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Visual pollution in natural and landscape protected areas: Case studies from Poland and Slovakia

Magdalena Szczepańska
Magdalena Szczepańska
, 
Agnieszka Wilkaniec
Agnieszka Wilkaniec
 e 
Lucia Škamlová
Lucia Škamlová
   | 26 dic 2019
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Pubblicato online: 26 dic 2019
Pagine: 133 - 149
Ricevuto: 05 lug 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2019-0041
© 2019 Magdalena Szczepańska, Agnieszka Wilkaniec, Lucia Škamlová, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Fig. 1

National and landscape parks in Poland and Slovakia along with the location of the investigated areas: 1 – national parks; 2 – landscape parks; 3 – investigated parks: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B – Lednica Landscape Park (LPK); C – Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF); D – Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK)Source: own elaboration.
National and landscape parks in Poland and Slovakia along with the location of the investigated areas: 1 – national parks; 2 – landscape parks; 3 – investigated parks: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B – Lednica Landscape Park (LPK); C – Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF); D – Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK)Source: own elaboration.

Fig. 2A–B

Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B– Lednica Landscape Park (LPK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregationsSource: own elaboration.
Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B– Lednica Landscape Park (LPK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregationsSource: own elaboration.

Fig. 2C

Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: C– Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregationsSource: own elaboration.
Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: C– Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregationsSource: own elaboration.

Fig. 2D

Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: D– Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregationsSource: own elaboration.
Location of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks: D– Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – forests; 4 – water bodies; 5 – villages; 6 – built-up areas; 7 – main road; 8 – secondary road; 9 – road covered by research; 10 – approximate location of advertisements’ aggregationsSource: own elaboration.

Fig. 3A–B

Concentration of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks and their number and surface area: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B– Lednica Landscape Park (LPK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – main road; 4 – secondary road; 5 – water bodiesSource: own elaboration.
Concentration of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks and their number and surface area: A – Wielkopolska National Park (WPN); B– Lednica Landscape Park (LPK). 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – main road; 4 – secondary road; 5 – water bodiesSource: own elaboration.

Fig. 3C–D

Concentration of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks and their number and surface area: C– Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF); D– Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK); 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – main road; 4 – secondary road; 5 – water bodiesSource: own elaboration.
Concentration of advertisements along main roads in the analysed parks and their number and surface area: C– Malá Fatra National Park (NPMF); D– Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area (CHKOMK); 1 – park area border; 2 – buffer zone border; 3 – main road; 4 – secondary road; 5 – water bodiesSource: own elaboration.

Fig. 4

Examples of not harmonious solutions for the placement of advertisement carriers in relation to a landscape: A – unfavorable location of an advertisement – visual competition with a historic object; B – destroyed and outdated ads degrading a landscape; C – unfavourable location of an advertisement – competing visually with a protected landscape and information signs; D – information chaos.
Examples of not harmonious solutions for the placement of advertisement carriers in relation to a landscape: A – unfavorable location of an advertisement – visual competition with a historic object; B – destroyed and outdated ads degrading a landscape; C – unfavourable location of an advertisement – competing visually with a protected landscape and information signs; D – information chaos.

Fig. 5

Examples of good practice in the placement of advertisement carriers in relation to a landscape: A – a favourable selection of the location and the color and size of the advertising device in relation to the environment; B – a good example of an integrated/systemic advertisement; C – harmonious combination of an advertisement and fencing; D – harmonious adjustment of a location, shape and material of an advertising medium to a service and commercial facility.
Examples of good practice in the placement of advertisement carriers in relation to a landscape: A – a favourable selection of the location and the color and size of the advertising device in relation to the environment; B – a good example of an integrated/systemic advertisement; C – harmonious combination of an advertisement and fencing; D – harmonious adjustment of a location, shape and material of an advertising medium to a service and commercial facility.

Characteristics of the selected parks.

Investigated parkPark area(km2)Buffer zone area(km2)Date of establishmentSubject of protection
WPN-PL*75.8472.561957postglacial landscape and its typical landforms
LPK-PL*76.18no data1988cultural landscape of Lednica Lake as well as forest and field landscapes, preservation of precious ecosystems with rare species of plants and animals and preservation of elements of cultural and historical heritage
NPMF-SK**226.3232.61988land with varied geological structure and variety of relief forms, richness of biocoenoses, exceptional flora and fauna, forest and mountain complexes
CHKOMK-SK**646.1no data1976rock formations, valleys and karst phenomena

Characteristics of the advertising phenomenon in the investigated parks.

ParametersWPN-PLLPK-PLNPMF-SKCHKOMK-SK
parkbuffer z.parkparkbuffer z.park
Road numberNo. 5No. 5No. 5No. 583No. 583No. 503
Road length (km)585312210
Number of ads076(96)* 804830616
Total advertising area (m2)0721.3(370)* 365.5381.4791.234.5
Mean advertisement area (m2)09.5(3,8)* 4.682.52
Number of ads/1km of road09.5(19)* 161.5141.5

Comparison of the legal system and advertising policy regarding protection forms in Polish and Slovak legislation.

CategoryPolandSlovakia
Legal regulation and document
European Union law– Union of Associations Advertising Council – no regulations referring directly to landscape or environment
– European Landscape Convention – prepared to encourage citizens and governments to greater care for the landscape, by means of identification, assessment, protection, management and planning processes
National lawthere are some regulations in different legal acts concerning landscape protection and outdoor advertisement, e.g. ‘landscape act’ – defines advertisement and its forms, gives possibility of introducing fees for presence of advertisement in spacethere are some regulations in different legal acts, e.g. Act on advertisement and Act on landscape and environmental protection
Local lawlocal spatial development plan – can de- termine character of advertisement and its locationapproval of the generally binding regulations, municipal level can determine character of advertisement and its location
Form of legal protection
National parkban on placing advertisementsrequires permission of the nature protection authority
Landscape parkno provisions concerning advertisementsrequires permission of the nature protection authority
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