The Value of Injection Therapy with Botulinum Toxin in Pain Treatment of Primary Chronic Anal Fissures Compared to Anal Dilation, and Local Nifedipine in Combination with Lidocaine
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Utzig MJ, Kroesen AJ, Buhr HJ. Concepts in pathogenesis and treatment of chronic anal fissure – a review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 968–974.Search in Google Scholar
Goligher JC. Stretching of anal sphincters in treatment of fissure-in-ano. Surgery of the Anus, Rectum & Colon. 3rd Edition. London: Balliere & Tindall, 1975.Search in Google Scholar
Wald A et al. ACG clinical guideline: management of benign anorectal disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2014; 109:1141-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2014.190.Search in Google Scholar
Wald A, et al. ACG Clinical Guidelines: Management of Benign Anorectal Disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Oct 1;116(10):1987-2008.Search in Google Scholar
Beaty JS, Shashidharan M. Anal Fissure. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 2016; 29:30–37.Search in Google Scholar
Yiannakopoulou E. Botulinum toxin and anal fissure: efficacy and safety systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012;27:1–9.Search in Google Scholar
Barbeiro S et al. Long-term outcomes of Botulinum toxin in the treatment of chronic anal fissure: 5 years of follow-up. United European Gastroenterology Journal 2017, Vol. 5(2) 293–297.Search in Google Scholar
Lysy J, Israelit-Yatzkan Y, Sestiery-Ittah M, Weksler-Zangen S, et al. Topical nitrates potentiate the effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of patients with refractory anal fissure. Gut 2001;48:221–224.Search in Google Scholar
Gui D, Rossi S, Runfola M, Magalini SC. Review article: botulinum toxin in the therapy of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18:1-16.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson A, Anne B, Alan B, James B, et al. Primary Surgery: Volume One: Non-trauma. Chapter Proctology. 8th DTC Symposium in Jena on 13th 11.1999.Search in Google Scholar
Pérez-Miranda M et al. Endoscopic anal dilatation for fissure-in-ano: a new outpatient treatment modality. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1996; 88(4): 265-72.Search in Google Scholar
Renzi A et al. Clinical, manometric and ultrasonographic results of pneumatic balloon dilatation vs. Lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 51:121–127.Search in Google Scholar
Yucel T et al. Comparison of controlled-intermittent anal dilatation and lateral internal sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissures: a prospective, randomized study. Int J Surg. 2009; 7(3): 228-31.Search in Google Scholar
Nelson RL, Chattopadhyay A, Brooks W, et al. Operative procedures for fissure in ano (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 11: CD002199.Search in Google Scholar
Gagliardi G, Pascariello A, Altomare DF, et al. Optimal treatment duration of glyceryl trinitrate for chronic anal fissure: results of a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Tech Coloproctol 2010; 14:241.Search in Google Scholar
Manoj KG et al. A Comparative Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Complications Associated with Topical Diltiazem versus Open Partial Lateral Internal Anal Sphincterotomy for Chronic Anal Fissure. IOSR-JDMS, vol. 17, no. 9, 2018, pp 13-18.Search in Google Scholar
Antropoli C et al. Nifedipine for local use in conservative treatment of anal fissures: preliminary results of the multicenter study. Dis Colon Rectum 1999;42:1011-5.Search in Google Scholar
Muthukumarassamy R, Robinson SS, Sarath SC, Raveendran R. Treatment of anal fissures using a combination of minoxidil and lignocaine: a randomized, double-blind trial. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul-Aug;24(4):158-60.Search in Google Scholar
Khaledifar B, Mahmoudi MYA, et Mobasheri M. A Double-Blind Randomized Trial Comparing the Effectiveness and Safety of Nifedipine and Isosorbide Dinitrate in Chronic Anal Fissure. Malays J Med Sci. Sep-Oct 2015; 22(5): 42-49.Search in Google Scholar
Iswariah H, Stephens J, Rieger N, Rodda D, Hewett P. Randomized prospective controlled trial of lateral internal sphincterotomy versus injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of idiopathic fissure in ano. ANZ J Surg. 2005 Jul;75(7):553-5.Search in Google Scholar