Searching for primaries in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of unknown primary and clinically suspected NET: Evaluation of Ga-68 DOTATOC PET/CT and In-111 DTPA octreotide SPECT/CT

1 . Hoyer D, Bell GI, Berelowitz M, Epelbaum J, Feniuk W, Humphrey PP, et al. Classification and nomenclature of somatostatin receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1995; 16: 86-8. 10.1016/S0165-6147(00)88988-9Search in Google Scholar

2 . Janson ET, Sorbye H, Welin S, Federspiel B, Gronbaek H, Hellman P, et al. Nordic Guidelines 2010 for diagnosis and treatment of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Acta Oncol 2010; 49: 740-56. 10.3109/0284186X.2010.49279120553100Search in Google Scholar

3 . Reubi JC. Peptide receptors as molecular targets for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Endocr Rev 2003; 24: 389-427. 10.1210/er.2002-000712920149Search in Google Scholar

4 . Pape UF, Berndt U, Muller-Nordhorn J, Bohmig M, Roll S, Koch M, et al. Prognostic factors of long-term outcome in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 2008; 15: 1083-97. 10.1677/ERC-08-001718603570Search in Google Scholar

5 . Rindi G, Leiter AB, Kopin AS, Bordi C, Solcia E. The “normal” endocrine cell of the gut: changing concepts and new evidences. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004; 1014: 1-12. 10.1196/annals.1294.00115153415Search in Google Scholar

6 . Hauso O, Gustafsson BI, Kidd M, Waldum HL, Drozdov I, Chan AK, et al. Neuroendocrine tumor epidemiology: contrasting Norway and North America. Cancer 2008; 113: 2655-64. 10.1002/cncr.2388318853416Search in Google Scholar

7 . Modlin IM, Lye KD, Kidd M. A 5-decade analysis of 13,715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer 2003; 97: 934-59.10.1002/cncr.1110512569593Search in Google Scholar

8 . Kirshbom PM, Kherani AR, Onaitis MW, Feldman JM, Tyler DS. Carcinoids of unknown origin: comparative analysis with foregut, midgut, and hindgut carcinoids. Surgery 1998; 124: 1063-70. 10.1067/msy.1998.931059854584Search in Google Scholar

9 . Quaedvlieg PF, Visser O, Lamers CB, Janssen-Heijen ML, Taal BG. Epidemiology and survival in patients with carcinoid disease in The Netherlands. An epidemiological study with 2391 patients. Ann Oncol 2001; 12: 1295-300. 10.1023/A:1012272314550Search in Google Scholar

10. Spigel DR, Hainsworth JD, Greco FA. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of unknown primary site. Semin Oncol 2009; 36: 52-9. 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2008.10.00319179188Search in Google Scholar

11. Fendrich V, Bartsch DK. Surgical treatment of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 396: 299-311. 10.1007/s00423-011-0741-7Search in Google Scholar

12. Fischer L, Mehrabi A, Buchler MW. Neuroendocrine tumors of the duodenum and pancreas. Surgical strategy. Chirurg 2011; 82: 583-90. 10.1007/s00104-011-2069-9Search in Google Scholar

13. Norton JA, Fraker DL, Alexander HR, Gibril F, Liewehr DJ, Venzon DJ, et al. Surgery increases survival in patients with gastrinoma. Ann Surg 2006; 244: 410-9. 10.1097/01.sla.0000234802.44320.a5Search in Google Scholar

14. Plockinger U, Rindi G, Arnold R, Eriksson B, Krenning EP, de Herder WW, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours. A consensus statement on behalf of the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS). Neuroendocrinology 2004; 80: 394-424. Search in Google Scholar

15. Sundin A, Vullierme MP, Kaltsas G, Plockinger U. ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: radiological examinations. Neuroendocrinology 2009; 90: 167-83. 10.1159/000184855Search in Google Scholar

16. Hofmann M, Maecke H, Borner R, Weckesser E, Schoffski P, Oei L, et al. Biokinetics and imaging with the somatostatin receptor PET radioligand (68) Ga-DOTATOC: preliminary data. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28: 1751-7. 10.1007/s002590100639Search in Google Scholar

17. Kowalski J, Henze M, Schuhmacher J, Macke HR, Hofmann M, Haberkorn U. Evaluation of positron emission tomography imaging using [68Ga]-DOTA-D Phe(1)-Tyr(3)-Octreotide in comparison to [111In]-DTPAOC SPECT. First results in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2003; 5: 42-8. 10.1016/S1536-1632(03)00038-6Search in Google Scholar

18. Kwekkeboom D, Krenning EP, de Jong M. Peptide receptor imaging and therapy. J Nucl Med 2000; 41: 1704-13. Search in Google Scholar

19. Lebtahi R, Cadiot G, Sarda L, Daou D, Faraggi M, Petegnief Y, et al. Clinical impact of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 853-8. Search in Google Scholar

20. Lebtahi R, Le Cloirec J, Houzard C, Daou D, Sobhani I, Sassolas G, et al. Detection of neuroendocrine tumors: 99mTc-P829 scintigraphy compared with 111In-pentetreotide scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 2002; 43: 889-95. Search in Google Scholar

21. Vick C, Zech CJ, Hopfner S, Waggershauser T, Reiser M. Imaging of neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas. Radiologe 2003; 4: 293-300. 10.1007/s00117-003-0885-812721645Search in Google Scholar

22. Rambaldi PF, Cuccurullo V, Briganti V, Mansi L. The present and future role of (111)In pentetreotide in the PET era. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 49: 225-35. Search in Google Scholar

23. Buchmann I, Henze M, Engelbrecht S, Eisenhut M, Runz A, Schafer M, et al. Comparison of 68Ga-DOTATOC PET and 111In-DTPAOC (Octreoscan) SPECT in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34: 1617-26.10.1007/s00259-007-0450-117520251Search in Google Scholar

24. Hartmann H, Zophel K, Freudenberg R, Oehme L, Andreeff M, Wunderlich G, et al. [Radiation exposure of patients during 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT examinations]. Nuklearmedizin 2009; 48: 201-7. 10.3413/nukmed-021419639164Search in Google Scholar

25. Schreiter NF, Brenner W, Nogami M, Buchert R, Huppertz A, Pape UF, et al. Cost comparison of (111)In-DTPA-octreotide scintigraphy and (68)Ga- DOTATOC PET/CT for staging enteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39: 72-82. 10.1007/s00259-011-1935-521927931Search in Google Scholar

26. Fani M, Del Pozzo L, Abiraj K, Mansi R, Tamma ML, Cescato R, et al. PET of somatostatin receptor-positive tumors using 64Cu- and 68Ga-somatostatin antagonists: the chelate makes the difference. J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 1110-8. 10.2967/jnumed.111.08799921680701Search in Google Scholar

27. Toumpanakis C, Kim MK, Rinke A, Bergestuen DS, Thirlwell C, Khan MS, et al. Combination of cross-sectional and molecular imaging studies in the localization of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2014; DOI:10.1159/00035872710.1159/00035872724458014Search in Google Scholar

28. Zhernosekov KP, Filosofov DV, Baum RP, Aschoff P, Bihl H, Razbash AA, et al. Processing of generator-produced 68Ga for medical application. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 1741-8.10.2967/jnumed.107.04037817873136Search in Google Scholar

29. Wang SC, Parekh JR, Zuraek MB, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Warren RS, et al. Identification of unknown primary tumors in patients with neuroendocrine liver metastases. Arch Surg 2010; 145: 276-80.10.1001/archsurg.2010.1020231629Search in Google Scholar

30. Givi B, Pommier SJ, Thompson AK, Diggs BS, Pommier RF. Operative resection of primary carcinoid neoplasms in patients with liver metastases yields significantly better survival. Surgery 2006; 140: 891-7.10.1016/j.surg.2006.07.03317188135Search in Google Scholar

31. Hellman P, Lundstrom T, Ohrvall U, Eriksson B, Skogseid B, Oberg K, et al. Effect of surgery on the outcome of midgut carcinoid disease with lymph node and liver metastases. World J Surg 2002; 26: 991-7. 10.1007/s00268-002-6630-z12016480Search in Google Scholar

32. Khashab MA, Yong E, Lennon AM, Shin EJ, Amateau S, Hruban RH, et al. EUS is still superior to multidetector computerized tomography for detection of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 2011; 73: 691-6.10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.03021067742Search in Google Scholar

33. Prasad V, Ambrosini V, Hommann M, Hoersch D, Fanti S, Baum RP. Detection of unknown primary neuroendocrine tumours (CUP-NET) using (68)Ga- DOTA-NOC receptor PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37: 67-77.10.1007/s00259-009-1205-y19618183Search in Google Scholar

34. Savelli G, Lucignani G, Seregni E, Marchiano A, Serafini G, Aliberti G, et al. Feasibility of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the detection of occult primary gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) neuroendocrine tumours. Nucl Med Commun 2004; 25: 445-9.10.1097/00006231-200405000-0000415100502Search in Google Scholar

35. Breeman WA, de Blois E, Sze Chan H, Konijnenberg M, Kwekkeboom DJ, Krenning EP. (68)Ga-labeled DOTA-peptides and (68)Ga-labeled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: current status of research, clinical applications, and future perspectives. Semin Nucl Med 2011; 41: 314-21.10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2011.02.00121624565Search in Google Scholar

36. Cimitan M, Buonadonna A, Cannizzaro R, Canzonieri V, Borsatti E, Ruffo R, et al. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy versus chromogranin A assay in the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors of different types: clinical role. Ann Oncol 2003; 14: 1135-41.10.1093/annonc/mdg27912853358Search in Google Scholar

37. Rodrigues M, Gabriel M, Heute D, Putzer D, Griesmacher A, Virgolini I. Concordance between results of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy with 111In-DOTA-DPhe 1-Tyr 3-octreotide and chromogranin A assay in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35: 1796-802.10.1007/s00259-008-0794-118425512Search in Google Scholar

38. Stoyianni A, Pentheroudakis G, Pavlidis N. Neuroendocrine carcinoma of unknown primary: a systematic review of the literature and a comparative study with other neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 37: 358-65.10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.03.00221481536Search in Google Scholar

39. Klimstra DS, Modlin IR, Coppola D, Lloyd RV, Suster S. The pathologic classification of neuroendocrine tumors: a review of nomenclature, grading, and staging systems. Pancreas 2010; 39: 707-12.10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181ec124e20664470Search in Google Scholar

40. Schreiter NF, Nogami M, Steffen I, Pape UF, Hamm B, Brenner W, et al. Evaluation of the potential of PET-MRI fusion for detection of liver metastases in patients with neuroendocrine tumours. Eur Radiol 2012; 22: 458-67.10.1007/s00330-011-2266-421904802Search in Google Scholar

41. Ruf J, Schiefer J, Furth C, Kosiek O, Kropf S, Heuck F, et al. 68Ga-DOTATOC PET/CT of neuroendocrine tumors: spotlight on the CT phases of a triplephase protocol. J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 697-704.10.2967/jnumed.110.08374121498531Search in Google Scholar

42. Berge T, Linell F. Carcinoid tumours. Frequency in a defined population during a 12-year period. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 1976; 84: 322-30.Search in Google Scholar

43. Katona TM, Jones TD, Wang M, Abdul-Karim FW, Cummings OW, Cheng L. Molecular evidence for independent origin of multifocal neuroendocrine tumors of the enteropancreatic axis. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 4936-42.10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-418416651451Search in Google Scholar

44. Saha S, Hoda S, Godfrey R, Sutherland C, Raybon K. Carcinoid tumors of the gastrointestinal tract: a 44-year experience. South Med J 1989; 82: 1501-5.10.1097/00007611-198912000-000112595419Search in Google Scholar

45. Watson RG, Johnston CF, O’Hare MM, Anderson JR, Wilson BG, Collins JS, et al. The frequency of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours in a well-defined population--Northern Ireland 1970-1985. Q J Med 1989; 72: 647-57.Search in Google Scholar

46. Fischer L, Kleeff J, Esposito I, Hinz U, Zimmermann A, Friess H, et al. Clinical outcome and long-term survival in 118 consecutive patients with neuroendocrine tumours of the pancreas. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 627-35.10.1002/bjs.605118306152Search in Google Scholar

47. O’Toole D, Salazar R, Falconi M, Kaltsas G, Couvelard A, de Herder WW, et al. Rare functioning pancreatic endocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology 2006; 84: 189-95.10.1159/00009801117312379Search in Google Scholar

48. Arnold R. Endocrine tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. Introduction: definition, historical aspects, classification, staging, prognosis and therapeutic options. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2005; 19: 491-505.10.1016/j.bpg.2005.03.00616183523Search in Google Scholar

49. Dralle H, Krohn SL, Karges W, Boehm BO, Brauckhoff M, Gimm O. Surgery of resectable nonfunctioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors. World J Surg 2004; 28: 1248-60.10.1007/s00268-004-7609-815517487Search in Google Scholar

50. Schurr PG, Strate T, Rese K, Kaifi JT, Reichelt U, Petri S, et al. Aggressive surgery improves long-term survival in neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors: an institutional experience. Ann Surg 2007; 245: 273-81.10.1097/01.sla.0000232556.24258.68187698817245182Search in Google Scholar

51. Vagefi PA, Razo O, Deshpande V, McGrath DJ, Lauwers GY, Thayer SP, et al. Evolving patterns in the detection and outcomes of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: the Massachusetts General Hospital experience from 1977 to 2005. Arch Surg 2007; 142: 347-54. 10.1001/archsurg.142.4.347397985117438169Search in Google Scholar