INFORMAZIONI SU QUESTO ARTICOLO
Pubblicato online: 09 mar 2022
Pagine: 63 - 77
Ricevuto: 31 dic 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2022-0005
Parole chiave
© 2022 Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
The sum of air temperature and soil temperatures (°C) at various depths in Poznań in years 2011–2020.
| Temperature threshold [°C] | Height 200 cm a.g.l. | Depth [cm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | ||
| >5 | 3641 | 3852 | 4069 | 3933 | 3736 | 3595 |
| >6 | 3482 | 3792 | 4019 | 3860 | 3653 | 3551 |
| >8 | 3400 | 3644 | 3849 | 3724 | 3532 | 3370 |
| >10 | 3281 | 3469 | 3694 | 3528 | 3322 | 3161 |
| >12 | 3026 | 3229 | 3426 | 3293 | 3041 | 2864 |
| >15 | 2812 | 2773 | 3024 | 2836 | 2537 | 2371 |
The average annual values of chosen meteorological elements in Poznań in years 2011–2020.
| Year | Cloudiness [%] | Precipitation [mm] | Snow cover [cm] | Insolation [h] | Relative humidity [%] | Vapour pressure deficit [hPa] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | 60 | 475 | 6 | 2030 | 76 | 9.6 |
| 2012 | 65 | 664 | 174 | 1900 | 79 | 10.0 |
| 2013 | 68 | 595 | 632 | 1721 | 78 | 9.7 |
| 2014 | 66 | 558 | 28 | 1962 | 77 | 10.2 |
| 2015 | 63 | 438 | 19 | 2036 | 72 | 9.1 |
| 2016 | 67 | 608 | 47 | 1823 | 76 | 9.7 |
| 2017 | 71 | 668 | 41 | 1739 | 77 | 9.8 |
| 2018 | 60 | 373 | 34 | 2225 | 71 | 9.6 |
| 2019 | 65 | 393 | 26 | 2040 | 73 | 9.9 |
| 2020 | 65 | 492 | 0 | 1518 | 73 | 9.7 |
| Mean | 65 | 526 | 101 | 1613 | 75 | 9.7 |
The standard deviation of monthly average soil temperature [°C] at various depths in Poznań in 2011–2020.
| Months | Depth [cm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | |
| I | 2.8 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 1.4 | 1.0 |
| II | 3.7 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| III | 4.7 | 4.1 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.9 |
| IV | 6.1 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 2.3 |
| V | 6.2 | 5.3 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 2.0 |
| VI | 6.3 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 1.7 |
| VII | 5.7 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 1.3 |
| VIII | 5.9 | 4.8 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 1.4 |
| IX | 5.4 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 1.7 |
| X | 4.3 | 3.8 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.7 |
| XI | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
| XII | 2.6 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
The correlation coefficient of the soil temperature at particular depths and selected meteorological elements in Poznań in 2011–2020.
| Meteorological element | Depth [cm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | |
| Air temperature (2 m a.g.l.) | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.73 | 0.421 |
| Cloudiness | −0.17 | −0.08 | −0.08 | −0.06 | 0.031 |
| Insolation | 0.54 | 0.60 | 0.56 | 0.52 | 0.441 |
| Snow cover | −0.12 | −0.10 | −0.09 | −0.08 | −0.041 |
| Humidity | −0.60 | −0.62 | −0.56 | −0.47 | −0.451 |
| Precipitation | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −0.004 |
| Vapor pressure deficit | 0.79 | 0.77 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.531 |
Values of absolute ground temperature extremes [°C] at various depths and dates of their occurrence in Poznań in 2011–2020.
| Depth [cm] | 6 UTC | 12 UTC | 18 UTC | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIN | MAX | MIN | MAX | MIN | MAX | |
| 5 | −12.2 | 28.6 | −8.2 | 44.0 | −10.41 | 34.8 |
| 6.12.2012 | 12.6.2019 | 7.2.2012 | 26.6.2019 | 6.2.12 | 26.6.2019 | |
| 10 | −11.0 | 26.1 | −8.4 | 36.0 | −9.4 | 33.6 |
| 6.12.2012 | 10.8.2018 | 6.2.2012 | 1.8.2018 | 6.2.12 | 26.6.2019 | |
| 20 | −9.4 | 27.1 | −8.6 | 30.5 | −7.8 | 32.2 |
| 6.12.2012 | 10.8.2018 | 6.2.2012 | 1.8.2018 | 6.2.12 | 1.8.2018 | |
| 50 | −5.2 | 26.8 | −5.5 | 26.3 | −5.1 | 26.9 |
| 7.12.2012 | 10.8.2018 | 7.2.2012 | 10.8.2018 | 7.2.12 | 3.8.2018 | |
| 100 | NA | NA | −0.0 | 23.9 | NA | NA |
| 12.2.2012 | 10.8.2018 | |||||
Values of the 1st empirical percentile of daily mean soil temperature (°C) at various depths in Poznań during the period November–March (2011–2020).
| Months | Depth [cm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | |
| I | −1.7 | −0.9 | −0.3 | 0.7 | 2.1 |
| II | −0.6 | −0.3 | −0.1 | 0.7 | 2.0 |
| III | 1.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.4 |
| XI | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 4.3 | 6.3 |
| XII | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.6 | 4.2 |
Average start and end dates and the length of the particular periods with temperature thresholds at various depths in Poznań (2011–2020).
| Temperature threshold [°C] | Depth [cm] | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | |||||||||||
| Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | Start date | End date | Length (days) | |
| >0 | 14.02 | 20.01 | 341 | 27.01 | 21.01 | 360 | 27.01 | 22.01 | 361 | – | – | 365 | – | – | 365 |
| >2.5 | 3.03 | 11.12 | 279 | 27.02 | 14.12 | 286 | 1.03 | 18.12 | 286 | 1.03 | 31.12 | 295 | 2.02 | 13.01 | 345 |
| >5 | 19.03 | 18.11 | 245 | 17.03 | 21.11 | 250 | 19.03 | 23.11 | 250 | 22.03 | 30.11 | 254 | 25.03 | 13.12 | 264 |
| >6 | 24.03 | 9.11 | 231 | 21.03 | 12.11 | 237 | 24.03 | 16.11 | 238 | 28.03 | 22.11 | 240 | 1.04 | 4.12 | 248 |
| >8 | 2.04 | 28.10 | 210 | 30.03 | 1.11 | 217 | 2.04 | 2.11 | 215 | 8.04 | 6.11 | 213 | 15.04 | 18.11 | 218 |
| >10 | 11.04 | 17.10 | 190 | 8.04 | 20.10 | 196 | 12.04 | 21.10 | 193 | 20.04 | 24.10 | 188 | 28.04 | 2.11 | 189 |
| >12 | 22.04 | 6.10 | 168 | 19.04 | 10.10 | 175 | 23.04 | 10.10 | 171 | 1.05 | 12.10 | 165 | 9.05 | 19.10 | 164 |
| >15 | 7.05 | 21.09 | 138 | 3.05 | 25.09 | 146 | 8.05 | 25.09 | 141 | 17.05 | 26.09 | 133 | 29.05 | 29.09 | 124 |
Average values of soil temperature [°C] during the day at various depths in Poznań in 2011–2020.
| Depth [cm] | Hours | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 UTC | 6 UTC | 12 UTC | 18 UTC | |
| 5 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 15.6 | 11.7 |
| 10 | NA | 9.1 | 14.0 | 12.5 |
| 20 | NA | 9.8 | 12.1 | 12.7 |
| 50 | NA | 11.11 | 10.9 | 11.4 |
| 100 | NA | NA | 11.0 | NA |
Average monthly, seasonal and annual soil temperature [°C] at various depths in Poznań in 2011–2020.
| Months | Depth [cm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | |
| I | 0.3 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 3.0 |
| II | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 2.2 |
| III | 4.3 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 3.8 |
| IV | 10.8 | 11.5 | 10.6 | 9.3 | 8.1 |
| V | 16.7 | 17.6 | 16.6 | 14.9 | 13.1 |
| VI | 21.3 | 22.1 | 21.1 | 19.4 | 17.5 |
| VII | 22.3 | 23.2 | 22.3 | 20.9 | 19.4 |
| VIII | 22.2 | 23.1 | 22.5 | 21.4 | 20.4 |
| IX | 16.5 | 17.4 | 17.2 | 17.1 | 17.4 |
| X | 10.4 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 11.6 | 12.7 |
| XI | 5.4 | 5.8 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 8.4 |
| XII | 2.2 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 4.8 |
| Spring | 10.6 | 11.3 | 10.5 | 9.3 | 8.3 |
| Summer | 21.9 | 22.8 | 22.0 | 20.6 | 19.1 |
| Autumn | 11.0 | 11.6 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 13.0 |
| Winter | 1.0 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 3.3 |
| Mean | 11.2 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 11.0 |
Mean annual number of days with soil temperature <0°C and >5°C at various depths in Poznań (2011–2020).
| Temperature [°C] | Depth [cm] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | |
| ≤0 | 19 | 7 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| ≥5 | 243 | 246 | 246 | 249 | 258 |
Average monthly, seasonal and annual values of the thermal gradient [°C · cm−1] in Poznań in 2011–2020.
| Months | Soil level [cm] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5–10 | 10–20 | 20–50 | 50–100 | |
| I | 0.08↓ | 0.03↓ | 0.03↓ | 0.03↓ |
| II | 0.07↓ | 0.00↓ | 0.01↓ | 0.02↓ |
| III | 0.10↓ | −0.04↑ | −0.02↑ | 0.00↓ |
| IV | 0.14↓ | −0.08↑ | −0.05↑ | −0.02↑ |
| V | 0.17↓ | −0.10↑ | −0.06↑ | −0.04↑ |
| VI | 0.16↓ | −0.10↑ | −0.06↑ | −0.04↑ |
| VII | 0.18↓ | −0.08↑ | −0.05↑ | −0.03↑ |
| VIII | 0.19↓ | −0.06↑ | −0.04↑ | −0.02↑ |
| IX | 0.18↓ | −0.02↑ | 0.00↓ | 0.01↓ |
| X | 0.13↓ | 0.01↓ | 0.02↓ | 0.02↓ |
| XI | 0.09↓ | 0.02↓ | 0.03↓ | 0.03↓ |
| XII | 0.07↓ | 0.02↓ | 0.02↓ | 0.03↓ |
| Spring | 0.14↓ | −0.07↑ | −0.04↑ | −0.02↑ |
| Summer | 0.18↓ | −0.08↑ | −0.05↑ | −0.03↑ |
| Autumn | 0.13↓ | 0.004↓ | 0.01↓ | 0.02↓ |
| Winter | 0.07↓ | 0.02↓ | 0.02↓ | 0.02↓ |
| Mean | 0.13↓ | −0.03↑ | −0.01↑ | 0.003↓ |