–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2004.11.002 Search in Google Scholar

Kothari, S. P., Mizik, N., & Roychowdhury, S. (2016). Managing for the moment: The role of earnings management via real activities versus accruals in SEO valuation. The Accounting Review, 91(2), 559–586. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-51153 Search in Google Scholar

Lanouar, C., Riahi, R., & Omri, A. (2013). The determinants of earnings management in developing countries: A study in the Tunisian context. The IUP Journal of Corporate Governance, 12(1), 35–49. Search in Google Scholar

Lecomte, P., & Ooi, J. T. (2013). Corporate governance and performance of externally managed Singapore REITs. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 46(4), 664–684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-012-9377-9 Search in Google Scholar

Leggett, D., Parsons, L. M., & Reitenga, A. L. (2009). Real earnings management and subsequent operating performance. Available at SSRN 1466411. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1466411 Search in Google Scholar

Lemma, T. T., Negash, M., & Mlilo, M. (2013). Determinants of earnings management: Evidence from around the world. Available at SSRN 2370926. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2370926 Search in Google Scholar

Leuz, C., Nanda, D., & Wysocki, P. D. (2003). Earnings management and investor protection: An international comparison. Journal of Financial Economics, 69(3), 505–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00121-1 Search in Google Scholar

Lintner, J. (1956). Distribution of incomes of corporations among dividends, retained earnings, and taxes. The American Economic Review, 46(2), 97–113. Search in Google Scholar

Litzenberger, R. H., & Ramaswamy, K. (1979). The effect of personal taxes and dividends on capital asset prices: Theory and empirical evidence. Journal of Financial Economics, 7(2), 163–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(79)90012-6 Search in Google Scholar

Lobo, G. J., & Zhou, J. (2001). Disclosure quality and earnings management. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 8(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2001.10510584 Search in Google Scholar

Marzuki, M. J., & Newell, G. (2020). The investment attributes of Mexico REITs as a listed property investment vehicle. Journal of Property Investment & Finance. Search in Google Scholar

Matsuura, S. (2008). On the relation between real earnings management and accounting earnings management: Income smoothing perspective. Journal of International Business Research, 7, 63. Search in Google Scholar

Miller, M. H., & Modigliani, F. (1961). Dividend policy, growth, and the valuation of shares. The Journal of Business, 34(4), 411-433. Search in Google Scholar

Mohanram, P. S. (2003). How to manage earnings management. Accounting World, 10(1), 1–12. Search in Google Scholar

Mohrman, M. B. (1996). The use of fixed GAAP provisions in debt contracts. Accounting Horizons, 10(3), 78. Search in Google Scholar

Morri, G., & Beretta, C. (2008). The capital structure determinants of REITs. Is it a peculiar industry? Journal of European Real Estate Research. Search in Google Scholar

Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13(2), 187–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(84)90023-0 Search in Google Scholar

Nalarreason, K. M., Sutrisno, T., & Mardiati, E. (2019). Impact of leverage and firm size on earnings management in Indonesia. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 6(1), 19–24. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i1.473 Search in Google Scholar

Nekhili, M., & Cherif, M. (2011). Related parties transactions and firm’s market value: The French case. Review of Accounting and Finance, 10, 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1108/14757701111155806 Search in Google Scholar

Nekhili, M., Ben Amar, I. F., Chtioui, T., & Lakhal, F. (2016). Free cash flow and earnings management: The moderating role of governance and ownership. [JABR]. Journal of Applied Business Research, 32(1), 255–268. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v32i1.9536 Search in Google Scholar

Newell, G., & Osmadi, A. (2009). The development and preliminary performance analysis of Islamic REITs in Malaysia. Journal of Property Research, 26(4), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/09599916.2009.485417 Search in Google Scholar

Nicholson, J. R., & Stevens, J. A. (2022). REIT operational efficiency: External advisement and management. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 65(1), 127–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-021-09818-4 Search in Google Scholar

Nissim, D., & Penman, S. H. (2003). Financial statement analysis of leverage and how it informs about profitability and price-tobook ratios. Review of Accounting Studies, 8(4), 531–560. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027324317663 Search in Google Scholar

Olanrele, O. O., Said, R., & Daud, N. (2015, September). An evaluation of the performance and acceptability of REIT in Nigeria. In Proceedings of the15th African Real Estate Society (AFRES) Annual Conference, 31st August to 3rd September (pp. 269-286). Search in Google Scholar

Omokhomion, I., Egbu, C., & Robinson, H. (2018). Real estate investment trusts (REITs): Management structure and performance. RELAND: International Journal of Real Estate & Land Planning, 1, 143–154. Search in Google Scholar

Ooi, J. T. (2009). The compensation structure of REIT managers: Impact on stock valuation and performance. Journal of Property Research, 26(4), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09599916.2009.485416 Search in Google Scholar

Ooi, J. T., Ong, S. E., & Li, L. (2010). An analysis of the financing decisions of REITs: The role of market timing and target leverage. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 40(2), 130–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-008-9127-1 Search in Google Scholar

Opler, T., Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R., & Williamson, R. (2001). Corporate cash holdings. The Bank of America Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 14(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6622.2001.tb00320.x Search in Google Scholar

Padmini, L. S., & Ratnadi, N. M. D. (2020). The Effect of Free Cash Flow, Dividend Policy, and Financial Leverage on Earnings Management. [AJHSSR]. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, 4(1), 195–201. Search in Google Scholar

Park, M. S., & Park, T. (2004). Insider sales and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 23(5), 381–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2004.07.003 Search in Google Scholar

Peasnell, K. V., Pope, P. F., & Young, S. (2000). Accrual management to meet earnings targets: UK evidence pre-and post-Cadbury. The British Accounting Review, 32(4), 415–445. https://doi.org/10.1006/bare.2000.0134 Search in Google Scholar

Quagli, A., & Avallone, F. (2010). Fair value or cost model? Drivers of choice for IAS 40 in the real estate industry. European Accounting Review, 19(3), 461–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638180.2010.496547 Search in Google Scholar

Rangan, S. (1998). Earnings management and the performance of seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Financial Economics, 50(1), 101–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00033-6 Search in Google Scholar

Rediker, K. J., & Seth, A. (1995). Boards of directors and substitution effects of alternative governance mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal, 16(2), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250160202 Search in Google Scholar

Richardson, S., Tuna, I., & Wu, M. (2002). Predicting earnings management: The case of earnings restatements. Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series. Search in Google Scholar

Rodríguez-Pérez, G., & Van Hemmen, S. (2010). Debt, diversification and earnings management. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 29(2), 138–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2009.10.005 Search in Google Scholar

Ronen, J., & Yaari, V. (2008). Definition of earnings management. In Earnings Management (pp. 25–38). Springer. Search in Google Scholar

Rusmin, R., W. Astami, E., & Hartadi, B. (2014). The impact of surplus free cash flow and audit quality on earnings management: The case of growth triangle countries. Asian Review of Accounting. 22, 217–232 https://doi.org/10.1108/ARA-10-2013-0062 Search in Google Scholar

Sagalyn, L. B. (1996). Conflicts of interest in the structure of REITs. Departmental Papers (City and Regional Planning), 17. Saleh, N. M., & Ahmed, K. (2005). Earnings management of distressed firms during debt renegotiation. Accounting and Business Research, 35(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2005.9729663 Search in Google Scholar

Salihi, A. A., & Jibril, R. S. (2015). The effect of board the size and audit committee the size on earnings management in Nigerian consumer industries companies. International Journal of Innovative Research and Development, 4(3), 84–91. Search in Google Scholar

Savov, S. (2006). Earnings management, investment, and dividend payments. University of Mannhein. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.917680 Search in Google Scholar

Schrand, L., Freybote, J., & Schaefers, W. (2021). Do REIT investors care? An investigation into the market response to the public release of SEC comment letter correspondences. Journal of Property Research, 38(4), 263–285. https://doi.org/10.1080/09599916.2021.1903067 Search in Google Scholar

Scott, J. (1997). Corporate business and capitalist classes. OUP Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198280767.001.0001 Search in Google Scholar

Shah, S. Z., Yuan, H., & Zafar, N. (2010). Earnings management and dividend policy: An empirical comparison between Pakistani listed companies and Chinese listed companies. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 35(1), 51–60. Search in Google Scholar

Sirat, H. (2012). Corporate governance practices, share ownership structure, and size on earning management. Journal of Economics, Business, &. Accountancy Ventura, 15(1), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.14414/jebav.v15i1.67 Search in Google Scholar

Skinner, D. J., & Sloan, R. G. (2002). Earnings surprises, growth expectations, and stock returns or don’t let an earnings torpedo sink your portfolio. Review of Accounting Studies, 7(2/3), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020294523516 Search in Google Scholar

Stulz, R. (1990). Managerial discretion and optimal financing policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 26(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(90)90011-N Search in Google Scholar

Sun, L., & Rath, S. (2009). An empirical analysis of earnings management in Australia. International Journal of Business, Economics. Finance and Management Sciences, 1(2), 150–166. Search in Google Scholar

Susanto, Y. K., Pradipta, A., & Djashan, I. A. (2017). Free cash flow and earnings management: board of commissioner, board independence and audit quality. Corporate Ownership and Control, 14(4-1), 284-288. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i4c1art10 Search in Google Scholar

Sweeney, A. P. (1994). Debt-covenant violations and managers’ accounting responses. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 17(3), 281–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-4101(94)90030-2 Search in Google Scholar

Tabassum, N., Kaleem, A., & Nazir, M. S. (2015). Real earnings management and future performance. Global Business Review, 16(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150914553505 Search in Google Scholar

Tan, H. C., & Jamal, K. (2006). Effect of accounting discretion on ability of managers to smooth earnings. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 25(5), 554–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2006.07.007 Search in Google Scholar

Thoopsamut, W., & Jaikengkit, A. O. (2009). Audit committee characteristics, audit firm size and quarterly earnings management in Thailand. In Emerging Issues and Challenges in Business & Economics: Selected Contributions from the 8th Global Conference (Vol. 24, p. 47). Firenze University Press. Search in Google Scholar

Toumeh, A. A., Yahya, S., & Amran, A. (2020). Surplus Free Cash Flow, Stock Market Segmentations and Earnings Management: The Moderating Role of Independent Audit Committee. Global Business Review 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920934069 Search in Google Scholar

Uzun, H., Szewczyk, S. H., & Varma, R. (2004). Board composition and corporate fraud. Financial Analysts Journal, 60(3), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v60.n3.2619 Search in Google Scholar

Watts, R. L., & Zimmerman, J. L. (1986). Positive accounting theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Search in Google Scholar

Wei, P., Hsieh, C. H., & Sirmans, C. F. (1995). Captive financing arrangements and information asymmetry: The case of REITs. Real Estate Economics, 23(3), 385–394. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6229.00670 Search in Google Scholar

Wenceslao, D. C. (2008). What are the business and regulatory factors for a successful Philippine REIT market? (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Search in Google Scholar

Xiong, J. (2016). Chairman characteristics and earnings management: Evidence from Chinese listed firms. Open Journal of Accounting, 5(4), 82–94. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojacct.2016.54008 Search in Google Scholar

Zamri, N., Rahman, R. A., & Isa, N. S. M. (2013). The impact of leverage on real earnings management. Procedia Economics and Finance, 7, 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00222-0 Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, Y. W., Ong, S. E., & Yeo, W. Y. (2010). Do REITs manipulate their financial results around seasoned equity offerings? Evidence from US equity REITs. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 40(4), 412–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-009-9227-6 Search in Google Scholar

Lingua:
Inglese
Frequenza di pubblicazione:
4 volte all'anno
Argomenti della rivista:
Economia e business, Economia politica, Economia politica, altro