Country | Algeria | Belgium | Canada China | Denmark | international | Norway | Netherlands | UK | USA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of studies | 1 | 2 | 1 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 9 |
Authors | Country | Period | Data sources | Study scale | Sensitivity analysis method | Sample size | Mobility type | Drivers | Explanatory power of modal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | S | L | SE | BE | ||||||||
Belgium | 2000–2001 | Survey on behaviour of travellers in Ghent on people aged 18 and over | City | Structural equation modelling | 2,500 households | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Wales, UK | 1961–1991 | Aggregated data from Ecotec project (1993) | National | Interpolation from data from Ecotec project (1993) | Ecotec project sample (1993) | X | X | X | X | – | ||
California, USA | 2001 | National Household Transportation Survey. Aggregate data | National | Structural equation modelling | 2,079 households | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Massachusetts, USA | 2011 | Deducted by detecting signal of mobile phones carried out by AirSag | Metropolitan area | Multiple linear regression | 1,101 households | X | X | X | X | X | ||
32 cities of different countries | 1980 | Collection of fuel consumption data and calculation of density excluding rural areas. Urban planning agency of different countries. Aggregate data | City | Bivariate correlation analysis | 32 cities | X | X | X | X | X | / | |
USA | 2003 | Data collected from Highway Statistics. Department of Commerce | National | Structural equation modelling | 370 urban areas | X | X | X | X | CFI (>0:900) 0.969 | ||
USA | 1990–1991 | Bay Area Travel questionnaire survey | Neighbourhood | Binary logistic regression | 2 neighbourhoods: 620 households for non-commuting and 840 households for commuting | X | X | X | X | X | Pseudo | |
NY, USA | 1997/1998 | Household survey | Metropolitan area | Structural equation modelling | 2,089 trips | X | X | X | ||||
UK | 1970–1995 | Survey of family spending | National | Semi-logistic regression | 256 pseudo panels | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Netherlands | 1996 | National Mobility Survey in Netherlands | National | Multinomial logistic regression | 70,000 households | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Baltimore, USA | 2001 | Household survey | Metropolitan area | Structural equation modelling | 3,519 households | X | X | X | / | |||
China and Netherlands | 2008 | Household survey on mobility in both countries | City | Multiple linear regression | 2,989 respondents for 10 districts in China and 1,322 respondents for Randstad | X | X | X | X | X | China: | |
California, USA | 2003 | e-mail questionnaire carried out on 8 neighbourhoods | District in metropolitan area | Linear regression | 1,466 respondents | X | X | |||||
Oslo, Norway | 2003 | Questionnaire distributed by mail | Regional | Linear regression | 650 for daily trips, 778 for leisure travel, and <100 respondents per zone (eight zones selected for the study) | X | X | X | X | |||
42 countries | 1995 | Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport (1999) for 100 countries and car occupancy from Mobility in Cities database (2006) | Cities | Linear regression | 84 cities | X | X | X | X | |||
Seattle, USA | 2006 | Questionnaire/Puget Sound Regional Council | Metropolitan area | Regression modelling | 10,510 respondents of 4,741 households | X | X | X | X | / | ||
San Francisco, USA | 1994 | Questionnaire. And land use information is obtained from Metropolitan Transportation Commission | Neighbourhood | Multiple linear regression | 5 neighbourhoods, 640 respondents | X | X | X | X | |||
Netherlands | 1996 | National Mobility Survey conducted by telephone interview and questionnaire | Regional | Binary logistic regression | Commuting:2,326 | X | X | X | X | X | ||
China | 2007 | Questionnaire | Neighbourhood | Logistic regression | 60 households, 699 trips of 10 neighbourhoods | X | X | X | X | X | Pseudo | |
Montréal, Canada | 2003 | Origin-destination survey | Neighbourhood | Linear regression | 17,000 trips | X | X | X | SE: | |||
Belgium | 2001 | 2001 Socio-economic survey | National | Multiple linear regression | 966,247 respondents | X | X | X | ||||
Hangzhou, China | 2005 | Qualitative interview and questionnaire in 40 urban areas | Urban zone | Multiple linear regression | 28 interviews | X | X | X | ||||
Hangzhou, China and Copenhagen, Denmark | 2005 | Interview and questionnaire | Regional | Linear regression | 1,932 questionnaires for Copenhagen and 3,150 for Hangzhou | X | X | X | Copenhagen: | |||
Shanghai, China | 2001 | Questionnaire | Neighbourhood | Multiple logistic regression | 1,709 respondents in 4 neighbourhoods | X | X | X | X | Pseudo | ||
Zhongshan, China | 2010 | Questionnaire | Neighbourhood | Linear regression | 25,618 respondents | X | X | X | X | X | Pseudo | |
Algiers, Algeria | 2013 | Questionnaire | Regional | Bivariate correlation | 175 respondents | – | ||||||
Algiers, Algeria | 2004 | Household survey conducted by an organisation | City | Linear regression | 1,200 respondents | X |
Variables | N | Type | Min | Max | AVG | Std dev |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accessibility | ||||||
Outward journey time (min.) | 175 | Continuous | 2 | 200 | 20.59 | 18.26 |
Home-to-work distance (m) | 162 | Continuous | 50 | 18,000 | 2,206.91 | 1,966.96 |
Number of bus rotations | 150 | Continuous | 0 | 3 | 1.20 | 0.556 |
Density | ||||||
Plot ratio* | 139 | Continuous | 0.17 | 1.00 | 0.59 | 0.32 |
Built density* | 139 | Continuous | 0.60 | 3.20 | 2.02 | 0.74 |
Design | ||||||
Distance to centre (m)* | 148 | Continuous | 17.59 | 2,659.18 | 1,219.54 | 696.57 |
Distance from national road (m)* | 151 | Continuous | 25.62 | 2,569.23 | 1,163.83 | 629.94 |
Average number of floors ( | 139 | Continuous | 2.00 | 6.00 | 3.79 | 1.08 |
Block's area (m2)* | 139 | Continuous | 770 | 36,061 | 7,398.83 | 9,150.32 |
Housing type (1: collective, 2: individual) | 184 | Nominal | 1 | 2 | 1.54 | 0.50 |
Distance to public transit | ||||||
Distance to public transit (housing zone) (0: < 300, 4: > 1 km) | 173 | Ordinal | 1.00 | 4.00 | 2.3237 | 0.98 |
Distance to public transit (work zone) (0: < 300, 4: > 1 km) | 172 | Ordinal | 0.00 | 4.00 | 1.6919 | 0.97 |
Bus frequency | 184 | Continuous | 0.00 | 5.00 | 2.4620 | 1.56 |
Diversity | ||||||
Mixed use index (from 5 to 40)* | 175 | Continuous | 12 | 36 | 24.23 | 5.38 |
Households’ socio-economic characteristics | ||||||
Household's average age* | 42 | Continuous | 16.33 | 43.80 | 27.1681 | 8.44 |
Respondent age | 120 | Continuous | 27 | 70 | 43.95 | 10.82 |
Round trip frequency | 172 | Continuous | 1 | 4 | 1.66 | 0.51 |
Household's education level | 46 | Continuous | 2.00 | 5.00 | 3.5230 | 0.77 |
Respondent's education level | 174 | Ordinal | 0 | 4 | 3.26 | 1.06 |
Number of cars owned | 184 | Continuous | 0 | 2 | 0.60 | 0.57 |
Profession (1: public, 2: liberal) | 181 | Nominal | 1 | 3 | 1.19 | 0.52 |
Income (from 15,000 to +60,000 Da) | 181 | Ordinal | 1 | 4 | 2.15 | 0.95 |
Occupancy rate per housing | 139 | Continuous | 2 | 12 | 5.34 | 1.87 |
Modal share | ||||||
Public transit (1: TC, 0: others) | 184 | Nominal | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.31 | 0.46 |
Car (1: vehicle, 0: others) | 184 | Nominal | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.26 | 0.44 |
Walking (1: MAP, 0: others) | 184 | Nominal | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.42 | 0.49 |
Modal share | χ2 | Probability level (> 0.05) | RMSE | NFI | CFI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Car | 59 | 39.35 | 0.977 | 0.000 | 0.954 | 1.000 |
Transit | 34 | 21.20 | 0.957 | 0.000 | 0.964 | 1.000 |
Walking | 34 | 28.03 | 0.755 | 0.000 | 0.949 | 1.000 |
Axes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Home-to-work distance | −0.019 | −0.122 | −0.079 | 0.198 | −0.252 | −0.022 | |
Outward journey time | −0.113 | 0.032 | 0.058 | 0.046 | 0.305 | −0.062 | |
Number of bus rotations | −0.018 | 0.318 | −0.114 | 0.053 | −0.231 | 0.002 | |
Built density | 0.027 | −0.003 | 0.043 | −0.061 | −0.022 | −0.020 | |
Plot ratio | −0.022 | 0.014 | 0.109 | −0.012 | −0.010 | −0.005 | |
Housing type | 0.016 | 0.088 | 0.239 | −0.103 | 0.076 | 0.141 | |
Distance from national road | −0.167 | −0.135 | 0.146 | −0.067 | 0.308 | 0.053 | |
Distance to centre | − | −0.160 | 0.133 | −0.017 | 0.044 | ||
Block's area | − | 0.201 | 0.029 | −0.114 | 0.079 | −0.063 | |
Average number of floors | − | 0.283 | 0.035 | −0.085 | −0.012 | 0.028 | 0.017 |
Mixed use index | − | −0.220 | 0.007 | − | −0.095 | 0.189 | 0.128 |
Distance to public transit (housing) | 0.147 | −0.003 | 0.068 | −0.075 | −0.273 | ||
Bus frequency | 0.228 | −0.092 | 0.045 | −0.193 | −0.062 | 0.124 | |
Distance to public transit (working zone) | −0.279 | −0.391 | −0.170 | 0.177 | 0.244 | ||
Profession | −0.009 | −0.220 | 0.024 | 0.093 | −0.037 | − | 0.122 |
Respondent age | −0.091 | −0.173 | 0.141 | −0.026 | 0.201 | −0.119 | |
Respondent's education level | −0.046 | 0.141 | −0.085 | 0.090 | 0.399 | −0.075 | |
Income | 0.001 | −0.111 | −0.102 | 0.058 | |||
Number of cars owned | 0.098 | 0.213 | 0.004 | −0.077 | 0.069 | 0.019 | |
Occupancy rate per housing | 0.070 | 0.100 | −0.094 | 0.022 | 0.063 | −0.039 | |
0.009 | − | −0.100 | 0.132 | −0.198 | −0.238 | 0.025 | |
0.018 | 0.382 | 0.179 | −0.021 | 0.221 | 0.245 | − |
Axes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Home-to-work distance | 0.253 | 0.074 | 0.036 | −0.263 | 0.131 | − | |
Outward journey time | 0.259 | 0.181 | − | 0.218 | − | −0.085 | |
Number of bus rotations | 0.168 | − | 0.274 | 0.096 | −0.298 | − | |
Built density (COS) | − | 0.295 | 0.187 | 0.056 | −0.158 | −0.183 | 0.075 |
Plot ratio (CES) | − | 0.295 | 0.145 | 0.113 | −0.110 | −0.193 | 0.083 |
Housing type | − | 0.258 | 0.246 | 0.212 | 0.021 | −0.004 | 0.153 |
Distance from national road | 0.174 | 0.274 | −0.304 | 0.220 | 0.222 | ||
Distance to centre | 0.081 | 0.245 | −0.177 | 0.211 | 0.276 | ||
Block's area | −0.057 | 0.018 | 0.214 | −0.053 | −0.065 | 0.237 | |
Average number of floors | −0.115 | −0.057 | −0.004 | −0.041 | 0.253 | −0.093 | |
Mixed use index | − | 0.283 | −0.226 | 0.074 | −0.292 | 0.021 | |
Distance to public transit (housing) | −0.297 | 0.202 | − | 0.098 | 0.237 | 0.055 | |
Bus frequency | − | 0.063 | −0.197 | 0.165 | 0.291 | 0.248 | |
Distance to public transit (work zone) | 0.131 | −0.044 | − | 0.194 | 0.015 | 0.165 | |
Profession | −0.218 | −0.182 | −0.114 | −0.279 | 0.270 | 0.263 | − |
Respondent age | −0.065 | − | −0.026 | −0.217 | 0.119 | −0.025 | |
Respondent's education level | 0.287 | 0.471 | −0.041 | −0.318 | 0.148 | −0.292 | |
Income | 0.096 | −0.308 | 0.274 | −0.180 | 0.201 | ||
Number of cars owned | 0.032 | 0.234 | 0.161 | 0.070 | −0.204 | ||
Occupancy rate per housing | −0.079 | − | 0.165 | − | 0.016 | −0.230 | |
0.194 | 0.059 | 0.177 | −0.232 |
Car | Walking | Public transit | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation | Sig | Correlation | Sig. | Correlation | Sig | |
Accessibility | ||||||
Home-to-work distance (m) | 0.247 | 0.002 | −0.407 | 0.000 | 0.214 | 0.006 |
Outward journey time (min.) | −0.100 | 0.187 | −0.308 | 0.000 | 0.431 | 0.000 |
Number of bus rotations | 0.128 | 0.118 | −0.329 | 0.000 | 0.237 | 0.004 |
Density | ||||||
Built density (COS) | −0.071 | 0.408 | 0.087 | 0.306 | −0.026 | 0.757 |
Plot ratio (CES) | −0.037 | 0.662 | 0.082 | 0.336 | −0.052 | 0.546 |
Design | ||||||
Housing type | 0.021 | 0.802 | 0.035 | 0.673 | −0.055 | 0.501 |
Distance from national road | 0.205 | 0.011 | −0.287 | 0.000 | 0.111 | 0.175 |
Distance to centre | 0.149 | 0.072 | −0.336 | 0.000 | 0.212 | 0.010 |
Block's area | 0.140 | 0.100 | −0.280 | 0.001 | 0.164 | 0.054 |
Average number of floors | 0.047 | 0.584 | −0.119 | 0.162 | 0.082 | 0.339 |
Diversity | ||||||
Mixed use index | −0.069 | 0.362 | 0.126 | 0.096 | −0.064 | 0.399 |
Distance to public transit | ||||||
Distance to public transit (housing) | −0.125 | 0.100 | 0.008 | 0.914 | 0.099 | 0.194 |
Bus frequency | −0.070 | 0.343 | 0.113 | 0.126 | −0.051 | 0.492 |
Distance to public transit (work zone) | 0.045 | 0.559 | −0.010 | 0.898 | −0.031 | 0.687 |
Households’ socio-economic characteristics | ||||||
Profession | 0.198 | 0.008 | −0.115 | 0.123 | −0.060 | 0.421 |
Respondent age | −0.086 | 0.349 | 0.158 | 0.084 | −0.079 | 0.388 |
Respondent's education level | −0.004 | 0.962 | −0.037 | 0.628 | 0.079 | 0.302 |
Income | 0.204 | 0.006 | −0.086 | 0.247 | −0.124 | 0.097 |
Number of cars owned | 0.459 | 0.000 | −0.182 | 0.013 | −0.267 | 0.000 |
Occupancy rate per housing | −0.086 | 0.310 | 0.077 | 0.368 | −0.004 | 0.967 |